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ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of Nitrogen Application And Planting Density For Open Grown Rose For Loose Flower Production(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Arshdeep Kaur; Ranjit SinghThe present investigation was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen application and planting density on growth and flowering of rose under open conditions for loose flower production at Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2020-21. Two years plants were planted at three different spacings 70 x 100 cm, 70 x 90 cm and 70 x 80 cm and were fertilized with four levels of nitrogen 0 g, 1.5 g, 2.0 g and 2.5 g per plant at monthly intervals starting from pruning. The experiment was laid out in RBD design with 12 treatments each having three replications. The treatment combination comprising of 2.0 g nitrogen with plant spacing of 70 x 100 cm resulted in maximum plant height (109.83 cm), plant spread (95.67 cm), flower diameter (6.83 cm), number of petals per flower (48.42), flower weight (3.45 g), number of flowers per plant (389.66) and flower yield (0.85 kg) per plant. The same treatment combination resulted in high loose flower yield (3348.47 kg) on per acre basis. The flowering was recorded earlier in case of 2.0 g N/plant under spacing 70 x 100 cm as it exhibited (54.10) days to bud appearance and hence, early flowering (64.00 days). The shelf life of flowers was recorded significantly higher during spring (10.87 hrs) and winter season (14.47 hrs) with 1.5 g nitrogen under 70 x 100 cm spacing which was statistically at par with 2.0 g nitrogen under 70 x 100 cm spacing. The peak flowering occurred during the month of April followed by March.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of different genotypes of French Marigold (Tagetes Patula L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Jashandeep; Parminder SinghThe present study entitled “Evaluation of different genotypes of French marigold (Tagetes patula L.)” was conducted during rainy and winter season of 2020 at Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. The study aimed at finding out the best genotype for both rainy and winter season amongst the eleven genotypes in terms of plant growth and flower yield. During rainy season, the maximum plant height (55.17 cm), plant spread (68.64 cm), stem diameter (11.73 mm), flowering duration (57.70 days), number of flowers per plant (266.30), flower size (4.83 cm) and flower yield/plot (12.78 kg) were observed in „Local Selection No.2‟ genotype. Days taken to bud visibility (35.48 days) were also observed to be minimum in „Local Selection No.2‟, whereas, number of braches per plant (14.71) were maximum in „Local Selection No.3‟. During winter season, maximum plant height (52.10 cm), plant spread (55.59 cm), number of branches per plant (11.47), stem diameter (11.16 mm), flower duration (57.68 days), number of flower per plant (255.10), flower size (4.88 cm) and flower yield/plot (14.52 kg) were observed in „Local Selection No.9‟ genotype. Number of days taken to bud visibility (31.18 days) were also observed to be minimum in „Local Selection No.9‟, whereas, days taken from bud to flower opening (18.16 days) was minimum in „Local Selection No.7‟. It is concluded from this study that „Local selection no.2‟ for rainy season and „Local Selection No.9‟ for winter season were found to be the best in terms of growth and flower yield of French marigold.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of growth performance of woody perennial saplings raised in organic wastes(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Hardeep Kaur; Dubey, R. K.The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of growth performance of woody perennial saplings raised in organic wastes” was carried out at Landscape nursery, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during year 2021-22 with an objective to evaluate the growth performance of tree and shrub saplings in different organic wastes and standardize the organic waste-based growing media for raising healthy and disease-free saplings. Five different tree and shrub species were planted in six different organic waste-based growing media. The xperiment was laid out in completely randomized design and the data for different growth attributes were statistically analysed. The seedling and root growth parameters were found maximum in T5 i.e., press mud media. Among the trees, the highest seedlings were observed in P. roxburghii (31.27 cm) while among shrubs in L. indica (32.19 cm) and L. camara (22.24 cm). The root collar diameter among trees was found maximum in P. roxburghii (4.53 mm) while among shrubs in L. camara (4.07 mm) and L. indica (5.37 mm). However, most number of primary branches per plant in terms of tree species was recorded in K. paniculata (2.77) and among shrubs in T. divaricata (4.52) and