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Subject: Botany × Start date: 2004 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Synthesis, characterization and drought stress alleviating attributes of zinc oxide and urea doped calcium phosphate nanoparticles on Eleusine coracana (l.) gaertn.
    (G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-10) Mishra, Dhruv; Chaturvedi, Preeti
    Globally, fertilizers play a significant role in increasing agricultural crop production. owever, non-targeted application and the high cost of the conventional fertilizer is a major bottleneck for soil health and environmental safety. Therefore, there is a need to develop a sustainable approach for synthesis and the utilization of the fertilizer that reduces its costs through an effective and targeted application. The present study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and urea doped calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP-U NPs) as crop nutrients that are distributed in a controlled manner for use as a fertilizer. Both nanoparticles have outstanding biocompatibility and played an essential role in plant growth. The fabricated NPs were characterized by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Zeta Potential and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Under in-vitro condition, ZnO NPs at 100 μg/ml, inhibited 73.5% of DPPH concentration. ZnO NPs, showed strong anti-inflammatory activity and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Application of ZnO and CaP-U NPs on finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) (var. VL-379) under in-vitro conditions significantly increased seed germination, seedling vigour, shoot-root length, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content, SOD, POD and APX activity. Under glasshouse conditions, foliar spray of ZnO NPs (50 and 100 ppm), ZnSO4 (50 and 100 ppm), CaP-U NPs (0.1 and 0.5 %) and bulk urea (0.1, and 0.5 %) at 15 and 30 days after sowing significantly enhanced shoot-root length, plant fresh and dry weight, Chlorophyll a & b, proline, total phenolic content and antioxidant defense enzymes and significantly lowered MDA and H2O2 content under drought stress. The results of the study revealed that both the NPs play a significant role in augmenting finger millet growth as well as alleviation of the adverse effects of drought.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Efficacy of multitrait plant growth promoting bacteria on growth promotion of rice and wheat under water stress and irrigated condition
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-03) Bind, Sudha; Sharma, A.K.
    Plant growth promoting bacteria (Endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria) have been reported to play key role in alleviation of water stress through various mechanism. In present study, 16 previously isolated endophytic bacteria form rice variety Sahbhagi were characterized by biochemical and functional basis and further evaluated for their efficiency of growth promotion of wheat variety PBW343 under water stress and irrigated conditions. Four endophytic bacteria were selected on the basis of functional characteristics and plant growth promoting ability of wheat and further tested for their growth promotion efficiency of rice variety Sahbhagi under water stress and irrigated condition. Selected endophytic bacteria were compared with rhizospheric bacteria, Variovorax paradoxus (RAA3) and Pseudomonas palleroniana (DPB16) for their efficacy of growth promotion on rice variety IR64 under water stress and irrigated condition. Result showed that endophytic bacteria (Seed 16), was more efficient in plant growth promotion under both water stress and irrigated condition than rhizospheric bacteria. Endophytic bacteria (Seed 16) inoculated along with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on rice and wheat under water stress and irrigated condition, result showed that interaction of endophytic bacteria with AMF was more efficient in alleviation of water stress and significantly enhanced rice and wheat growth, than the single inoculation with each organism. Seed 16 was identified as Enterobacter roogenkampii strain S16 using 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Two rhizospheric bacteria Variovorax paradoxus (RAA3) and Pseudomonas palleroniana (DPB16) were evaluated for their effect on growth and yield of two rice variety (DRR44, IR64) and two wheat variety (WH1105, PBW343) under rainfed and irrigated condition in field study. RAA3 significantly enhanced the all yield contributing parameters (plant height, total no of plants, no of tillers, panicle /spike length, no of grains/ panicle or spike, weight of 1000 grains), chlorophyll and enzymatic antioxidants, nutrient content in both rice and wheat under rainfed and irrigated condition. In field experiment of rice, RAA3 treated plants showed maximum grain yield (4.86 ton/ha, 5.13ton/ha) under rainfed and irrigated condition respectively as compared to control plant. In case of wheat, RAA3 treated plants exhibited higher grain yield (4.4 ton/ha, 5.06ton/ha) under rainfed and irrigated condition, respectively, as compared to their respective untreated plants. Finding of present study suggested that multi-trait plant growth promoting bacteria and co-inoculation of PGPB along with AMF could be used as effective inoculants to improve the plant growth and productivity under water deficit condition to achieve sustainable agriculture.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessment of phytochemicals, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential in sixteen plant species of Asteraceae
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-01) Rawat, Deepti; Rao, P.B.
