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ThesisItem Open Access Eco-friendly management of greater wax moth Galleria mellonella l.in Apis mellifera l. colonies(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-10) Rawat, Rivanshi; Mall, PramodThe experiments on “ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF GREATER WAX MOTH (Galleria mellonella L.) IN Apis mellifera L. COLONIES” were conducted during 2021-22 at Department of Entomology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar India. The greater wax moth (G. mellonella, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the most serious pests of honey bee colonies. Females of the moth laid their eggs in cluster usually in the cracks or between wooden parts of the hives. The larvae mainly feed and destroy beeswax combs. The larvae of these moths form a silken feeding tunnel, which enlarge along the mid-rib of the comb or make borings through the thin wax caps of honey cells causing honey to leak out. Management studies of wax moth revealed that after 14 days of feeding, lowest weight gain by the larvae was 0.030 g in T2 (NSKE). The second lowest weight gain was 0.034 g in T3 (Bt kurstaki). In treatment T2 (NSKE) the larval mortality recorded 57.39% and lowest adult emergence was 33.33%. The minimum reduction of comb weight was recorded 2.85 g in treatment with T2 (NSKE). Treatment with different concentration of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae revealed that with increase in dose of B. bassiana, mortality of wax moth increased. At highest dose of 1×108 conidia/ml 81.6% mortality of larvae of greater wax moth was observed which was greater than 60.23% mortality caused by M. anisopliae at the same dose and same period of time. Treatment with UV radiations for different time period revealed that the hatchability of eggs and adult emergence was decreased and the mortality of adults was increased. Exposure to UV radiations for 15 min of time period resulted 76.66% of hatchability of eggs, 50% of adult emergence and 33.33% of adult mortality. For management of wax moth in order to reduce losses in storage conditions, it can be recommended that the combs can be treated with NSKE and Bt kurstaki. These treatments are effective in controlling the larvae of greater wax moth in stored condition. It was also concluded that B. bassiana and M. anisopliae at concentration of 1×108 conidia/ml are effective entomopathogens which can be used for the management of wax moth in stored combs. It was also concluded that exposure to UV radiations can also used for control the greater wax moth.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on seasonal incidence, varietal screening and eco-friendly management of insect pest complex of pigeonpea at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-09) Bhandari, Dina; Tiwari, RuchiraThe present study was carried out on the seasonal incidence, varietal screening of local genotypes/varieties of pigeon pea and evaluation of biorational formulations against major insect pest complex of Pigeon pea under field conditions during the kharif crop seasons 2019-20 and 2020-21 at the Norman Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The seasonal incidence of total number of nineteen insects was observed attacking the pigeon pea crop during both the kharif crop seasons. Among them, leaf beetle, leaf folder, looper larvae and cow bugs were found the most significant threats when the plants were still in their vegetative stage. Leaf beetle (1.66 beetles/plant) was recorded during 34 MSW whereas leaf folder (5.10 leaf folds/plant) was attained during 41 MSW with the least population of semiloopers (0.48 larvae/plant) during 33 MSW. Cow bug (1.47 bugs/plant) during 35 MSW. Spotted pod borer, gram pod borer and pod bug, Clavigralla gibbosa were observed during the reproductive stage and contributed in crop's losses. The mean population of spotted pod borer (26.70 webs/plant) was observed during 39 MSW, gram pod borer during 46 MSW (8.51 larvae/plant) and commencement of pod bugs (9.20 /plant) was recorded during 46MSW. Under varietal trial, on the basis of significantly less insect pest population, pod damage, seed damage and high grain yield, out of 29 elite genotypes/varieties of pigeonpea, 05 i.e. PA659, PA663, PA669, PA421 and PA674 were found the least susceptible to pod borers . As the mean Maruca webs /plants were least in genotype PA659(12.45), PA663(11.90), PA669(10.20), PA421(8.42) and PA674(12.27). The overall mean of H. armigera larvae/plant was less in genotypes PA659, PA663, PA669, PA421 and PA674 with 1.70,1.75,2.35,1.45 and1.72, respectively. The overall number of mean pod bugs/plant were recorded the least in 5.17,4.80,3.90,4.73 and 4.55 genotypes PA659,PA663, PA669,PA421 and PA674, respectively. The least cumulative mean pod damage with least PRR values