L. indica (3.31). The shoot dry weight for both trees and shrub species was also found to be maximum in pressmud media which was highest in P. roxburghii (4.26 g) among trees and L. camara (4.09 g) and L. indica (4.89 g) among shrub species. The survival percentage among different treatments was found to be maximum in B. variegata (94.81%) among trees and among shrubs in T. divaricata (94.07%) and T. peruviana (93.33%) grown in press mud media (T5). As for root growth characteristics, the primary root length was found maximum in K. paniculata (26.62 cm) among trees while in shrub species in L. camara (23.20 cm) and T. peruviana (21.56 cm). The primary root diameter was found to be best in P. roxburghii (3.57 mm) among trees while in shrub species in L. camara (3.29 mm) and T. peruviana (3.66 mm). While root dry weight among tress species was found to be maximum in K. paniculata (4.95 g) whereas among shrub species B. sempervensis (3.64g) and T. peruviana (3.30 g) grown in press mud media (T5). The chemical and physical properties were also found to be best in press mud based treatment T5. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the press mud based organic waste media can be used for raising the trees and shrubs nursery successfully.ThesisItem Embargo Combining ability and heterosis studies in a diallel cross of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Bolagam Ravikumar; Dhatt, K. K.The current investigation entitled "Combining ability and heterosis studies in a diallel cross of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.)" was investigated at the Floriculture Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the years 2019 to 2022. Six inbred lines of periwinkle namely P1 (Vi-15-1), P2 (Vi-13-2), P3 (Vi-16), P4 (Vi-15-2), P5 (Vi-29) and P6 (Vi-14-3) were crossed in full-diallel fashion with an objective of identifying superior cross-combinations for high specific combining ability and qualitative traits and determine the inheritance of flower colour and size. The six inbred lines and their thirty cross combinations were evaluated for plant height, plant spread, number of primary branches per plant, leaf length, leaf breadth, internode length, corolla tube length, days to flowering, duration of flowering, number of flowers per plant, flower diameter, follicle length and number of seeds per follicle in Randomized Block Design and replicated thrice. Analysis of variance was highly significant for all the vegetative and flowering characters indicating presence of genetic variability in the genotypes. The analysis of variance for combining ability was highly significant for growth and flowering characters indicated presence of both additive and non-additive gene actions. The parents P5 (Vi-29) and P1 (Vi-15-1) were recorded preferable GCA effects for most of the traits. These were considered as good general combiners for crossing programmes. The cross combination of Vi-13-2 × Vi-29 had significant positive maximum SCA effects for plant height, plant spread and number of primary branches per plant. The follicle length and number of seeds per follicle were recorded highly significant positive SCA values in the combination of Vi-29 × Vi-14-3. The high significant positive reciprocal effects were recorded for plant height, leaf breadth, number of flowers per plant and number of seeds for follicle in the cross combination of Vi-14-3 × Vi-29. The plant spread, duration of flowering and corolla tube length were shown high significant positive reciprocal results in cross combination of Vi-14-3 × Vi-13-2. The highly significant positive heterobeltiosis was present in the progenies of Vi-29 × Vi-14-3, Vi-13-2 × Vi-29 and Vi-15-1 × Vi-14-3 for most of the studied traits. High to moderate values for phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were shown for majority of the studied characters, recapitulate the presence of variability. The range of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations among the parental lines was 5.35-34.41% and 3.96-34.02%, respectively. The PCV and GCV was 4.14-25.49% and 4.01-24.94% for the cross combinations, respectively. The heritability varied from 46.74-97.77% and 50.62-98.73% for the parental lines and cross combinations, respectively. It indicated that the traits were highly heritable to following generations. The average genetic advance as per cent mean was observed as 8.00-50.21% and 6.03-69.29% among the inbred lines and cross combinations, respectively. The flower colour and size were segregated with 3:1 (monohybrid), 9:3:4 (supplementary gene action), 9:6:1 (polymeric gene action) and 9:3:3:1 (typical dihybrid) in F2 generation of fifteen selected crosses from diallel crosses.ThesisItem Embargo Salt stress induced morpho-physiological, biochemical and anatomical changes in ornamental tree species(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Nagar, Kamal Kishor; Dubey, R. K.The present