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Open Access
Development and characterization of rare earth oxide-polypyrrole nanocomposites
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Rekha; Sand, N.K.
A series of rare earth oxides (REOs)/polypyrrole (PPY) nanocomposites (RPCs) were synthesized through surfactant assisted chemical oxidative polymerization. The polymerization was followed by blending pyrrole with REOs at various concentration ranging 7 to 21 (%, w/w). For this purpose, REOs selected were Ho2O3 and Er2O3. RPCs were characterized through fourier transformed infra-red, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive spectra, atomic force, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis-differential thermogravimetry and cyclic voltammetry. Semiconducting behaviour of electrodes derived from PPY and RPCs was investigated from 298 to 393K at selected voltages. Electrodes derived from PPY show semiconducting behaviour with DC conductivity (σ DC, mS/cm) ranging 1.94–292.95. Under identical conditions, electrodes derived from Ho2O3 and Er2O3 display σ DC in the range of 2.61-534.87 and 2.31-475.89 respectively. Simultaneous imaging of electrodes during temperature regulated σ DC measurements through SEM reveals thermal stability of electrodes in the range of 353 to 373K. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) in combination with DC polarization reveals electroactive nature of electrodes, that was increased with concentration and nature of REOs. In general, electrodes derived from Ho2O3 display improved semiconducting, electrochemical behavior and controlled rate of corrosion over Er2O3 electrode. The present study delivers method of fabrication of electrodes for semiconducting and electrochemical applications.
Open Access
Carbide modification of polypyrrole for electrochemical energy storage
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Bisht, Anjali; Zaidi, M.G.H.
A series of carbide/conducting polymer based electrode materials (EMs) were synthesized through surfactant assisted dilute solution polymerization in presence of ferric chloride oxidant. For this study,pyrrole was selected as monomer whereas silicon carbide (SiC) and tungsten carbide (WC) were selected as fillers. The formation of polypyrrole (PPY) and respective EMs comprising SiC and WC (21 %,w/w) was ascertained through Fourier transformed infra-red (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD), Simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis–differential thermogravimetry (TGA-DTG-DTA) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX).Working electrodes (WEs) were fabricated to investigate the utility of EMs towards electrochemical energy storage. In general, PPY and respective EMs have shown the charging and discharging close to a rectangular shape and there is no current peak caused by a redox reaction, indicating a typical supercapacitivebehaviour with good charge propagation till 100 cycles. With scan rate, the ranges for Cs (F/g) of WE derived from SiC, WC and PPY were observed as 11.00 to 334.20, 13.20 to 435.20 and 10.80 to 323.20 respectively in the potential range of -0.7 to -0.2 V. With concentration of SiC, the respective EMs have shown CS ranging 368.00 to 620.80 F/g at 0.001 V/s. Under identical conditions, the Cs of EMs derived from WC was in the range of 563.20 to 716.80 F/g. The stability of WEs derived from PPY and respective EMswere investigated under electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization. The polarization data monitored through SEM-EDX reveals change in the morphology of PPY and respectiveEMs. The present study provides a pioneer attempt towards development and characterization of carbide modified conducting polymer for electrochemical energy storage.