was recorded in PA659 (24.66)(PRR-3), PA421(29.17)(PRR-4), PA674(29.96)(PRR-4)and PA670(31.26) )(PRR-4) and the least per cent seed damage was recorded in PA666(12.55), PA659(14.30) and PA421 (16.50) with the maximum grain yield was obtained in genotypes PA659 (767kg/ha) followed by PA666(659kg/ha) and PA421(622kg/ha). A total number of two sprays were carried out during the field experiments to study the efficacy of biorationals against spotted pod borer, gram pod borer and their associated natural enemies. Among the biorationals applied, Azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 5 ml/ l was found very effective to minimize the web-counts of spotted pod borer and larval population of H. armigera and resulted in the minimum cumulative per cent pod damage (25.50) with the highest grain yield (1110 kg/ha).However, in case of insecticide application, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 30g a.i/ha resulted in the lowest mean per cent pod damage (21.00) with grain yield of (1190 kg/ha). All of the tested biorationals were found safe for natural enemies in comparison to chemical treatment. The highest cost benefit ratio of 9.70 and 5.00 were calculated for Bt var kurastaki and Azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 5 ml/l, respectively. Therefore, on the basis of the findings obtained under the field studies, it can be concluded that resistant varieties along with eco- friendly biorational sprays can easily be incorporated in IPM program for pod borer complex on pigeonpea.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of varietal resistance and farmers knowledge along with development of botanicals and its nanoparticles for ecofriendly insect pest management of tomato(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Joshi, Sneha; Srivastava, R.M.A survey was conducted in tomato growing regions of Nainital and U.S. Nagar districts of Uttarakhand and Tomato fruit borer and Whitefly and Aphid were identified as major constraint in tomato production in this region. Majority of farmers used prophylactic sprays of synthetic insecticide for management of insect pest. majority of respondents were dependent upon local pesticide dealer for recommendation of insecticide. Majority of farmers applied insecticide two to five times in a season for management of pest and followed less than 3 days waiting period before harvesting of tomatoes. Despite poor knowledge on pesticide characteristics, many farmers stored pesticide bottles in safe places but a few of them used protective clothing while spraying of insecticide. Heemsohna, Arjun and RDS2755 varieties of tomato were least infested by major insect pest of tomato while varieties viz., Karan and Naveen were having highest population of the insect pest. In the study of evaluation of efficacy of the plant extracts and essential oil it was observed that methanol extract of Melia azedarach seeds @ 1% and Tagetus minuta essential @ 0.05% and 0.1% were found be extremely antifeedant against 3, 5 and 7 old Spodoptera litura larvae and 3rd instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera. And all other treatments were also found to check feeding behaviors of these test insects. The extract and essential oil and combination product of these botanicals was also effective in checking growth and development of 7 days old Spodoptera litura. In field evaluation of these botanicals seed methanol extract of Melia azedarach was found to have less incidence of whitefly, aphid and tomato fruit borer along with increased yield of tomato in comparison of other treatments. Leaf extract of Melia azedarach was found to be effective in green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Significant characteristic peak was observed at about 442 nm during UV analysis which confirmed it formation. X- ray diffraction analysis confirmed crystalline nature and 52.3 nm average particle size of silver nanoparticles. SEM photograph of silver nanoparticles revealed that there were irregular shapes in surface. Further, it had been confirmed that with different sizes viz.,49.30 nm, 55.97nm, 62.79 nm,73.65 nm and 76.65nm of silver nanoparticles were presented inside the sampleThesisItem Open Access Studies on white grub infesting different crop ecosystems and their management in sugarcane and soybean crops(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Sushil Kumar; Pandey, A.K.The present investigation, entitled “Studies on white grub infesting different crop ecosystems and their management in sugarcane and soybean crops” was carried out during 2019- 20 and 2020 -21 at N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Center at G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (U. S. Nagar), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Majhera (Nainital) and Dharampur (Bareilly). The survey was conducted in various