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Open Access
Production and utilization of non-toxic biologically active fungal pigment
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-01) Parul; Sharma, A.K.
Since prehistoric times mankind use colors to make the things more attractive whether it is for decoration or in food. But after industrialization of synthetic dyes, many countries, including India are facing a serious problem in ground. Besides this consumption of synthetic dyes also present many side effects to human health, animals and environments. These dyes are challenging for bioremediation using by microorganisms therefore results in environmental pollution. Considering all these issues industries must replace synthetic colors with natural colors, but the major problem tackling dye industries using natural colors is: stability of natural color at high temperature, pH, high production cost and seasonal. To deal with this problem the present study was under taken to screen different fungi for production of red colour pigments. Fungal cultures were isolated from different waste materials by serial dilution and spread plating method. The culture isolate produces diffusible red pigment in the medium were selected for further studies. The selected fungal isolated was identified as Talaromyces purpureogenus F. The pigment characterization shows the presence of red and yellow polyketides and azaphilone pigments. The growth of the fungus and pigment production were optimized by submerged fermentation. The pigment yield of 24 ± 0.16 AU/ml at 510 nm and 20.59 ± 0.48 AU/ml at 410 nm was achieved after optimization of fermentation conditions. At 100 °C the red and yellow pigment was found more stable in acidic conditions (Half-life 161.19 ± 1.93 min and 169.06 ± 2.98 min). The red and yellow pigment was more stable in dried form of pigment than liquid form. The antioxidant properties, total phenolic content and total protein of extracellular and intracellular pigment was stable in all storage conditions. The extracted pigment does not show any toxic effect on microalgae Parachlorella kessleri GB1.
Open Access
Exploring native arbuscular mycorrhizal diversity of agricultural lands of Kumaun Himalaya and its potential for plant growth promotion
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-11) Pallavi; Sharma, A.K.
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) is a symbiotic relation between roots of higher plants and members of Glomeromycota class of fungi. This symbiotic relationship results in increased water and nutrient uptake along with enhanced tolerance towards biotic and abiotic stress of plants. Although commercial AM inoculum are available but, now it is widely accepted that native AM fungi (AMF) are more efficient in imparting benefits to the plant. In the current study, the native mycorrhizal status of ten agricultural lands located at different altitudes of Kumaun Himalaya was studied. The native AMF population was enriched in glasshouse by traditional trap culturing. The potential augmentation of native AMF population by application of Parthenium based biochar was also performed. Further, the enriched AMF was used as inoculum to investigate the potential of native AMF communities to promote plant growth under irrigated and water stressed condition. in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana). The studied sampling sites showed rich AMF communities with highest spore density of 28 spores/ g soil was observed at highest altitude i.e. Ghorpatta (2185 m asl). The AMF diversity varied along the altitude, however, morphological evidence suggested Funneliformis mosseae and Claroideoglomus claroideum as the common species found across the altitudinal range indicating some influence of same agricultural practices and cropping system. Parthenium biochar amendment at application rate of 5 g/ kg soil enhanced the mycorrhizal activity along with promoting maize (Zea mays) plant growth and foliar nutrient content. After enrichment by trap culturing, the native AMF communities were tested for their plant growth promotion potential in wheat and finger millet. All the developed inoculum improved the plant growth in both crops but the response varied. Nachini and Dwarson were found to be the most effective inoculum and were able to ameliorate drought tolerance in finger millet by enhancing SOD activity and proline content, while reducing the level of MDA and H2O2. Illumina MiSeq results indicated that trap culturing enhanced the population of opportunistic AMF species, out of which unidentified species of Acaulospora genus was the most dominant (56.8 %) and it is possible that this species is responsible for the growth promotion of plants. It is also found that under drought condition external phosphorus application of 15.5 ppm reduced the mycorrhizal intensity in finger millet plants. However, the expression of common symbiotic genes SYMRK and CCaMK didn’t show a statistically significant reduction, thus, they might not be responsible for phosphorus mediated inhibition of mycorrhizal symbiosis.