investigations entitled “Salt stress induced morpho-physiological, biochemical and anatomical changes in ornamental tree species” were undertaken at Landscape Nursery, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 202022 to screen salinity tolerant ornamental tree species for green of salt affected land. One year old seedlings of fifteen tree species were grown in 10” earthen pots containing soil: FYM (2:1) during first week of February 2020. After one month of transplanting, different concentrations of NaCl viz., 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM were given with irrigation water from March 2020 to January 2022. All the parameters were recorded at four-month interval. The salt treatments significantly (p<0.05) affected the morpho-physiological, biochemical and anatomical parameters of ornamental tree species. On the basis of investigations, the tree species were categorized as salt tolerant and salt sensitive. Salt tolerant trees include Delonix regia, Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia fistula, Pongamia pinnata, Plumeria alba, Mimuspos elengi, Butea monosperma, Callistemon lanceolatus and Erythrina variegata whereas, salt sensitive include Jacaranda mimosifolia, Bauhinia purpurea, Koelreutaria paniculata, Millettia ovalifolia, Lagerstromia speciosa and Putranjiva roxburghii. The growth parameters slightly increased or maintained in tolerant trees, whereas in salt sensitive trees, growth parameters decreased with an increase in salt concentration during January 2021 and January 2022. The maximum per cent increase in number of branches (19.02%), survival percent (94.36%), reducing sugar (16.94%) at the concentration of (100 mM NaCl) and upper epidermis thickness (45 µm), palisade thickness (128.05 µm), lower epidermis thickness (42 µm), palisade cell length (70.23 µm), palisade cell diameter (32 µm), intercellular space (16.4%) was recorded in C. Lanceolatus at 200 mM NaCl, whereas, during May 2020 to January 2022, minimum per cent decrease in fresh and dry weight of leaves (26.50%), fresh and dry weight of root (26.78 %) and fresh and dry weight of stem (11.54%), was also observed in the same species at 200 mM NaCl. During May 2020 to January 2022, the maximum per cent increase plant height (21.23%), lea area (20.94%), phenol (33.33%) and carotenoid (8.91%) was recorded in E. variegata. In C. fistula tree species maximum percent increase number of leaves (10.23%), plant spread (6.36%), protein (8.33%) and starch (17.33%) at the concentration of 50 mM NaCl. RLWC (5.28 %) and proline (12%) was found in P. alba at 200 mM NaCl. The maximum total chlorophyll, carotenoid, proteins, RLWC, starch, reducing sugar and minimum proline and soluble sugars was observed during rainy season. Osmolyte concentration was more during January. As the level of NaCl in soil increased, EC also increased. It is difficult to maintain the EC during rainy season as due to dilution effect as well as leaching of salts, consequently resulted in reduced level of EC. On the basis of morpho-physiological, biochemical and anatomical parameters during the 1st and 2nd year of the experiment, tree species were classified as salt tolerant and susceptible. From these, plants highly salt tolerant and the salt susceptible tree species were planted at PAU regional research station, Bathinda. The maximum increase in plant height (4.08 m) in C. fistula, Number of branches per plant (12.0) C. lanceolatus, Stem girth (150.17 mm) A. auriculiformis, Plant spread (1.92 m) C. lanceolatus and survival percentage (100 %) in C. lanceolatus, Pongamia pinnata and C. fistula was observed in saline water irrigated tree species.ThesisItem Embargo Development of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) genotypes for loose flower with photo and thermo-insensitivity through inter-varietal crosses(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Brar, Poonamjeet Kaur; Bala, MadhuThe present investigations entitled “Development of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) genotypes for loose flower with photo and thermo-insensitivity through inter-varietal crosses” were undertaken at Department of Floriculture and Landscaping and Department of Plant Breeding, PAU, Ludhiana, during the year 2019 to 2022. The study consisted of inter-varietal crossing for development of new hybrids for loose flower production with thermo and photo insensitivity and to determine the self incompatibility analysis in chrysanthemum. In first experiment, five cultivars of chrysanthemum namely Punjab Shingar, Ratlam Selection, Punjab Gold, Gul-e-Sahir and Yellow Delight were selected and six crosses were made. From six crosses total 35 hybrids were obtained and all showed setting of seeds after crossing. Hybrid seedlings along with parentage population were evaluated for morphological and flowering characters. The highest number of seeds per flower head (8.00) were found in cross between Punjab