    Sixteen different plant species of family Asteraceae were selected for evaluation of their phytochemical profile in two different solvents. The extraction yield (%) was maximum in Ageratum houstonianum (56.94±0.13 and 66.14±0.20) in both aqua acetone and aqua methanol, respectively. Among the plant species extracts, comparatively higher DPPH activity (%) was obtained in Lagascea mollis (78.93 and 86.84, respectively in aqua acetone and aqua methanol); FRAP (μg TE/mg) in Ageratum houstonianum (166.18±0.13) and Vernonia cinerea (177.86±2.40); and TAA (μg VCE/mg) values in Emilia sonchifolia (90.28±1.36) and Erigeron bonariensis (164.33±0.57) in aqua acetone and aqua methanol, respectively. The values of TPC (μg GAE/mg) were higher in Galinsoga parviflora (67.67±0.37) and Erigeron bonariensis (87.09±0.48); and TFC in Ixeris polycephala (19.76±0.08 and 11.70±0.7 in aqua acetone and aqua methanol, respectively). SOD (DU/mg FW), POD (nmole/mg protein), and CAT (μmole/mg protein) activity were higher in Erigeron bonariensis (20.01±0.02), Cirsium arvense (109.35±0.69), and Xanthium strumarium (45.52±0.13), respectively. The Anti-inflammatory activity (%) was higher in Gnephalium pensylvanicum (89.67±0.45) and Ageratum houstonianum (98.38±0.34) in aqua acetone and aqua methanol extracts, respectively. The anti-bacterial activity (%) was maximum in Blumea sinuata (75.00), followed by in Y. japonica (68.75). Out of total compounds identified by GC-MS analysis in six plant species, the major important bioactive compounds are: guanosine (neuroprotective potential), arbutin (astringent and disinfectant properties), n-hexadecanoic acid (hemolytic, pesticide, lubricant activities), and lupeol (anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities) in Blumea sinuata; beta.-amyrin (anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory activity), betulin (Anti-HIV activity) in C. arvense; and Phytol (hypocholesterolemic, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory) in all the species. Thus, among 16 different plant species, Lagascea mollis, Erigeron bonariensis, Ageratum houstonianum, Blumea sinuata, Cirsium arvense and Ixeris polycephala are more promising for scientific foundation to exploit potential natural plant resources in terms of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Response of organic manures on growth and quality parameters of Artemisia annua L. cv. CIM Arogya under tarai conditions of Uttarakhand
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-03) Monika; Bisht, P.S.
    The present study was conducted to analyze the effect of organic manures (Farm Yard Manure, 1Vermicompost T10: 10 ton ha-1 Farm yard manure+ 5 tonne ha-1 Poultry manure,T11: 5 tonne ha-1Vermicompost + 5 tonne ha-1Poultry manure and T12: Inorganic manure (NPK) with three replication, during 2017-18 and 2018-19. The results of the experiments indicated that T8 applied treatment was superior over all the treatments, exhibiting increased plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and biomass during both the years of study. For the evolution of antioxidants, leaf powder was extracted in different solvents i.e., aqua-methanol, aqua-ethanol, water and n-Hexane and the maximum extract yield was comparatively higher in water extract. The antioxidant activities was measured by DPPH (%) and FRAP (μg VCE/mg extract) and it is higher in water followed by aqua-methanol > aquaethanol > n-Hexane. DPPH (%) activity and FRAP (μg VCE/mg extract) which were maximum in T8 applied plants and minimum in T1 (no manure application). The Total Phenol Content (μg GAE/mg extract) and the Total Flavonoid Content (μg QE/mg extract) was maximum in T3 (10 tonne ha- 1Vermicompost) and minimum in T1. The maximum artemisinin content (%) was recorded in T3 (0.95) and minimum in T1 (0.50). The maximum oil content (%) in A. annua cv. CIM Arogya inflorescence was recorded in plants applied with 10 tonne ha-1Farm yard manure + 5 tonne ha- 1Vermicompost+5 tonne ha-1Poultry manure, being 1.8 % and 1.4% in 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. However, minimum oil content (%) was recorded in without manure application (T1) was 0.72 % and 0.64% in 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. The