Theses

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 35

Open Access
Synthesis and biological activities of (e)-3-(substituted phenyl)-n-(pyridin-2-yl) acrylamides and substituted benzamides
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-01) Arun; Arun; Tandon, Shishir; Tandon, Shishir
Green chemistry techniques were used to prepare (E)-3-(substituted phenyl)-N( pyridin-2-yl) acrylamides utilising triethylamine, 2-aminopyridine and substituted cinnamic acids, which were synthesized via Doebner modification of substituted benzaldehydes with pulverized malonic acid along with few drops of piperidine and pyridine. Benzamides were synthesized via Beckmann rearrangement utilising substituted ketone, hydroxylamine hydrochloride CaCl2.2H2O and Formic acid. IR and NMR spectrum analysis were used to confirm the structures of sample compounds. Antioxidant and herbicidal activities were also studied on the produced compounds. Seed germination inhibition activity of compounds was evaluated against Raphanus sativus seeds at different concentrations. In (E)-3-(substituted phenyl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl) acrylamides the majority of the compounds were found to be active. At 300 ppm concentration, maximum seed germination inhibition activity was exhibited by the compound A-6 at 83.3 % inhibition, followed by the compounds A-4 and M-3 at 79.2 and 70.8 % inhibition respectively. In case of benzamides, at 300 ppm concentration maximum seed germination inhibition activity was exhibited by the compound K-4 at 82.5 %. At all doses, all the synthesized compounds had lower activity than the reference pendimethalin. The DPPH antioxidant activity of all compounds was asseyed. The (E)-3-(substituted phenyl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl) acrylamides, compound A-7 exhibited maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity followed by A-10. In case of benzamides, K-6 compound exhibited the maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity. All the synthesized compounds exhibit lower radical scavenging activity than both the standard gallic acid and BHT. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging activity for synthesized compounds was also studied. The compound A-7 showed highest radical scavenging activity amongst all the s d n u o p m o c d n a s d n u o p m o c d e z i s e h t n y s A- 1 . y t i v i t c a t s e w o l d e w o h s , s e d i m a z n e b n I K- 6 showed highest free radical scavenging activity amonest all the synthesized compounds. Radical scavenging activity of all the synthesized compounds were compared against the standard BHT. The current study suggests that (E)-3-(substituted phenyl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl) acrylamides and Benzamide derivatives might be used as potential herbicides and antioxidants to protect agricultural crops, foods, and other products (E)-3-(substituted phenyl)-N-(pyridin- 2-yl) acrylamides and Benzamide derivatives compounds have good to moderate antioxidant and herbicidal action, and might be used as antioxidants and herbicides in the future.
Open Access
Electrochemical monitoring of nanohybrid catalyzed photodegradation of congo red
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-07) Singh, Ankit; Sameena Mehtab
Present thesis demonstrates development of photocatalytic plates (PCPs) from biochar (BC) strontium titanate (SrTiO3) nanohybrid BNH to investigate the periodic degradation of congo red (CR) dye through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) in 0.1 M KCl of pH 8.0. Qualitative performance of PCPs towards photodegradation of CR were compared with their analogues derived from BC and SrTiO3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals surface associated multiphase morphology of BNH due to uniform distribution of SrTiO3 nanoparticles in BC matrix. PCPs derived from BNH reveal improved σDC over their BC and SrTiO3 derived analogues. Current-voltage characteristics showed the ohmic behaviour of all PCPs at room temperature. Developed PCPs were investigated for photo degradation of CR under UV irradiation at 83.80 x 10-19 Ws over 120 mins. CV of CR reflects characteristic redox peaks at 0.4 and 0.58 V. Visual and electrochemical studies reveals periodic degradation of CR over PCPs. PCP derived from BNH has shown maximum degradation efficiency by 99.95 % at 120 min for CR solution at 100 ppm concentration. Present investigation successfully delivers development of viable PCPs applicable as photocatalyst for degradation of CR dye. Investigation additionally delivers a rapid and reliable electroanalytic procedure of monitoring the photodegradation of CR over PCPs. Study will further be helpful in electrochemical monitoring the photodegradation of other class of dyes in polluted water over appropriate PCPs.
Open Access