locations in the months of August, October and December in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh to assess the infestation of white grubs in different crop ecosystems. Three horticulture crops (guava, mango, litchi) and two field crops were selected for the study. Result revealed that there was highest population density/m2 was recorded in sugarcane, followed by litchi and the least population was recorded from chilli fields during 2019 and 2020. Monitoring host preference of Holotrichia nagpurensis (Khan and Ghai) on various hosts like neem (Azadirachta indica), guava (Psidium guajava), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), mango (Mangifera indica), Ficus microcarpa nitida, Ficus nitida variegata, Ficus benjamina, jamun (Syzygium cumini) and bakane (Melia azedarach) revealed that maximum number of beetles was recorded Ficus microcarpa nitida, followed by Neem, Ficus nitida variegata, jackfruit and jamun, while least number of beetle were recorded from mango, guava, bakane and Ficus benjamina. Multiple comparisons of feeding preferences among all hosts revealed that Ficus microcarpa nitida is the most significant preferred host plant for H. nagpurensis (Khan and Ghai) during the two consecutive year of study. The biology of H. nagpurensis was studied in vitro which showed the average life cycle completed in 276.82 days. The egg, grub and pupal period lasted for 14.25, 190.38 and 29.75 days, respectively, during 2020-21. On the basis of data collected from different light traps facilitated with different type of light source bulb revealed that significantly highest number of white grub was recorded in black light trap (7801 and 5038), followed by mercury light trap (5302 and 3832), LED white light trap (2298 and 1643) and LED blue light trap (963 and 785), while the lowest number of white grub beetles was recorded in incandescent light trap (587 and 523) during 2019 and 2020, respectively. Regarding the variation in white grub species, black light trap and mercury light trap had maximum number of species variation i.e. 24 species was recorded followed by the LED white light trap (21 species), incandescent light trap (13 species) and the LED blue light trap with 9 species. Study revealed that black light trap is the most effective for white grub collection as a component of pest management. Evaluation of various insecticides for the management of white grub in sugarcane and soybean revealed that all the treatments were found to be significantly superior over control. Fipronil 40% + Imidacloprid 40% WG applied @ 300g a.i./ha was the most effective treatments followed by the Clothianidin 50WDG applied @ 120g a.i./ha in reducing the plant damage due to white grubs. The plot treated with Emamectin benzoate 5 SG applied @ 12.5 g a.i./ha was found least effective treatment, but significantly superior over control in reducing the plant damage due to white grubs during 2019 and 2020.ThesisItem Open Access Compatibility of certain insecticides and fungicides, and their bioefficacy against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Vaibhav Raj; Srivastava, R.P.A detailed investigation was undertaken to determine the physical and chemical compatibility, and bioefficacy of certain insecticides in combination with fungicides against tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius); effect of insecticide and fungicide combinations on weight gain and feeding behaviour of S. litura; phytotoxic effects of insecticide and fungicide combinations on black gram Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper var. PU-31 of S.litura. All the experiments were conducted in Insecticide Toxicology Laboratory of the Department of Entomology. The physical and chemical compatibility of insecticides viz. tetraniliprole, flubendiamide, novaluron + indoxacarb with fungicides viz.fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, metiram + pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin in three different types of water (tap, distilled and hard water) at room temperature (24.7 ºC) and at 35 ºC, and three different types of water (tap, distilled and hard water) in laboratory conditions. All the combinations were physically compatible as each of the insecticide and fungicide solution readily mixed without the formation of any precipitate and sediments. Regarding the chemical compatibility, the pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total dissolved solids (TDS) were stable even after 8 hours of preparation. The phytotoxic effects of three insecticides tetraniliprole, flubendiamide, novaluron + indoxacarb in combination with three fungicides fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, metiram + pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin was determined on black gram, Vigna mungo var. PU-31 at single (X) and double doses (2X). None