essential oil obtained from inflorescence was subjected to GC-MS analysis for identification of bioactive compounds present in essential oil. The major compounds were, 1-8 cineol, camphor, camphene, sebinene, hotrienol, and β- ocimene present in essential oil. Artemisia ketone present only in T3. Based on two years of study, it can be concluded that the crop manured with Vermicompost (10 tonn ha-1) yielded higher amount of artemisinin content (%) compared to other Vermicompost and Poultry manure) on morphological and biochemical parameters of Artemisia annua L. cv. CIM Arogya. The field experiments were conducted at Medicinal Plants Research & Development Centre, of G. B. Pant Pantnagar. The experiments were carried out in Randomized Block Design, having 12 different treatments viz. T1: Control,T2: 20 tonne ha-1Farm yard manure,T3: 10 tonne ha-1Vermicompost,T4: 10 tonne ha-1Farm yard manure,T5: 5 tonne ha- 1Vermicompost,T6:10 tonne ha-1Poultry manure,T7:5 tonne ha-1Poultry manure,T8: 10 tonne ha- 1Farm yard manure + 5 tonne ha-1Vermicompost+5 tonne ha-1Poultry manure,T9: 1o tonne ha-1Farm yard manure+ 5 tonne ha- organic manures application.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Agro-industrial waste utilization for the production of bioethanol, bioinoculant and compost
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-02) Bind, Sandhya; Sharma, A.K.
    Utilization of agro-industrial wastes for the production of valuable commodities such as bioethanol, bioinoculant and composts provide a solution for global problems such as energy crisis, food security and environmental pollution. In present study, possibility of using waste carrot and pea peel for bioethanol production has been studied and bioethal yield was compared to sugarcane juice. High ethanol tolerance (up to 15%), high glucose tolerance (up to 300g/L) and high ethanogenic (14%) yeast strain Wickerhamomyces anomalus GBY was isolated from ‘Hamei’ sample. Carrot, pea peel juice, sugarcane juice with or without concentration were fermented without addition of nutrients and provided maximum ethanol yield of 15.65 g/L, 21.00 g/L, 90.25 g/L and 80.25 g/L of ethanol, respectively. Pea (PPB) and carrot peel bagasse (CPB) were used as substrate for production of T. harzianum via solid state fermentation. After optimizing growth parameters, maximum spore 3.28×1010 were produced on PPB and 1.17 ×107 spores in case of CPB. Shelf life assessment of talc based formulation of T. harzianum grown on PPB showed that after 90 days of incubation, 60.1% population declined at 4 ºC storage temperature whereas, at 30 ºC population declined up to 81.6%. Composts were prepared using forest residue and rice straw after mixing with cow dung. Alleviation of pH effect on growth of tomato was noticed by amending different composts under glass house trial. Composts and rice biochar treated tomato plant, maximally increased the shoot length (33.6%, 31.8%), root length (30.2%, 27.8%), shoot fresh weight (47.9%, 55.4%), root fresh weight (50.8%, 59.0%), shoot dry weight (71.0%, 51.8%), root dry weight (69.1%, 52.1%), chl a (2.24 fold, 2.83 fold), chl b (2.83, 2.41), N (67.2%, 61.3%), P (65.1%, 64.3%), K (59.6%, 29.1%), Na (56.3%, 33.8%) and Ca (33.8%, 32.6%) content under water stress and irrigated conditions, respectively when compared to their untreated control. Under water stress condition, increase in proline content (3.14 fold), SOD (2.16 fold,), CAT (2.53 fold) and POD (1.89 fold) activity was recorded when compared to its untreated control. Compost prepared from Azadirachta indica showed maximum increased in chitinase (8.53 fold), glucanse (5.80 fold), SOD (2.18 fold), CAT (2.85 fold) and POD (2.93 fold) activity under Ailternaria solani infection. Thus present study imply that carrot peel and pea peel wastes can efficiently support the bioethanol and T. Harzianum spore production and composts prepared from wastes, improve plant growth under different soil conditions, water stress and pathogen infection.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Production and utilization of non-toxic biologically active fungal pigment
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-01) Parul; Sharma, A.K.