Chemo profiling and biological activities of Solanum virginianum (L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Verma, Monica; Tandon, Shishir
Phytochemistry and biological activity of S. virginianum roots, leaves, ripe and unripe d e t c a r t x e s a w l a i r e t a m t n a l P . d e i d u t s s a w d n a h k a r a t t U , l a t i n i a N ; t c i r t s i d , h g a b a t o K m o r f t i u r fs uccessively with three different solvents viz, hexane, chloroform, and methanolic extracts by using the Soxhlet method. The highest percent yield was found in methanolic extract of S. virginianum, followed by hexane and chloroform extracts. S. virginianum Methanolic leaf extract found maximum total phenolic content. Highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was demonstrated by SVLM extract (IC50=98.28±18.79μmole/g). In the FRAP assay, maximum reduction potential was shown by S. virginianum hexane leaf extract (IC50=1.43±0.005μmole/g). S. virginianum chloroform leaf extract showed the best inhibition in the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (IC50=240.1±2.6μmole/g) and maximum metal chelating scavenging activity (IC50=54.58±2.14μmole/g). In the case of anti-inflammatory activity, maximum inhibition was shown by S. virginianum Methanolic leaf extract (IC50=38.63±1.9μmole/g). In antidiabetic activity, S. virginianum Methanolic leaf extract revealed the maximum inhibition activity against alpha-amylase activity (IC50=151±8.9μmole/g). Antimicrobial activity, against gram positive bacteria S. virginianum Methanolic leaf extract showed maximum activity against S. aureus while, S. virginianum chloroform root extract showed maximum activity against B. subtilis. Against gram negative bacteria S. virginianum Methanolic root extract showed maximum inhibition zone against, E.coli while, S. virginianum Methanolic leaf extract showed maximum activity against S. typhi. By using GC-MS, phytoconstituents were examined for extracts with the highest levels of biological activity. The major component in S. virginianum Methanolic leaf extract identified were: capric acid (42.49%), guanosine (16.40%), 5-methyl-2-pyrimidone (7.11%), alpha-linolenic acid (3.76), phthalic acid (3.48%), n-pentadecanoic acid methyl ester (3.13%) and Hexadecyl trifluroacetate (2.06%). In S. virginianum Methanolic root extract major components were identified as guanosine (19.23%), linolenic acid (9.63%), methyl stearate (4.98%), phthalic acid (4.86%), capric acid (4.6%), gamma-Sitosterol (4.14%) and succinimide (3.44%). The major component in S. virginianum Methanolic unripe fruit extract were identified2-ethylhexyl butyrate (54.92%), followed by guanosine (10.48%), 2-(tert- butyl)-4-methoxylphenyl acetate (6.37%), methyl linole (5.38%). According to the results obtained S. virginianum plants is a good source of phytochemicals that can be utilised as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and other therapeutic agents in future.
Open Access
Study on altitudinal variation in phenylpropanoid rich essential oils from rhizomes of sweet flag (Acorus calamus l.) with pesticidal activities
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-08) Joshi, Tisha; Om Prakash
The objectives of the present research study were to investigate chemical composition and pesticidal activity of from A. calamus under the title “Study on Altitudinal Variation in Phenylpropanoid Rich Essential Oils from Rhizomes of Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus L.) with Pesticidal Activities”. The plants were collected from Munsyari (30.07150 N & 80.23730 E), Pantnagar (29.02290 N & 79.48790 E) and Assam (26.71770 N & 94.24310 E) India, in the month of August 2021 to October 2021. The essential oils of fresh rhizomes part of the collected plant materials were extracted by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus with % yield of 0.5%-0.7% (v/w) and were designated as ACAREO (Acorus calamus Assam rhizomes essential oil), ACMREO (Acorus calamus Munsyari rhizomes essential oil) and ACPREO (Acorus calamus Pantnagar rhizomes essential oil).The essential oils were analysed for its phytochemical study and various pesticidal activities viz: nematicidal, herbicidal and insecticidal activity. In the present research work different combinations of Acorus calamus essential oils viz. AC(A:M)REO, AC(P:M)REO, AC(A:P)REO and AC(A:M:P)REO in the ratio of 1:1 were also studied for their synergistic/antagonistic effects. β–asarone was the chemical marker for different altitudinal collection with varying percentage. Its contribution was higher in ACMREO (85.8%) compared to ACPREO and ACAREO which contains 74.3% and 62.6% respectively. Although some major constituents such as (Z)-methyl- isoeugenol, β-trans-ocimene were present in all the Acorus calamus essential oils in varing amount. 