Open Access
Persistence, degradation and leaching behavior of penoxsulam herbicide in soils of different characteristics
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-12) Monika; Srivastava, Anjana
Penoxsulam is a post-emergence, triazolopyrimidinesulfonamide group of herbicide,used to control broadleaf and sedges weeds in rice crop. Thedissipation, persistence and leaching behavior of this herbicidewas investigated under laboratory conditions. Dissipation study of penoxsulam was performed in two soil samples at two concentrations i.e. 0.5 and 1.0 μg g-1 under non flooded conditions (20% moisture regime)and 1.0 and 2.0 μg g-1 under flooded conditions (submerged conditions). Penoxsulam was extracted by two methods (simplified QuEChERSmethod as well as long traditional method).The analysis of the herbicide was done by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The average recoveries of penoxsulam in soil ranged between 88.4 and 89.6%at lower application (0.5 μg g-1) rate and 93.6 and 95.5% at higher application (1.0 μg g-1) rate. Penoxsulam residues declined consistently with time in both the type of soils under both the conditions. At lower application rate (0.5 μg g-1) penoxsulam declined continuously persisting up till 21st day with dissipation up to 75.0% and 72.3% in the two soil samples while at higher application rate (1.0 μg g-1) it persisted up till 30th day dissipating up to 73.4% and 74.5% in the two soil samples under non flooded conditions. However, under flooded conditions the herbicide declined slowly persisting up to 30th day with dissipationup to 80.6% and 77.2% in the soil samples at lower application rate (1.0 μg g-1) and at higher application rate (2.0 μg g-1) it persisted up to 60th day with dissipation up to81.6% and 80.0% in the soil samples.Penoxsulamwas not detectable(ND) i.e. < 0.004 μg g-1 on 30thand 60thday of herbicide’s application in both the type of soils at lower and higher application rates respectively under non flooded conditions whereas, underflooded conditions it was ND on 60th and 90th day of application.Dissipation of penoxsulam occurred in a single phase with the persistence data fitting well with the first-order kinetics. The half-life of penoxsulam was 3.48 and 3.57 d at lowerapplication rate in the two soils and 4.10 and 4.17 d in both the type of soils at higher application rateunder non flooded conditions.Under flooded conditions the t1/2 values in both the soil samples were 5.50 and 6.93 d at lowerapplication rate and 10.0 and 10.19 at higherapplication rate. Penoxsulam does not persist for long time at lower concentration but is more persistent at higher concentration in both the subtropical soil under both the conditions. The degradation products and metabolites of penoxsulam were identified by LC MS/MS analysis. Leaching experiment of penoxsulam was also conducted in two soils at two application rates (0.5 and 1.0 μg g-1)via batch method. The presence of penoxsulam was very low in the first and third leachate but it was determined in high amount in the second leachate, which was collected after 72 hours of leaching initiation. The residues of penoxsulam in leachate of acidic soil were slightly lower than that of neutral soil probably because of higher stability of the herbicide at low pH.
Open Access
Phytochemical analysis and biological activities of some plants of family Verbenaceae, Lauraceae and Myrtaceae
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-11) Joshi, Archana; Pant, A.K.
The essential oils and methanolic extracts of various species of family Myrtaceae, Verbenaceae and Lauraceae were analyzed for chemical composition, total phenol content, antioxidant activity and biological activities. The major components identified in the essential oil of Melaleuca leucadendron (L.) were E-nerolidol (85.7%), caryophyllene oxide(3.7%) and benzaldehyde(1.2%) besides other minor constituents. 1,8-cineol (61.1%), α-terpineol (12.3%), α-pentene (4%) and β-myrcene (3.8%) along with other minor constituents were identified in the leaf essential oil of Melaleuca.linariifolia Sm. The major compound in the leaf essential oil of Melaleuca bracteata F.Muell were methyl eugenol (74.8 %) and E-methyl cinnamate (7.97%) accompanied with other minor constituents. The leaf and flower essential oils of Callistemon viminalis (Sol. Ex Gaertn.) G. Don were characterized by dominance of 1,8-cineol (40 % and 65.4%) followed by α-pentene (17.3% and 12%) and α-phellendrene (11.8% and 4.3%) alongwith other minor constituents respectively in leaf and flower oil. Linalool (65.7% and 63.8%) was detected as the major component of two morphotypes of Lippia alba(Mill.) N.E.Br.ex Britton & P. Wilson. The major compounds in Caryopteris odorata (D. Don) Robin essential oil were β-caryophyllene (33.1%), α-bisabolene (11.0%), β-elemene (7.0%), β-caryophyllene oxide (6.0%) and β-longipinene (4.0%). The essential oils from leaf, stem and seeds essential oil of Caryopteris foetida (D. Don) P. D. Cantino were characterized by the presence of spathulenol, β-caryophyllene and δ-cadinene alongwith other minor constituents respectively in the leaf, stem and seed essential oil. The major component of the leaf oil of Litsea lanuginosa (Nees) were ethyl ester of tetradec-tetraenoic acid (16.8%), β-caryophyllene oxide (10.8%), spathulenol (4.9%) and caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5β-ol (4.9%) besides other minor constituents. The major compound in the leaf essential oil of Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. were furanodiene (60%) and sesquirosefuran (14.3%) besides other minor constituents. β-caryophyllene (15.5%) and (E)-β-ocimene (13.88%), β-myrcene (6.6%) were identified as major componenets in the leaf essential oil of Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B Robinson along with other minor constitutents. Two chemotypes of Litsea umbrosa (Nees) Nees syn. Neolitsea pallens were studied. The major compounds identified in the essential oil of L.umbrosa type I were furanogermanone (13.8%) and sabinene (5.4%) whereas in type II β-pinene (7.4%) and β-eudesmol (5.6%) were found alongwith other minor constituents. Among the major compounds identified in the methanolic extracts, (E,Z)-nerolidol (24.7%), betulinic acid (13.6%) and ursolic acid (6.3%) were identified in M.leucadendron. Betulinic acid (9.9%), quinic acid (6.4% and gallic acid (1.1%) in M.linariifolia while betulinic acid (13.4%), ursolic acid (4.3%) and quinic acid (3.1%) in M.bracteata were the major compounds . Phytol (2%), palmitic acid (1.7%) and α-linolenic acid (1.3%) in C.odorata, glycerol (6.0%) and ribitol (3.0%) in C.foetida were the major components. pinitol (17.4%), quinic acid (2.4%) and cyclohexanepentol (6.6%) in L.lanuginosa, α-tocopherol (2.7%), phytol (2.4%) and palmitic acid (2.5%) in L.monopetala, α-tocopherol (9.2%), β-sitosterol (5.7%), palmitic acid (6.1%) and phytol (3.5%) in L.glutinosa, shikimic acid (13.1%), betulinic acid (7.3%), ursolic acid (6.7%), gallic acid (7.1%), quinic acid (4.5%) and oleanolic acid (3.0%) in C.viminalis were identified as TMS derivatives. The methanolic extracts were subjected to quantitative analysis of total phenol, flavanoids and orthodihydric phenol content. The phenol content, flavanols and orthodihydric phenols were found to vary from 9.07 to 35.12 mg/g GAE, 5.18 to 29.09 mg/g CTE and 0.89 to 31.88 mg/g CLE. The antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts and essential oils were determined in terms of radical scavenging , iron chelating, reducing power assay and total antioxidant activity. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of methanolic extracts and essential oils (in terms of their IC50 values) varied from 40.85 to 131.49 μg/ml and 1.82 to 26.88 μg/ml respectively. The methanol extract of M.linariifolia exhibited maximum (IC50=40.85±2.501μg/ml) DPPH radical scavenging activity whereas the essential oil of C.odorata (IC50=1.82±0.042 μg/ml)showed strong DPPH radical scavenging activity. The metal chelating activity of methanolic extracts and essential oils were found between 139.15 to 309.82μg/ml and 1.59 to 28.30μg/ml respectively. The methanolic extract of L.lanuginosa (IC50=139.15±0.761 μg/ml) and essential oil of C.odorata (IC50=1.59±0.456 μg/ml) revealed strong iron chelating activity. The reducing power activity of methanolic extracts and essential oils were found in the range of 80.37μg/ml to 264.78 μg/ml and 2.11μg/ml to 15.98μg/ml. The maximum (IC50=80.37±0.787 μg/ml) reducing potential was exhibited by methanol extract of C.odorata whereas the essential oil of M.bracteata (2.11±0.390 μg/ml) exhibited remarkably strong reducing activity. The nitric oxide radical scavenging activity of methanolic extracts and essential oils were found to vary between 65.74 to 192.37μg/ml and 12.46 to 42.19μg/ml. The total antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were found to vary between 20.52 to 92.73 μg/ml and maximum (92.73 μg/ml) was found in leaf methanolic extract of C.foetida. The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils and methanol extracts were determined and compared with standard Diclofenec sodium. A remarkably strong anti-inflammatory activity was exhibited by the leaf essential oil and methanolic extract of C.foetida. The essential oils and extracts were also analyzed for antifungal and antibacterial potential. The essential oil of M.leucadendron inhibited 80.83% whereas M.bracteata inhibited 82.91% of mycelia growth of Sclerotinia. Also the essential oil of M.bracteata inhibited 90% mycelia growth of E.turcicum along with significant reduction in the growth of C.lunata (75.20%). Most of the extracts and essential oils revealed antibacterial activity against tested microorganism. The methanolic extract of Litsea monopetala and Litsea glutinosa exhibited MIC of 200ppm against Salmonela typhimurium.The methanolic extract of Callistemon viminalis revealed strong antibacterial activity with MIC of 200ppm,150ppm and 150ppm respectively against E.coli , Staphylococcus aureus and Basilus megaterium.Similarly the essential oil of Litsea monopetala ,Lippia alba ,Melaleuca bracteata exhibited strong activity. Allelopathic activity of essential oils and methanolic extracts was determined in terms of inhibition of seed germination and percent reduction of radical elongation of radish seeds. All the extracts and essential oils exhibited moderate to strong herbicidal activity at all tested concentrations. Based on above findings it can be concluded that the species under study can be used as a potent source of various marker constituents of industrial and pharmaceutical applications as well as a good source of natural antioxidant, antimicrobials and organic herbicide.