Open Access
In vitro propagation, elicitation and phytochemical characterization of Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meisn. (Himalayan Rhubarb)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Singh, Ruchi; Chaturvedi, Preeti
Rheum emodi Wall ex. Meisn (Family- Polygonaceae) is an important folk medicinal herb of Himalayan Region. Underground parts (roots and rhizome) of the plant possess anticancer, antifungal, antidiabetic, antiulcer, antioxidant, nephroprotective and hepatoprotective properties. Being highly medicinal, the species is constantly uprooted from the nature for trade. As a result, the availability of the species in its natural habitat is decreasing. Besides, propagation through seeds is also very poor. The present study was henceforth aimed to enhance its seed germination potential, to develop an efficient, rapid and reproducible protocol for in vitro establishment along with enhancing secondary metabolites production by using various elicitors. Among all in vitro treatments applied for increasing seed germination, chilling treatment with alternate (16/8hr white light:dark) light condition on filter paper at 20ºC was found most effective to improve seed germination. Maximum callus induction frequency was achieved on MS + Kn+ 2,4-D+ TDZ and MS + BAP + 2,4-D + NAA from mid-rib and leaf explants respectively. MS + BAP + NAA+ IAA showed highest frequency of shoot induction from callus in 19 days with 9.0 number of shoots per explant. Maximum direct shoot induction frequency from leaf explant was achieved on MS medium fortified with BAP + TDZ + IBA in 14 days. Microshoots inoculated on MS + IBA+ NAA + BAP showed maximum frequency of root induction with 11.0 ± 0.33 roots in 23 days. Biochemical analysis of in vivo and in vitro raised plants showed that DPPH radical scavenging activity, TAA, total phenolic content and total protein content was highest in in vivo rhizome while TFC was highest in in vivo shoots. In vitro callus showed highest SOD, CAT and POD activity. Further, GCMS analysis showed 31, 38, 27 and 47 compounds in methanol extracts of rhizome, fruits, leaf and callus respectively. Among all tested elicitors (JA, SA and CH), SA(100 μM) was found most effective for enhancement of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities in callus of R. emodi. An effort was also made for root culture of R. emodi on both solid and liquid media. Liquid culture was more effective for production of adventitious roots with 93.33 ± 1.67 % root induction frequency from nodal explant along with highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, TAA, TPC and TFC. HPLC-MS analysis of cultured roots also revealed the presence of important anthraquinones viz., emodin and chrysophanol. The present study recommends the in vitro grown shoots and liquid root culture of R. emodi as an alternative source of anthraquinones relieving the dependence on natural population.
Open Access
Biochemical profiling and antiinflammatory potential in some selected invasive alien edible plant species of Kumaun Himalaya
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-01) Saxena, Shaiphali; Rao, P.B.
Invasive alien medicinal plant species have been evolved under harsh environmental conditions by possessing secondary metabolites due to their novel genetic constitution that can be beneficial in several remedial formulations in pharmacological industries. Since ancient civilizations, several tribes still rely upon these wild herbs for curing their ailments with minimal adverse effects and affordability in nature. In the present study, sixteen invasive alien edible plant species were selected and evaluated for their antioxidants, anti-inflammatory potential, protein, tracer mineral content, functional groups and biochemical analysis. In all selected species, the yield, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were higher in aqua-methanol than in aqua-acetone. Interestingly, all plant species possessed carbohydrates, proteins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and terpenoids in both solvents. The maximum values in aqua-methanol and aqua-acetone in different species in different parameters are in: E. hirta and L. camara for TAA (μg VCE/mg) and albumin-denaturation inhibition (%), E. hirta in both solvents for DPPH (%) and FRAP (μg TE/mg), E. hirta and B. pilosa for FCA (%) and TPC (μg GAE/mg), E. hirta and C. Sativa for TFC (μg QE/mg), respectively. The SOD (U/mg FW), POD (nmole/mg protein) and CAT (μmole/mg protein) activities were higher in M. coromandelianum (17.40±0.47), P. oleracea (106.48±2.71) and B. pilosa (35.67±3.06), respectively. The total protein content (mg/ml FW) was higher in E. Hirta (39.56±2.73). The tracer mineral elements (Mn, Co and Cu) were present in all plant species and were comparatively higher in U. lobata (0.93±0.03), T. procumbens (0.30±0.03) and E. hirta (0.52±0.02), respectively. The FT-IR spectra in different plant species ranged from 1015 to 3362 cm-1 unveiling carbonyls, primary and secondary amides and amines, hydrocarbons, unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid, esters, nitro compounds, phosphoryls and nucleic acids, aromatics, aryl hydrocarbons and ethers, etc. Further, GC-MS analysis revealed various bioactive compounds ranging from 33 (M. coromandelianum) to 91 (P. quadrifida) and important ones are: geraniol, caryophyllene, carotol, neophytadiene, phytol, vitamin E, glycerin, squalene, β-amyrin, stigmasterol, lupeol, γ-sitosterol, D-allose, indole, mome-inositol and tyrosinol. These results clearly explain the potential of these selected invasive alien edible plant species as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory sources, which can be utilized by pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries for developing natural remedies and nutritional supplements due to endless availability in nature.