6-epishyobunone, (E)- isoelemicin, isoshyobunone present only in ACAREO and ACMREO but completely missing in ACPREO. The other compounds like (Z)- asarone (4.00%) were present only in ACAREO, α-asarone (2.3%), dehydroxy-isocalamendiol (1.9%), shyobunone (5.4%) and Z-isoelemicin (4.2%) only in ACPREO. In term of class composition ACMREO was dominated over ACPREO and ACAREO in phenylpropanoid content. All the oils exhibited dose dependent in-vitro nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita, as indicated by different IC50 values and LC50 values. It was found that highest IC50 was observed in ACAREO(0.041%) and lowest in AC(A:M:P)REO (0.004%) for egg hatching activity and in terms of LC50 value highest value was shown by ACAREO (0.26%) and lowest for AC(A:M:P)REO(0.13%). It was observed that ACMREO exhibited more mortality over ACPREO and ACAREO at different concentration (0.005%-0.10%) and in combination AC(A:M:P)REO was found to be more effective. Highest % inhibition was shown in ACMREO, lowest in AC(A:P)REO for egg hatching activity. Insecticidal activity against Lipaphis erysimi and Selepa celtis was highest in ACAREO (95.6% and 84.5%) respectively in terms of % average mortality. In terms of lethal dose concentration (LC50) it was least in AC(A:M:P)REO with 56.7 ppm and 60.7 ppm against Lipaphis erysimi and Selepa celtis respectively. The oils were assessed for herbicidal activity in terms of inhibition of seed germination, coleoptile growth of shoot and root. Maximum 89.7% seed germination activity was found in ACMREO compared to other samples. The percent root and shoot growth inhibition was calculated, in which AC(A:M:P)REO gave better results with 92.0% and 76.7% values for root and shoot growth inhibition at 1000 ppm concentration.
Open Access
Phytochemical analysis and biological screening of Valeriana jatamansi collected from Garhwal region
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Sailani, Pravendra; Viveka Nand
In the present study, the different parts such as leaves, flowers, root and rhizome of Valeriana jatamansi species was collected from Chamoli district, Uttarakhand and were analyzed for phytochemical composition using gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and screened different biological activity such as phenolics, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and herbicidal activity. Extracts obtained by soxhlet extraction method using three different solvent viz. hexane, methanol and chloroform. Methanolic extract has highest percent yields followed by chloroform and hexane. Total phenolic range was found from 18.52-71.57 mg GA eq. g- 1. Antioxidant activity of plant extract was evaluated using DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl radical), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), Metal chelating and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was exhibited by root chloroform extract (IC50=197.15±2.817 μg/ml). Flower water extract exhibited maximum metal chelating activity (IC50=559.20±0.816 μg/ml). Root methanolic extract exhibited maximum Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (IC50=200.82±3.292 μg/ml). FRAP assay range was found from 5.069-20.919 μmole/g. In anti-inflammatory activity, rhizome hexane extract exhibited maximum inhibition (IC50=332.34±1.841 μg/ml). In anti-diabetic activity, flower water extract exhibited maximum alpha amylase inhibition activity (IC50=204.60±5.889 μg/ml). For herbicidal activity, the percent seed germination inhibition range from 100-3.3%. Maximum activity was found in hexane extract of leave hexane and rhizome hexane as compared to methanol and chloroform extracts. The methanolic extract was found to be a potential antimicrobial agent against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. Molecular docking was performed as using major phytochemical of Valeriana jatamansi and bacterial membrane protein of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. In leave methanolic extract 30 constituents was identified which contributing 95.25 % of the total extract. In root methanolic extract 24 constituents was identified which contributing 98.71 % of the total extract. In flower water extract 15 constituents was identified which contributing 90.31 % of the total extract. In rhizome chloroform extract 28 constituents was identified which contributing 97.96 % of the total extract. Results indicate that plant extract is a rich source of antioxidant and possessed good antimicrobial ability and may be considered as a potential medicinal drug in future.
Open Access
Efficient removal of crystal violet dye from industrial wastewater using Fe3+ coated biochar
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Joshi, Manisha; Srivastava, Anjana