Open Access
Phytochemical analysis and biological activity of Zanthoxylum armatum DC.
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Singh, Anmol; Om Prakash
Zanthoxylum armatum was collected from Aadi Kailash region (Bhimtal), Nainital, Uttarakhand in the month of July, 2017. The essential oils were isolated from fresh bark and leaves by hydrodistillation using Clevenger’s apparatus. Extracts of bark and leaves obtained in organic solvents of different polarity were prepared. Essential oils and all extracts were analyzed by GC-MS for their phytochemical composition. The antioxidant assay was done by different methods viz; DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power activity and chelating activity of Fe+2. The anti-inflammatory activity was done by egg-albumin denaturation while, antibacterial activity was performed by well- diffusion method. The quantative analysis of extracts viz; total phenols, orthodihydric phenols and flavonoids were performed. The GC and GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of α- pinene (33.9%), germacrene D (8.9%), E-caryophyllene (7.9%), α-cadinol (4.4%) as major compounds in bark essential oil while, in leaves essential oil 2-undecanone (61.2%), E-caryophyllene (6.9%), vinyl decanoate (4.2%), phytol (3.8%) could be identified as major compounds . However, fargsin; (+)-eudesmin; (+)- sesamin; linolenic acid; palmitic acid, trimethylsilyl; cis- 5,8,11- eicosatrienoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester; propylene glycol, TMS derivative; doxepin; (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene and thujaplicatin, tri-o-methyl were found as major compounds in different extracts. The essential oil of Z. armatum leaves possessed maximum DPPH activity (IC50=14.94±0.11 μL); Z. armatum leaves essential oil showed maximum reducing power activity (RP50= 16.39±0.31 μL ); maximum chelating activity was shown by Z. armatum bark essential oil (IC50= 18.78±0.09 μL); Z. armatum leaves essential oil possessed maximum anti-inflammatory activity (IB50= 27.64±0.03 μL). Among the extracts, Z. armatum leaves methanolic extract showed maximum DPPH activity (IC50= 50.87±0.14 μg); Z. armatum leaves methanolic extract possessed maximum reducing power activity (RP50= 28.93±0.46 μg); Z. armatum leaves methanolic extract showed maximum chelating power activity (IC50= 19.42±0.07 μg) and Z. armatum leaves methanolic extract possessed maximum anti-inflammatory activity (IC50= 28.53±0.06 μg). Quantative analysis of total phenols, orthodihydric phenols and flavonoids ranged from (17.74±0.02 to 31.23±0.03 mg/g GAE), (3.34±0.01 to 26.69±0.05 mg/g CLE) and (47.63±0.14 to 77.18±0.06 mg/g CNE) in different extracts respectively. The essential oils and all extracts were found active against two pathogenic bacterial strains namely Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Based on the above results it can be concluded that Zanthoxylum aramtum can be a good source of natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial after proper trials besides its academic importance.