Open Access
Cultivated flora of Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-10) Rana, Sumita; Rawat, D.S.
The flora of a particular region may contain both type of plants, i.e., wild as well as cultivated. Assessment of flora at the local level is essentially important for better management. Since the floristic diversity of cultivated flora is yet not assessed in Pantnagar area the present study was carried out during June 2014 - June 2018. The present work enumerates total 529 species belonging to 367 genera and 105 families cultivated in Pantnagar area. Dicotyledon taxa constitute the largest group (79.52 %) and represented by 419 species of 290 genera within 80 families. Monocots (18.71%) are represented by 99 species of 70 genera within 20 families. Gymnosperms (2.08 %.) are represented by 11 species of 7 genera within 5 families. The Dominant families of cultivated flora of Pantnagar are Leguminosae (Fabaceae) (48 spp.; 34 genera), Asteraceae (42 spp.; 35 genera), Malvaceae (21 spp.; 13 genera), Lamiaceae (20 spp.; 10 genera), Euphorbiaceae (19 spp.; 7 genera), Acanthaceae (16 spp.; 9 genera), Moraceae (16 spp.; 3 genera), Apocynaceae (14 spp.; 10 genera), Rubiaceae (13 spp.; 8 genera) and Solanaceae (11 spp.; 9 genera), together, these 10 dominant families have 133 genera (37.60 %) of the total genera recorded and 220 species, (41.58 %) of total species recorded within the area. In this study Ficus (Moraceae) is found to be the dominant genus in the cultivated flora of Pantnagar with 12 species, followed by Euphorbia ( Euphorbiaceae, 9 spp.), Jasminum (Oleaceae), Acacia (Leguminosae) and Hibiscus (Malvaceae) 6 spp. each; Bauhinia (Leguminosae, 5 spp.), Brassica (Brassicaceae), Cassia (Leguminosae), Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae), and Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae, 4 spp.). Habit analysis shows that herbs are dominant with 184 species (34.52%), followed by shrubs (137 spp.; 25.89%), trees (134 spp.; 25.33%), climbers (40 spp.; 7.56%), grasses (20 spp.; 3.78%) and succulents (14 spp.; 2.64%). It has also been observed that maximum number of cultivated species bloom during the months of March (51.9%), April (64.5%), May (57.4%), and June (42.7%) in this area making spring and summer flora to be the richest. The overall picture of the utility of cultivated flora of Pantnagar shows that a maximum number of species are cultivated as ornamentals 365 spp.(68.99%), followed by medicinal plants (69 spp., 13.04%), edible plants (100 spp., 18.90%), timber plants (56 spp., 10.58%), and plants for miscellaneous purposes (8 spp., 1.51%). Three threatened flowering plants of India- Santalum album (Santalaceae), Saraca asoca (Fabaceae) and Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) are also cultivated here. Nativity of species indicated that 156 spp. (29.48%) are American, 250 spp. are Asian (47.25%, also includes 94 indigenous species), 72 spp. are African (13.61%), 42 spp. are European (7.94%), 20 spp. are Australian (3.78%), 12 spp. are Mediterranean (2.26%). Total 435 (82.07%) species are non-indigenous/exotic cultivated taxa and show a preponderance of American elements. Indigenous elements (native to this region) are represented by only 94 (17.96%) species. Pantnagar being a centre of research in horticulture, floriculture, cereals and pulse crops, fodder crops, medicinal and aromatic plants, agro-forestry, olericulture, has been introduced with various useful species, their wild relatives, improved varieties and thus becomes rich in cultivated flora.