of the combinations at recommended and double dose manifested any symptoms of phytotoxicity such as injury to leaf tip and leaf surface, wilting, vein clearing, necrosis, epinasty, and hyponasty. The results proved that all the tested treatments were phytotoxically compatible with each other. The bioefficacy of three insecticides tetraniliprole, flubendiamide, novaluron + indoxacarb in combination with three fungicides fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, metiram + pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin was determined against 4d old larvae of S. litura. [novaluron + indoxacarb] + [metiram + pyraclostrobin] resulted in maximum mortality of 86.6%, 15 days after the first spray whereas it caused 100% mortality up to 7 days after second and third spraying which reduced to 93 and 86% after 10 and 15 days of second and third spraying respectively. The least effective of all was flubendiamide in combination with tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin which resulted in minimum mortality of 20%, 15 days after the first spray, 86.6 % mortality 1 day after the second spray which reduced to 60,46,40 and 26 % at 5,7,10 and 15 days after second spraying, also 1 day after third spraying it resulted in 93.3% mortality which reduced to 66.6,53.3,50.0 and 33.3 % in 5,7,10 and 15 days respectively. The effect of three insecticides tetraniliprole, flubendiamide, novaluron + indoxacarb in combination with three fungicides fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, metiram + pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin on weight gain parameters against 4 days old S.litura was determined. At 3 days after feeding (DAF),15 days after the first spray [novaluron + indoxacarb] + [metiram + pyraclostrobin] recorded highest reduction in mean weight gain over control (78.3%). In case of 1,5 and 7 days after second and third spraying mean weight gain could not be recorded as complete mortality was observed within 48 hours. 10 days after the second spray maximum reduction in weight gain over control was observed to be 86.2% which reduced to 81.7% at 15 days after the second spray whereas, at 10 days after the third spray maximum reduction in weight gain over control was observed to be 89.5% which reduced to 73.6 % at 15 days after the third spray. This was followed by [novaluron + indoxacarb] + [fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin] which recorded highest mean weight gain over control (73.3%) 15 days after first spray. In case of 1 and 5 days after the second spraying mean weight gain could not be recorded as complete mortality was observed upto 48 hours. 7 days after the second spraying maximum reduction in weight gain over control was observed to be 98.9% which was reduced to 84.9 and 79.8% at 10 and 15 days after the second spraying whereas at 7 days after the third spraying maximum reduction in weight gain over control was observed to be 95.7% which reduced to 87.9 and 71.3% at 10 and 15 days after third spraying The least effective of all treatments was [flubendiamide] + [tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin] which recorded the lowest mean weight gain over control (42.2%) 15 days after the first spray. It recorded mean weight gain over control values as 96.3,81.3,73.8, 69.5, and 57.5% at 1,5,7,10, and 15 days after second spraying, and 98.6,79.4,77.7,72.3 and 46.8 % at 1,5,7,10 and 15 days after third spraying. The effect of three insecticides tetraniliprole, flubendiamide, novaluron + indoxacarb in combination with three fungicides fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin , metiram + pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin on feeding behaviour of 4 day old S. litura was determined. The maximum feeding deterrence was exerted by [novaluron + indoxacarb] + [metiram + pyraclostrobin], showing minimum MLAC of 4.88 cm2 (FI=62.1%) at 15 days after first spray; MLAC value of 0.34,0.55,2.67,4.67 and 5.15 cm2 (FI=96.9,93.8,75.9,64.4 and 62.7%) at 1,5,7,10 and 15 days after second spray, respectively, and 0.06,0.35,2.44,4.16 and 5.29 cm2 (FI= 99.1, 95.8,78.4,65.8 and 59.2%) at 1,5,7,10 and 15 respectively after third spray. This was followed by [novaluron + indoxacarb] + [fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin] which showed minimum MLAC values of 5.55 cm2 (FI=58.0%) at 15 days after first spraying whereas in second spraying it showed minimum MLAC values of 0.48,1.21,3.18,4.93 and 5.95 (FI=95.7,87.1,72.4,63.1 and 61.5%) at 1,5,7,10 and 15 days respectively. In third spraying it recorded minimum MLAC values of 0.47,0.81,3.14,4.52 and 6.08 (FI= 88.1, 91.4,75.2,62.9 and 54.8%) at 1,5,7,10 and 15 respectively. The least effective of all was [flubendiamide] + [tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin] which showed minimum MLAC values of 15.57 cm2 (FI=13.9%) at 