Open Access
Synthesis and herbicidal activity of 2,3- diphenylquinoxaline, benzimidazole and 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazole derivatives
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Malik, Faisal; Kasana, Virendra
2,3-Diphenylquinoxaline, benzimidazole and 2,4,5-triaryl imidazole derivatives have been synthesized using new catalysts by mechanochemical method and under solvent free condition. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for seed germination inhibition activity. 2,3-Diphenylquinoxaline derivatives have been synthesized by the reaction of 1,2-diamine compounds and 1,2-diketones catalysed by two different catalysts sulfamic acid and lemon juice under solvent free condition .The compounds synthesized are 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline and 6-nitro-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline. Benzimidazole derivatives have been synthesized by machanochemical method by the reaction of 1,2-diamine and benzaldehyde derivatives using sulfamic acid as a catalyst under solvent free condition . The compounds synthesized are 2-aryl benzimidazole, 2-(4-nitrophenyl) benzimidazole, 2-(2-nitrophenyl) benzimidazole, 2-(2-chlorophenyl) benzimidazole, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl) benzimidazole, 2-aryl-6-nitro benzimidazole and 2-(3-chlorophenyl) benzimidazole. 2,4,5-Trisubstituted imidazole derivatives were synthesized by reacting a mixture of benzaldehyde derivatives, benzil and ammonium acetate in the presence of calcium chloride dihydrate as a catalyst at 60 ˚C under solvent free condition . The synthesized compounds are 2,4,5-triphenyl-1H- imidazole, 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole, 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole and 2-(2-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole. All the compounds were tested for seed germination inhibition activity against Radish Sativus L . At 50 ppm concentration, most of the compounds were found to exhibit insignificant activity In comparison to standard pendimethiline. At 200 ppm concentration, 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline, 2-aryl benzimidazole and 2,4,5-triphenyl imidazole were found to exhibit activity at par with standard pendimethiline. So these compounds may be explored for development of potential herbicides.
Open Access
Synthesis and biological activity of acridine-1,8-dione and amide derivatives
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Dimri, Neelam; Kasana, Virendra
Acridine-1,8-dione and amide derivatives have been synthesized employing green chemistry principles. Acridine-1,8-dione derivatives have been synthesized by reacting aldehyde derivatives with dimedone and different derivatives of aniline using calcium chloride dihydrate as a catalyst at room temperature, in presence of small amount of ethanol. The synthesized compounds are 3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-9,10-diphenyl-3,4,6,7,9,10-hexahydro-2H,5Hacridine-1,8-dione, 3,3,6,6,10-pentamethyl-9-phenyl-3,4,6,7,9,10-hexahydro- 2H,5H- acridine-1,8-dione, 10-(2-fluorophenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-9-phenyl-3,4,6,7,9,10-hexahydro-2H,5Hacridine-1,8-dione, 10-(4-fluorophenyl)- 3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-9-phenyl-3,4,6,7,9,10-hexahydro-2H,5H- acridine-1,8-dione, 3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-9-(4-nitrophenyl)-10-phenyl 3,4,6,7,9,10-hexahydro-2H,5H -acridine-1,8-dione, 9-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-10-phenyl 3,4,6,7,9,10-hexahydro-2H,5H- acridine-1,8-dione, 3,3,11,11-tetramethyl-15-phenyl-15-azadispiro[5.1.5.3] hexadecane-1,5,9,13-tetrone, 15-(2-fluorophenyl)-3,3,11,11-tetramethyl-15-azadispiro[5.1.5.3] hexadecane-1,5,9,13-tetraone, 15-(4-fluorophenyl)-3,3,11,11-tetramethyl- 15-azadispiro[5.1.5. 3] hexadecane-1,5,9,13-tetraone. All the compounds were formed in good to excellent yield. These compounds were tested for herbicidal activity against Echinochloa crus galli weed seeds. The compound 15-(2-fluorophenyl)-3,3,11,11-tetramethyl-15-azadispiro[5.1.5.3] hexadecane-1,5,9,13-tetrone [A-08] was found to exhibit significant activity at par with standard Pendimethalin at concentrations 50 ppm and 200 ppm. Other compounds exhibited activity significantly lower than the standard at all concentrations. Amides have been synthesized by the reaction of carboxylic acid and different derivatives of aniline in presence of calcium chloride dihydrate under solvent free condition at 50˚C. The synthesized compounds are N-phenylcinnamamide, N-(4-chlorophenyl)cinnamamide, N-benzyl cinnamamide, N-(2-fluorophenyl)cinnamamide, N-(4-fluorophenyl)cinnamamide, N-Phenyl-4-nitrocinnamamide, N-Phenyl-4-methoxycinnamamide, N-Phenyl-4-hydroxy cinnamamide, N-phenylbenzamide, N-(2-fluorophenyl)benzamide, N-(4-fluorophenyl)benzamide, N-phenylacetamide, N-(2-fluorophenyl)acetamide, N-(4-fluorophenyl)acetamide. Most of the compounds were formed in good to excellent yield. All the cinnamic acid amide derivatives were screened for seed germination inhibition activity against Raphanus sativus. At concentration 200 ppm, the compounds N-(4-chlorophenyl)cinnamamide [C-02] and N-Phenyl-4-hydroxy cinnamamide [C-08] were found to have activity at par with standard. The present work clearly establishes the efficacy of catalysts as an inexpensive, non toxic, easily available and environmentally benign for the synthesis. Thus synthesized acridine-1,8-dione derivatives and cinnamamide derivatives may be explored for the development of potential herbicides.