Open Access
Morpho-anatomical and biochemical studies on some selected edible Lichens of Kumaun Himalaya
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Pant, Vartika; Rao, P.B.
Since the beginning of Egyptian and Chinese civilizations, lichens are incessantly explored in folklores as medicines in different parts of the world. In the present study, ten lichen species were selected and collected from natural habitat (Narayan Ashram, Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand) to assess their morpho-anatomical features, antioxidants and antimicrobial potential, mineral contents and biochemical and chemical parameters. All the selected lichen species possessed biochemicals such as fats, flavonoids, phenols and tannins. Interestingly, alkaloids are completely absent in all the solvents (acetone, ethanol and methanol) extracts in all the 10 species. The extraction yield (%) in different species and solvents is comparatively higher in soxhlet extraction than in cold extraction. The yield (%) is maximum in R. conduplicans, D. vellerum and H. nepalense, respectively in acetone, ethanol and methanol. The maximum values in acetone, ethanol and methanol in different species in different parameters are in : D. longissima, H. nepalense and P. polydactylon TAA (μg AE/mg); D. longissima, D. longissima and T. subuliformis DPPH (%); P. reticulatum, F. caperata and P. polydactylon reducing power (nm); and H. cirrhatum, F. caperata and F. caperata FCA (%), respectively. The total phenol (mg GA/g) and flavonoid (mg QE/g) contents were maximum in R. conduplicans (97.31±2.385), F. caperata (108.94±2.279) and F. caperata (121.97±1.120); and D. vellerum (28.39±4.884), F. Caperata (32.20±1.196) and T. subuliformis(18.93±1.428) in acetone, ethanol and methanol, respectively. The SOD (U/mg), POD (U/mg) and CAT (U/mg) activities were higher in P. polydactylon (9.86±0.04), P. Reticulatum (18.20±0.388) and R. conduplicans (21.09±0.176), respectively than in other species. Maximum tannin (μg TA/g) and o-dihydroxy phenol (mg CE/g) content was in H. nepalense (16.197±0.206 and 13.459±0.690, respectively). Among the species, the protein content (mg/ mg dry wt.) is maximum in P. reticulatum (1.562 ±0.010) and minimum in F. caperata (0.474±0.003). Comparatively higher mineral content is obtained in H. nepalense (iron - 3.06±0.016, zinc - 3.63±0.062 and copper - 1.67±0.031); F. caperata (calcium - 9.84±0.040); and T. subuliformis (manganese - 0.82±0.004). The MIC (mg/ml) was maximum in P. reticulatum (1.87, 3.75 and 1.87 for B. ceraus, B. licheniformis, B. megaterium, respectively); H. nepalense (3.75, S. aureus); P.polydactylon (7.5, E. coli); while, D. longissima, T. subuliformis and U. subflorida (15, R. solanacearum). The FTIR analysis in different species showed the peaks between 1070 - 3800 cm-1 indicating the presences of compounds like free hydroxyl-alcohol, phenols, primary, secondary amines, amides, etc. Further, GCMS analysis revealed that the number of compounds in different species ranged from 28 (F. caperata) to 79 (H. nepalense) and the important compounds are: usnic, evernic, vulpinic, benzoi, octadecanoic acids; phytol, squalene, vitamins, and etc., possessing anticancerous, anti-inflamatory, antimicrobial properties. Among the species, H. nepalense and F. caperata are more potent than other species. Thus, the selected lichen species in the present study has a potential natural source of antioxidants, antimicrobial and biochemical compounds and can be used in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
Open Access
In vitro establishment of Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. and augmentation of its phytochemical profile using elicitors
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-11) Tiwari, Tanuja; Chaturvedi, Preeti