Crystal violet (CV), a cationic triarylmethane group is one of the most commonly used synthetic dye for purple coloration in aqueous solutions. CV is used in the production of black and blue inks for ballpoint pens, printer ink jet manufacturing industries etc. CV, like most dyes, is toxic and carcinogenic with an obstinate classification. In this research study, we used Fetreated PNB for the removal of CV dye from industrial wastewater. The effects of concentration, pH, ionic strength, temperature on adsorption–desorption behavior of this dye were seen. Ion exchange studies were also performed using CH3COOH. The results suggested that the equilibration time of adsorption of CV dye onto Fe-treated and untreated biochar was 24 hours both at pH 7.0 and 9.2, with maximum dye adsorption at pH 7.0. Pseudo-first order kinetics fit well to the adsorption kinetics of CV dye onto untreated and Fe-treated biochar, with R2 values of 0.959 for Fe-treated biochar at pH 9.2 and 0.995 for untreated biochar at pH 7.0; all significant at p ≤0.001 and the lowest SEest value. At both pH levels, the quantity of CV dye adsorbed increased with increasing initial concentration for Fe-treated and untreated biochar. The adsorption data of CV onto untreated and Fe-treated biochar at equllibrium pH 7.0 and untreated biochar at pH 9.2 fit well to the to the Freundlich adsorption isotherm (R2= 0.877, significant at p ≤ 0.05 to 0.946, significant at p ≤ 0.01). However, the R2 value for Fe-treated biochar at equilibrium pH 9.2 was 0.746, which was statistically insignificant at p≤ 0.05. Third degree polynomial connections adequately described desorption data (R2= 0.987 to 0.998, all significant at p ≤ 0.01). The adsorption of CV dye onto treated and untreated biochars was significantly increased by increasing the ionic strength from 0.003 to 0.03 and decreased on increasing ionic strength from 0.03 to 0.3. The rise in temperature above 35 ˚C for untreated biochar at pH 7.0 and beyond 25 ˚C at pH 9.2 was statistically insignificant. Similarly, the amount of the relative increase in CV adsorption with temperature increase from 5 to 15 ˚C and from 25 to 45 ˚C for Fe-treated biochar at pH 7.0 was not statistically significant. At pH 9.2, the relative increase in CV adsorption by Fe-treated biochar with temperature rise from 5 to 15 ˚C was statistically insignificant. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of –OH and >C=O on the surface of untreated biochar, as well as certain oxyhydroxide minerals of Fe in Fe-treated biochars. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed the heterogeneous and porous structure of untreated biochar. Fe was seen to accumulate as polymerized hydroxy species in Fe-treated biochar. At pH 7.0, a substantial dye deposit was seen in dye-loaded treated biochar. There was some disintegration of untreated biochar surface and separation of Fe hydroxy compounds from treated biochar at pH 9.2. EDS approach was used to determine the percentage of each element in various biochars. Untreated biochars had substantial concentrations of C, O, Mg, K, and Ca, whereas Fe-treated biochars contained considerable amounts of Fe, Ag, Si, and trace amounts of Ca.
Open Access
Chemoprofiling and biological screening of Rhus parviflora collected from Uttarakhand
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-08) Dimri, Anjali; Viveka Nand
The present study was conducted on phytochemical analysis and biological activities of leaf and stem extracts of Rhus parviflora collected from Simli, Chamoli (Uttarakhand). Extracts were prepared separately by soxhlet extraction method using three different solvents viz. hexane, methanol and chloroform. The methanolic extract showed highest percent yields followed by chloroform and hexane. The extracts were screened for various biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and α-amylase inhibition activities. Antioxidant activity of the extracts were checked with some standard methods viz. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (Ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential), metal chelating methods and hydroxyl radical scavenging methods. The highest DPPH activity was shown by R. parviflora leaf methanol (RPLM) extract having IC50 value 371.61±3.43 μg/mL. Stem methanol (RPSM) extract exhibited maximum FRAP potential with value of 23.10±0.031 μmole/mL. Highest metal chelating activity is shown by plant extract having IC50 value 913.40±0.38 μg/mL. RPLM extract having IC50 value 167.6±2.94 μg/mL showed maximum peroxide radical scavenging activity. The amount of total phenolics was found to be maximum in RPLM extract (95.74±0.289 GAE mg/g). Strongest anti-inflammatory was observed in RPLM with an IC50 value 296.37±1.82 μg/mL. Highest α- amylase inhibition activity was reported in RPLM with IC50 value 348.72±2.20 μg/mL. Leaf and stem extracts of plant R. parviflora showed effective antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria (B. subtilis and S. aureus) and gram negative bacteria (E. coli and S. typhi) and the strongest antimicrobial was