Open Access
Development of green methodologies for the synthesis of some biologically active heterocyclic and β- amino carbonyl compounds
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Bhandari, Suneeta; Kasana, Virendra
A series of chromene, indenochromene, oxazolone and β-amino carbonyl compounds have been synthesized using mild catalytic systems. Camphor-10-sulphonic acid has been used as an efficient organo-catalyst for the synthesis of chromene and indenochromene compounds. Oxazolone derivatives have been synthesized using L-proline as an organocatalyst via aldol condensation reaction. Fe3+-montmorillonite K10 clay, a solid supported heterogeneous recyclable, efficient and environmentally benign catalytic system has been developed for the synthesis of β-amino carbonyl compounds. Ionic liquid supported on silica nanoparticles (SILnPs) has been developed as an efficient and economical solid supported recyclable catalyst for one-pot three component direct synthesis of β-amino carbonyl compounds via Mannich type reaction. The structures of catalytic systems have been characterized using SEM, TGA, powder XRD, FT-IR methods. The structures of synthesized compounds have been elucidated using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and single X-ray crystallography. Further, oxazolone derivatives were studied for herbicidal activity against Raphanus sativus. β-amino carbonyl were studied for herbicidal activity against weeds Melilotus alba and Lathyrus aphaca. Most of the tested compounds of these two classes were found to exhibit good herbicidal activity. β-amino carbonyl derivatives were also studied for antibacterial activity against two human pathogenic bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The compounds 3-((4-fluorophenyl)amino) -3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylpropan-1-one (20f) and 3-((4-chlorophenyl)amino)-1,3-diphenylpropan-1-one (20h) were found to have good antibacterial activity.
Open Access
Biochemical profiling and antimicrobial screening of some Citrus species collected from Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Om Prakash; Vivekanand
Citrus species are the member of Rutaceae family which includes flowering trees and shrubs like oranges, lemons, grape fruit and limes. They posses several health promoting properties due to the presence of some bioactive secondary metabolites like Polyphenols, having several nutritional and antioxidants potential. The present study was undertaken with the objective of, biochemical profiling, genetic profiling, antibacterial screening and herbicidal activity of methanolic extract of peel of four different citrus species (Citrus jambhiri, Citrus lemon, Citrus aurentifolia, and Citrus sinensis) collected from 4 different districts of Uttarakhand. GC-MS analysis of extracts showed significant variation in their phytoconsitituents. Maximum 92.99 % compounds identified in Citrus jambhiri (Pithoragarh), 78.80 % in Citrus jambhiri (Almora), 84.54 % in Citrus sinensis (Nainital) and 93.37 % in Citrus aurantifolia (Rudraprayag). Total phenols, flavonoides and tannin are ranging from 46.9±1.11 to 20.10±0.20 mg/g GAE, 58.04±2.49 to 19.21±04 mg/g CNE, and 30.06±2 to 4.23±1.45 mg/g TAE respectively. A significant antioxidant potential was shown in all species in a dose dependent manner. A significant antibacterial activity of citrus sp. was evaluated against various gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The order of magnitude of macro and micro essential elements is Na>Fe> Ca> Zn> Ni> Cu> Mn> Co. Metal complexes of Rutin and bioconjugate of citrus peel extract showed moderate to highs herbicidal activity against Lathyrus aphaca and Mellitus alba. SSR primer technique was performed to study genetic diversity among Citrus accessions. Metal complexes of Rutin and bioconjugate of Citrus peel extract also exhibit strong antioxidant and herbicidal activity.

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