lants as a valuable and safe natural source of medicine have drawn much scientific and commercial attention in past few decades. Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All., an Asparagaceae member, is an important and highly valued ‘Astavarga’ medicinal herb of North West Himalaya. Regeneration of the plant through seeds is a slow process in nature owing to epicotyl dormancy. Therefore, in the present study, an effort was made to break seed dormancy, increase seed germination potential and micropropagate P. verticillatum using epicotyl and sprouted buds. Among all storage conditions and PGRs, cold moist stratification of seeds (4±10C for 4 weeks) together with GA3 (100 mg/L) pretreatment followed by germination on GA3 (50 to 100 mg/L) supplemented MS medium was found most effective to improve seed germination. Maximum per cent germination (78±3.74) was achieved through elicitation using 50µM sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Maximum per cent bud induction (90±6.1) with maximum number of buds (7.0±0.45) and shoot length (7.10±3.18cm) was achieved from epicotyl explants inoculated in MS+TDZ(1.0mg/L)+NAA(0.5mg/L)+GA3(2.0mg/L). Microshoots inoculated in MS+KN (1.0mg/L)+IAA(0.5mg/L) and MS+IBA(1.0 mg/L) respectively showed maximum per cent microrhizome induction (95±5.0) and root induction (85±6.12). Sprouted bud explants inoculated in MS+TDZ (2.0mg/L)+NAA(1.0mg/L)+GA3(2.0mg/L) showed maximum per cent shoot induction(85±10.0). However, maximum per cent rooting (70±5.0) was achieved in MS+IBA (1.0 mg/L) and MS+NAA (1.0 mg/L)+KN(0.5mg/L). Plants raised through epicotyls and sprouted buds showed 80% and 56% survival rate respectively in garden soil. An effort was also made to investigate the effect of various chemical elicitors on phytochemical profiling of the plant. Maximum total chlorophyll content (1.67±0.05 mg g-1 fresh wt.), total phenolic content (14.71±0.47mg GAE g-1), total flavonoid content (14.66±0.17 mg QE g-1) and %DPPH radical scavenging activity (60.23±0.77) were achieved in SA (300 µM), JA (300 µL/L), SA (300 µM) and SNP (50µM) elicited plants respectively. Protein content (2.40±0.06 mg g-1 fresh wt.), peroxidase activity (1.33±0.03 unit min-1mg-1protein) and catalase activity (1.32±0.05 unit min-1mg-1protein) were augmented maximum in underground parts of JA (300 µL/L) and SNP (50 µM and 100 µM) elicited plants respectively, whereas SOD activity (4.79±0.13 unit min-1mg-1protein) was reported maximum in aerial parts of SA (300 µM) elicited plants. GC-MS analysis of differently elicited plants divulged remarkable (%) increase in medicinally important compounds. Diosgenin (anticancerous, antidiabetic), 9,12Octadecadienoic acid (z,z) (anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic), Gamma-sitosterol (antidiabetic) and Squalene (anticancerous, anti-tumor) increased to maximum viz., 68.11%, 89.67%, 78.87% and 81.82% respectively in SA treated plants. Guanosine (antiprotozoal), Palmitic acid (antioxidant), Vitamin E (antiinflammatory), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid (anti-inflammatory) increased by 53.25%, 51.68%, 83.04%, 66.50% respectively in SNP elicited plants. 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyranone (anticancerous), Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone (antibacterial) increased by 23.56% and 66.67% respectively in JA elicited plants. The present investigation gave a complete reproducible protocol for in vitro establishment of P. verticillatum. Furthermore, elicitation study on the plant helped in augmentation and authentication of neutraceutical status of the plant.
Open Access
Diversity of the family caryophyllaceae Juss. in Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-01) Satish Chandra; Rawat, D.S.
Open Access
Assessment of morphological diversity and biochemical parameters in some selected genotypes of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2017-01) Nisha; Rao, P.B.

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