15 days after first spraying whereas in second spraying it showed minimum MLAC values of 1.29,5.22, 8.75,11.03 and 13.41 cm2 (FI=89.2,53.8,38.1,32.3and 30.5%) at 1,5,7,10 and 15 days respectively. In third spraying it recorded minimum MLAC values of 1.29,5.52,8.44,10.48 and 11.08 cm2 (FI= 88.1,53.6,42.6,32.4and 30.8%) at 1,5,7,10 and 15 respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of date of transplanting and some commonly used insecticides against insect pests infesting rice in tarai region of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Dogra, Rajnni; Pandey, A.K.The present investigation was carried out during kharif 2020 and 2021 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to study the effect of planting date on the incidence of insect pests of rice and to evaluate some novel insecticides against rice insects. Total 07 chemical insecticides with a control were evaluated separately in three different fields against insect pest of rice under Randomized block design with three replications of each. In first insecticidal experiment, after the 1st application of insecticides, granular formulation of insecticides, in the field 2nd and 3rd application in which insecticides were sprayed with different combinations made in 7 treated plot and an untreated plot was left. The observation was recorded weekly intervals during the incidence of insect pest while in insecticidal experiment the observation was recorded one day before application and at 10 days’ interval after application of insecticidal treatments. It was observed early planting gives suitable conditions for the crop and manage the insect population, the damage due to sucking pests is either found more or less similar in normal and late plantings or maximum damage was recorded in late planting. It was found that early planting (30 June) reduced the incidence of insect pest in rice as compared to normal (15 July) and late planting (30 July) crops. The incidence of yellow stem borer, leaf folder, rice hispa, whorl maggot, brown plnt hopper, white backed plant hopper and gundhi bug was low in early sown crop with the exception of green leaf hopper which had the minimum overall population during normal planting and high damage is seen in early planting as compared to others. The pre-harvest data and yield analysis shows significantly low white ear heads of rice high yield (42.68 qha-1) in early planted crop as compared to timely (15.38 qha-1) and late sown crop (3.48 qha-1). There was significant difference among the yield recorded in early, normal and late transplanted crop.Among the insecticidal treatment, sequential application of fipronil granule – chlorantraniliprole SC – chlorantraniliprole SC at 10 days’ intervals was found to be best treatment (0.33%, 0.55%; 0.31%, 0.21% and 1.55%, 1.30%) whereas for leaf folder application of chlorantraniliprole granules followed by chlorantraniliprole SC further followed by sequential application of chlorantraniliprole granule- cartap hydrochloride gave the better results (0.22%, 0.18% and 0.17%, 0.13%) as compared to rest of the treatments. However, all the treatments were significantly superior over control. For all sucking insect pest like green leafhopper, brown planthopper and white backed plant hopper, application of fipronil granules 0.3 GR (@ 10 kg/ha) followed by fipronil 5 SC (@ 1000 ml/ha) spray was the most effective treatment (0.03, 0.10; 0.17, 0.10; 0.17, 0.23) after the second spray. After the third spray triflumezopyrim showed the best results in controlling GLH, BPH, WBPH as well as gundhi bug as it reduces the population to zero in case of all sucking insects. Application of fipronil granule (0.3 GR @ 10 kg/ha) followed by chlorantraniliprole 20 SC (@ 150 ml/ha) and repeated with another spray of chlorantraniliprole SC 20 SC (@ 150 ml/ha) recorded the maximum per cent yield increase (31.75 and 9.03 qha-1) during both years of study. In another experiment of insecticidal management of insect pest infesting rice, flubendiamide 480 SC had recorded maximum control of yellow stem borer (0.78%, 0.74% and 0.61%, 0.32%) and leaf folder (0.21%, 0.14% and 0.15%, 0.13%) followed by chlorantraniliprole 20 SC (2.62%, 2.32%; 1.84%, 1.10% and 0.65%, 0.56%; 0.61%, 0.54%). However, fipronil 15 + imidacloprid 5 SC (@ 500 ml/ha) spray was found to be the best treatment (0.03, 0.03 for green leaf hopper; 0.17, 0.17 for brown plant hopper; 0.07, 0.07 for white backed plant hopper and 0.07, 0.03 for gundhi bug). In the third insecticidal treatment, in which the sane treatments were used but only single spray was done before the panicle initiation stage, also flubendiamide 480 SC (@ 75 ml/ha) was the best treatment for the control of yellow stem borer and leaf folder (2.17%, 1.56% and 0.25%, 0.23%). For the sucking pests fipronil 15 + imidacloprid 5 SC (@ 500 ml/ha) spray was the best