showed by methanolic plant extracts. GC-MS of those extracts have been carried out which were having good biological activities to reveal the phytoconstituents present in it. The major constituents were identified are olean-12-en- 3, beta-ol acetate (32.06%), Guanosine (23.53%), Desulphosinigrin (17.87%), Phenol, 3-(10Z) 10-heptadecen-1-yl (14.4%), gamma-sitosterol (12.94%), vitamin E (11.76%), β-amyrin (11.69%), 24-Norursa-3,12-diene (10.71%), chalcone (7.03%), hexacosane (7.64%) and lupeol acetate (6.14%). Molecular Docking was performed by the Salmonella typhi OmpF complex (PDB Id- 4KR4) with the major phytoconstituents identified by GC-MS analysis. On the basis of the above results, it can be concluded that Rhus parviflora plant is rich in phytochemicals and may be used as an antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antimicrobial agent.
Open Access
Green development of methyl blue dyed electroactive cellulose fabric
(G,B, Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-06) Pathak, Shruti; Zaidi, M.G.H.
Methyl Blue (MYB) dyed electroactive cellulose fabric has been developed through implication of a series of different green methodologies. In this context cellulose fabric (CFs, 1.0 square inch) has been investigated for dying with methanolic solution of MYB (400 ppm, 200μL) in hot air, microwave irradiation (MW) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SCC) at 70°C over selected periods. Study reveals enhanced potential of SCC towards dyeing of CFs in comparison to MW and hot air. IV characteristics of undyed fabric (CF0) and their respective DFs has shown ohmic behaviour in voltage (V) ranging from 5 to 30 under four probe conditions at 25±10C. All DFs showed comparable σDC (mS/cm) at 1V ranging 0.30 to 0.35 at 25±10C. Increase in voltage to 10V showed no remarkable change in σDC of DFs at 25±10C. CF3 (0.62 mS/cm) and CF4 (0.59mS/cm) showed higher value of σDC over CF1 and CF2 at 100V. KCl (0.1M) at pH 7.0 has shown cyclic stability up to seven scans @ 100 mV/S over glassy carbon electrode (GCE) at 25±1oC. MYB (400 ppm) at pH 7.0, has shown cyclic stability up to ten number of scans @ 100 mV/S over GCE at 25±1oC. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) reveals redox behaviour of MYB @ 25, 50, 75, and 100 mV/s. Release of MYB from DFs was performed by Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) in KCl (0.1 M) in potential range -1.20 to 1.00 V. LOD (4.1 x 10-3 mg/L) and LOQ (12.6 x 10-3 mg/L) of MYB were obtained over GCE through SWV in KCl (0.1 M).
Open Access
Characterization of nanoferrogels for electroanalysis of control release Simazine
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-05) Joshi, Pragati; Zaidi, M.G.H.
Present thesis demonstrates supercritical synthesis of nanoferrogels (NFGs) derived control release formulations (CRFs) of simazine (SZ). CRFs were synthesizedthrough free radical polymerization of selected acrylamide derivatives in presence of bisacrylamide in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCC). Ferrite nanoparticles with crystallite size (10.5 nm) were synthesized through chemical methods and employed for synthesis of NFGs. Thesis further demonstrates the development of working electrodes (WEs) from supercritically synthesized polypyrolle/ graphene oxide (PPY/GO) nanocomposites for detection and quantification of SZ released from CRFs. All polymerization reactions leading to synthesis of CRFs were conducted at common temperature, pressure and time. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) has been employed as a novel and viable alternative to spectral and chromatographic methods for monitoring of SZ release from CRFs. Formation of all synthesized products were ascertained through diverse analytical methods. SWV was conducted over triple electrode assembly constituting Ag/AgCl as reference, platinum foil of 1cm2 area as counter electrode coupled with WEs in KCl (0.1M, pH3.5). WEs has rendered limits of detection (Molar): 2.92 × 10-10 and quantification: 9.03 × 10-10 of SZ in KCl (0.1 M, pH 3.5). Cyclic voltammetry reveals enhanced electrochemical response of WEs towards release of SZ from NFGs over HGLs based CRFs. Potential of NFGs towards SZ release was compared with analogous HGLs derived CRFs under identical electrochemical conditions over 6h. SWV reveals 60-80% release of SZ from HGLs derived CRFs. Whereas, NFGs derived CRFs has rendered remarkable slow release of SZ by 45-55%. Developed CRFs may find their future applications in conditioning of drought affected agricultural fields along with simultaneous control release of herbicides through supercritically produced CRFs for future sustainable agriculture. Moreover, high thermal stability of synthesized materials may improve their shelf life in thermally activated soil media.

Theses

Browse

Thesis Type

Type

Author

Date

Subject

Search Results