    Since prehistoric times mankind use colors to make the things more attractive whether it is for decoration or in food. But after industrialization of synthetic dyes, many countries, including India are facing a serious problem in ground. Besides this consumption of synthetic dyes also present many side effects to human health, animals and environments. These dyes are challenging for bioremediation using by microorganisms therefore results in environmental pollution. Considering all these issues industries must replace synthetic colors with natural colors, but the major problem tackling dye industries using natural colors is: stability of natural color at high temperature, pH, high production cost and seasonal. To deal with this problem the present study was under taken to screen different fungi for production of red colour pigments. Fungal cultures were isolated from different waste materials by serial dilution and spread plating method. The culture isolate produces diffusible red pigment in the medium were selected for further studies. The selected fungal isolated was identified as Talaromyces purpureogenus F. The pigment characterization shows the presence of red and yellow polyketides and azaphilone pigments. The growth of the fungus and pigment production were optimized by submerged fermentation. The pigment yield of 24 ± 0.16 AU/ml at 510 nm and 20.59 ± 0.48 AU/ml at 410 nm was achieved after optimization of fermentation conditions. At 100 °C the red and yellow pigment was found more stable in acidic conditions (Half-life 161.19 ± 1.93 min and 169.06 ± 2.98 min). The red and yellow pigment was more stable in dried form of pigment than liquid form. The antioxidant properties, total phenolic content and total protein of extracellular and intracellular pigment was stable in all storage conditions. The extracted pigment does not show any toxic effect on microalgae Parachlorella kessleri GB1.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Exploring native arbuscular mycorrhizal diversity of agricultural lands of Kumaun Himalaya and its potential for plant growth promotion
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-11) Pallavi; Sharma, A.K.
    Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) is a symbiotic relation between roots of higher plants and members of Glomeromycota class of fungi. This symbiotic relationship results in increased water and nutrient uptake along with enhanced tolerance towards biotic and abiotic stress of plants. Although commercial AM inoculum are available but, now it is widely accepted that native AM fungi (AMF) are more efficient in imparting benefits to the plant. In the current study, the native mycorrhizal status of ten agricultural lands located at different altitudes of Kumaun Himalaya was studied. The native AMF population was enriched in glasshouse by traditional trap culturing. The potential augmentation of native AMF population by application of Parthenium based biochar was also performed. Further, the enriched AMF was used as inoculum to investigate the potential of native AMF communities to promote plant growth under irrigated and water stressed condition. in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana). The studied sampling sites showed rich AMF communities with highest spore density of 28 spores/ g soil was observed at highest altitude i.e. Ghorpatta (2185 m asl). The AMF diversity varied along the altitude, however, morphological evidence suggested Funneliformis mosseae and Claroideoglomus claroideum as the common species found across the altitudinal range indicating some influence of same agricultural practices and cropping system. Parthenium biochar amendment at application rate of 5 g/ kg soil enhanced the mycorrhizal activity along with promoting maize (Zea mays) plant growth and foliar nutrient content. After enrichment by trap culturing, the native AMF communities were tested for their plant growth promotion potential in wheat and finger millet. All the developed inoculum improved the plant growth in both crops but the response varied. Nachini and Dwarson were found to be the most effective inoculum and were able to ameliorate drought tolerance in finger millet by enhancing SOD activity and proline content, while reducing the level of MDA and H2O2. Illumina MiSeq results indicated that trap culturing enhanced the population of opportunistic AMF species, out of which unidentified species of Acaulospora genus was the most dominant (56.8 %) and it is possible that this species is responsible for the growth promotion of plants. It is also found that under drought condition external phosphorus application of 15.5 ppm reduced the mycorrhizal intensity in finger millet plants. However, the expression of common symbiotic genes SYMRK and CCaMK didn’t show a statistically significant reduction, thus, they might not be responsible for phosphorus mediated inhibition of mycorrhizal symbiosis.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    In vitro propagation, elicitation and phytochemical characterization of Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meisn. (Himalayan Rhubarb)
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Singh, Ruchi; Chaturvedi, Preeti