treatment (0.10, 0.07 no. of green leaf hopper; 0.17, 0.13 no. of brown plant hopper; 0.13, 0.07 no. of white backed plant hopper and 0.1, 0.07 no. of gundhi bug). The highest per cent increase in yield over control was recorded in treatment 1 chlorantraniliprole 20 SC (14.92, 29.74 and 13.29, 13.33 no. of insect) in both the experiments.ThesisItem Open Access Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema Abbasi Elawad with insecticides and their combined effect on tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-08) Vireesha P.; Pandey, RenuThe present investigation on “Compatibility of Entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema abbasi Elawad with insecticides and their combined effect on Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)” were carried out during 2021-22 at the Insect Pathology laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, at Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar-263145 (Uttarakhand). The S. abbasi PN-1 infected the different tested insect species from the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera. Among the insects of different orders, the S. abbasi PN-1 is more virulent against lepidopteran insects. The life cycle of S. abbasi PN-1 was completed within 7.5 days under 30 oC and within 10 days under 25 oC in both G. melonella and S. litura larvae. Virulence studies of S. abbasi PN-1 proved that all larval stages and pupae of H. armigera and S. litura were found susceptible to the IJs of S. abbasi PN-1. It caused 100% larval mortality at 48-60 h of treatment in all tested doses. There was a positive correlation between insect mortality and the nematode concentration. The older larvae of H. armigera and S. litura were more susceptible than younger larvae but the larval stage is more susceptible than the pupal stage. Compatibility studies of S. abbasi PN-1 with insecticides proved that among the tested insecticides fipronil is more compatible followed by cyantaniliprole, indoxacarb, emamectin benzoate and chlorantraniliprole less compatible. All the treatments with lower concentration insecticides have less effect on progeny production in comparison to the higher concentrations of insecticides with S. abbasi PN-1. Among the tested insecticides fipronil showed less negative effect followed by indoxacarb, cyantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate and chlorantraniliprole showed a more negative effect on progeny production of S. abbasi PN-1. The S. abbasi PN-1 was formulated in glycerol + sodium alginate recorded more survival rate and virulence than the sodium alginate granules and distilled water after 40 days of storage. The above finding concluded that S. abbasi PN-1 can be utilized as a potential bio control agent against S. litura and H. armigera and can be used with insecticide to control S. litura. The S. abbasi PN-1 can be formulated in calcium alginate granule with glycerol and used to control insect pests.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of biological control based pest management strategies for rice and chickpea crops(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-08) Riya; Maurya, R. P.The present investigation was carried out at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during the kharif and rabi season of 2021-22. Field experiments were undertaken to determine the impact of various BIPM practices on insect pest’s infestation on rice and chickpea in comparison with farmer’s practices. The cumulative mean population of all the standard weeks showed that the lower incidence of yellow stem borer (0.28 YSB/m2), brown plant hopper (1.33 BPH/m2) and leaf folder (0.52 LF/m2) in BIPM plots as compared to farmer’s practice plots (0.31 YSB/m2, 2.19 BPH/m2 and 0.70 LF/m2). BIPM treated plots recorded significantly fewer white ears (6.22% WEH) and more dead hearts (1.25% DH) compared to the plots grown using farmers’ practices (8.18% WEH and 0.80% DH).The results with regard to the abundance of eggs and larval population of gram pod borer have shown that their population were maximum in BIPM plots (4.10 eggs/m2, 7.82 larvae/m2) as compared to FPP with 2.75 eggs/m2 and 5.44 larvae/m2. Study of the extent of larval parasitisation of gram pod borer concluded that a higher mean number (0.36±0.50 LP/m2) of larval parasitisation was recorded in BIPM plots compared to FP plots (0.26±0.31 LP/m2). BIPM plots also recorded significantly higher numbers of predatory population of spiders (1.63 spider/m2), dragonflies (0.71 dragonfly/m2), damselflies (1.08 damselfly/m2), coccinellids (2.61/m2) and wasps (0.68/m2). The highest grain yield of rice and chickpea was recorded in BIPM plots (29 q/ha and 14.56 q/ha, respectively) with a maximum cost benefit ratio of 1:2.24 and 1:3:18, respectively, in comparison to farmer's practice plots (21.7 q/ha and 9.54 q/ha, respectively) with cost benefit ratio of 1:1.35 and 1:1.73, respectively. The correlation studies indicated a significant positive correlation of YSB with maximum temperature in both BIPM plots (r=0.654*) and FPP (r=639*), while BPH showed a positive significant correlation with minimum temperature (r=0.816**) and relative humidity (r=0.717*) in BIPM plots and a non-significant correlation in FPP. In case of gram pod borer, both egg and larval population showed a significant positive correlation with maximum (r=0.78** and r=0.92**) and minimum (r=0.64* and 0.79**) temperature and a negative and significant correlation with morning (r= -0.74* and r= -90**) and evening (r= -0.85* and r= -89**) relative humidity in BIPM plots. Predator like dragonflies (r=0.75**) and damselflies (r=0.62*) showed a positive and significant correlation with minimum temperature, while spiders (r= 0.77**) and damselflies (r= 0.71*) depicted a positive significant correlation with maximum temperature in BIPM plots. Hence, it is confirmed from the results that BIPM module has managed the insect pests very efficiently in both the crops as compared to farmers practice plot. Therefore, these BIPM modules for management of insect pests of rice and chickpea could be utilised for their ecofriendly management. The present study also assessed the effectiveness of various biopesticides and botanicals against H. armigera under laboratory conditions. Among the selected treatments, HaNPV showed superior and recorded a maximum per cent morality of 89.69% at 96 hr., while Neem oil caused the lowest mortality (30.92%). Botanicals and biopesticides both hold promise as potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the control of H. armigera. Finally, proper incorporation of these botanicals and biopesticides may lead to future enhanced integrated pest management of H. armigera.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation trials on screening of advanced varieties, hybrid entries and efficacy of natural formulations against major insect pests on pigeonpea(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-07) Priyanka; Tiwari, RuchiraThe present field experiments were conducted to screen out different advanced varieties, hybrid entries of pigeon pea and to validate the efficacy of different natural formulations i.e., Jersy cow urine@20%, Holstein cow urine@20%, Desi cow urine 20%, NLWE@ 5% ( Neem Leaf Water Extract), NSWE@5% ( Neem Seed Water Extract), NLCUE@5% (Neem Leaf Cow Urine Extract), NSCUE@5% (Neem Seed Cow Urine Extract),Azadirachtin@1500 ppm, NSKE @5 %) and insecticide i.e. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 30g a.i/ha (Standard check) against major insect pests of pigeon pea during the kharif crop season, 2021-22 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. Under advanced varietal trial, in variety PA650 the least numbers of Maruca webs/plant, number of H. armigera larvae and pod bugs were recorded i.e., 7.67, 1.89, 1.68, respectively with the least per cent of pod damage caused by Maruca, Helicoverpa and pod fly and seed damage by pod bugs was recorded (2.67, 4.00 and 6.33) and (8.67), respectively.On the basis of the least cumulative pod damage and high grain yield, PA650 (16.99% and 813kg/ha) and PA291 (C)(19.67% and 792 kg/ha)were recorded highly resistant against inseect pest complex of pigeonpeawith PSR rating- 3.. Similarly, under screening trial for Hybrid entries, on the basis of less cumulative pod damage and high grain yield, PAH 16 (11.67% and 834kg/ha) and IPH 18-04 (18.33% and 768 kg/ha) were found the most effective against pod bugs and pod borers on pigeonpea. On the basis of PSR values calculated for these two hybrid entries, PAH16 ( PSR-2)and IPH 18-04 (PSR-3) there were recorded as highly resistant to major insect pest complex of pigeon pea. Among natural formulations, pigeon pea plots treated with Azadirachtin@ 1500ppm was recorded with the least cumulative pod damage (13.33%) followed by NSCUE 5% (17.67%). The highest grain yield was recorded in plot treated with Azadirachtin 1500ppm (1122 kg/ha) followed by NSCUE 5% (1070 kg/ha) and Desi cow urine 20% (1034 kg/ha) in comparison to untreated control (718 kg/ha). In the context of cost benefit ratio calculated for tested natural formulations, NSCUE 5% and Azadirachtin 1500ppm @ 5ml/l were found the most effective natural formulations with low cost and high ICBR (1: 8.03 and 1:7.49.) against pod bugs and pod borer complex of pigeon pea. On the basis of above findings, the present study clearly showed that the resistant varieties along with application of natural formulations were found the most effective for the management of major insect pests of pigeon pea. Thus, it can finally be concluded that, resistant varieties along with natural formulations can easily be incorporated for the management of major insect pests of pigeon pea.