    Rheum emodi Wall ex. Meisn (Family- Polygonaceae) is an important folk medicinal herb of Himalayan Region. Underground parts (roots and rhizome) of the plant possess anticancer, antifungal, antidiabetic, antiulcer, antioxidant, nephroprotective and hepatoprotective properties. Being highly medicinal, the species is constantly uprooted from the nature for trade. As a result, the availability of the species in its natural habitat is decreasing. Besides, propagation through seeds is also very poor. The present study was henceforth aimed to enhance its seed germination potential, to develop an efficient, rapid and reproducible protocol for in vitro establishment along with enhancing secondary metabolites production by using various elicitors. Among all in vitro treatments applied for increasing seed germination, chilling treatment with alternate (16/8hr white light:dark) light condition on filter paper at 20ºC was found most effective to improve seed germination. Maximum callus induction frequency was achieved on MS + Kn+ 2,4-D+ TDZ and MS + BAP + 2,4-D + NAA from mid-rib and leaf explants respectively. MS + BAP + NAA+ IAA showed highest frequency of shoot induction from callus in 19 days with 9.0 number of shoots per explant. Maximum direct shoot induction frequency from leaf explant was achieved on MS medium fortified with BAP + TDZ + IBA in 14 days. Microshoots inoculated on MS + IBA+ NAA + BAP showed maximum frequency of root induction with 11.0 ± 0.33 roots in 23 days. Biochemical analysis of in vivo and in vitro raised plants showed that DPPH radical scavenging activity, TAA, total phenolic content and total protein content was highest in in vivo rhizome while TFC was highest in in vivo shoots. In vitro callus showed highest SOD, CAT and POD activity. Further, GCMS analysis showed 31, 38, 27 and 47 compounds in methanol extracts of rhizome, fruits, leaf and callus respectively. Among all tested elicitors (JA, SA and CH), SA(100 μM) was found most effective for enhancement of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities in callus of R. emodi. An effort was also made for root culture of R. emodi on both solid and liquid media. Liquid culture was more effective for production of adventitious roots with 93.33 ± 1.67 % root induction frequency from nodal explant along with highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, TAA, TPC and TFC. HPLC-MS analysis of cultured roots also revealed the presence of important anthraquinones viz., emodin and chrysophanol. The present study recommends the in vitro grown shoots and liquid root culture of R. emodi as an alternative source of anthraquinones relieving the dependence on natural population.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Biochemical profiling and antiinflammatory potential in some selected invasive alien edible plant species of Kumaun Himalaya
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-01) Saxena, Shaiphali; Rao, P.B.
    Invasive alien medicinal plant species have been evolved under harsh environmental conditions by possessing secondary metabolites due to their novel genetic constitution that can be beneficial in several remedial formulations in pharmacological industries. Since ancient civilizations, several tribes still rely upon these wild herbs for curing their ailments with minimal adverse effects and affordability in nature. In the present study, sixteen invasive alien edible plant species were selected and evaluated for their antioxidants, anti-inflammatory potential, protein, tracer mineral content, functional groups and biochemical analysis. In all selected species, the yield, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were higher in aqua-methanol than in aqua-acetone. Interestingly, all plant species possessed carbohydrates, proteins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and terpenoids in both solvents. The maximum values in aqua-methanol and aqua-acetone in different species in different parameters are in: E. hirta and L. camara for TAA (μg VCE/mg) and albumin-denaturation inhibition (%), E. hirta in both solvents for DPPH (%) and FRAP (μg TE/mg), E. hirta and B. pilosa for FCA (%) and TPC (μg GAE/mg), E. hirta and C. Sativa for TFC (μg QE/mg), respectively. The SOD (U/mg FW), POD (nmole/mg protein) and CAT (μmole/mg protein) activities were higher in M. coromandelianum (17.40±0.47), P. oleracea (106.48±2.71) and B. pilosa (35.67±3.06), respectively. The total protein content (mg/ml FW) was higher in E. Hirta (39.56±2.73). The tracer mineral elements (Mn, Co and Cu) were present in all plant species and were comparatively higher in U. lobata (0.93±0.03), T. procumbens (0.30±0.03) and E. hirta (0.52±0.02), respectively. The FT-IR spectra in different plant species ranged from 1015 to 3362 cm-1 unveiling carbonyls, primary and secondary amides and amines, hydrocarbons, unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid, esters, nitro compounds, phosphoryls and nucleic acids, aromatics, aryl hydrocarbons and ethers, etc. Further, GC-MS analysis revealed various bioactive compounds ranging from 33 (M. coromandelianum) to 91 (P. quadrifida) and important ones are: geraniol, caryophyllene, carotol, neophytadiene, phytol, vitamin E, glycerin, squalene, β-amyrin, stigmasterol, lupeol, γ-sitosterol, D-allose, indole, mome-inositol and tyrosinol. These results clearly explain the potential of these selected invasive alien edible plant species as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory sources, which can be utilized by pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries for developing natural remedies and nutritional supplements due to endless availability in nature.