Shingar x Punjab Gold, highest seed germination percentage i.e. 40.00 % and seedling vigour of (48.00) was recorded in cross between Punjab Shingar x Gul-e-Sahir. In second experiment, the hybrids developed were evaluated for morphological and flowering parameters and wide variations with regard to flower shape, size and other growth characters were recorded. In self incompatibility analysis, artificial and natural self-pollinations were performed and pollen germination along with pollen tube growth was analyzed. Among 25 varieties, only 9 cultivars set seed in natural selfing and 12 set seed in artificial selfing that indicated the self compatibility of varieties. Pollen tube growth was also observed in 12 varieties showing their self compatibility. The incompatible varieties can be further used for improvement of breeding programmes.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of green waste compost on growth and root morphology of ornamental shrubs(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Kamboj, Samil; Dubey, R. K.The present investigations entitled “Effect of green waste compost on growth and root morphology of ornamental shrubs” were undertaken at Landscape Nursery, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during March 2021 – February 2022. One year old three ornamental shrubs (Murraya paniculata, Hibiscus rosasinensis and Tabernaemontana coronaria) were transplanted in polybags of size 9×7 inches, filled with green waste compost (GWC) and soil in different proportions i.e. GWC 100%, GWC 75% + Soil 25%, GWC 50% + Soil 50%, GWC 25% + Soil 75% and FYM 50% + Soil 50% (Control) during second week of March 2021. Maximum plant height (57.33 cm), root collar diameter (10.00 mm), number of primary branches per plant (3.30), shoot dry weight (23.70 g), Dickson qualtity index (4.99), primary root diameter (12.55 mm) and plant nitrogen percentage (3.73%) were observed in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in T3 (GWC 50% + Soil 50%). Maximum root dry weight (13.95 g) and primary root length (11.61 cm) were observed in Murraya paniculata in T3 (GWC 50% + Soil 50%). Plants growing in media (GWC 100%) were somewhat stunted and chlorotic for several weeks after transplanting probably due to higher levels of EC (4.15 dS/m) and pH (7.62). The growing media composition was observed to be an ideal in T3 (GWC 50% + Soil 50%) i.e. pH (7.22), EC (1.64 dS/m), OC (2.39%), percent available nitrogen (0.55%), percent available phosphorus (0.22%), percent available K (0.47%), total porosity (38.50%) and water holding capacity (123.67%) for nursery raising of ornamental shrubs. On the basis of growth performance evaluated, the sequence for growth parameters is Hibiscus rosa-sinensis > Murraya paniculata > Tabernaemontana coronaria. GWC 50% + Soil 50% proved superior growing medium for growth of three ornamental shrubs than other media.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of post-emergence herbicides on weed control in lawn (Cynodon Dactylon L.) Selection no. 1(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Gurinder Singh; Simrat SinghThe present study entitled “Effect of post-emergence herbicides on weed control in lawn (Cynodon dactylon L.) Selection No. 1” was conducted in established lawns at three different locations at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana campus during both winter and summer season of year 2021. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with 15 treatments replicated thrice. Fifteen treatments comprised isoproturon (0.937 kg ha-1), mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (0.014 kg ha-1, clodinafop + metribuzin (0.216 kg ha-1), 2,4-D amine (0.500 kg ha-1), bispyribac sodium (0.025 kg ha-1) metribuzin (0.120 kg ha-1), metsulfuron (0.005 kg ha-1), carfentrazone-ethyl (0.020 kg ha-1), metsulfuron + carfentrazone- ethyl (0.025 kg ha-1), metsulfuron-methyl + chlorimuron-ethyl (0.004 kg ha-1), ethoxysulfurin (0.018 kg ha-1), halosulfuron (0.050 kg ha-1), atrazine (1.000 kg ha-1) including two hand weedings (at 15 days interval) and un-weeded control. The results revealed that clodinafop + metribuzin (0.216 kg ha-1) reduced the weed density and dry weight of Digitaria sanguinalis and Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Isoproturon (0.937 kg ha-1) provided complete control of Poa annua whereas bispyribac sodium (0.025 kg ha-1) was found effective against Dicanthium annulatum upto 60 days after spray (DAS). Weed density and dry weight of Paspalum dilatatum weed was markedly reduced by mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (0.014 kg ha-1). Metsulfuron + carfentrazone-ethyl (0.025 kg ha-1) provided complete control of broadleaf weeds (Gnaphalium purpureum, Oxalis corniculata, Veronica agrestis, Desmodium triflorum, Coronopus didymus, Erigeron canadensis, Stellaria media, Boerhavia diffusa and Alysicarpus vaginalis) upto 60 DAS. Halosulfuron (0.050 kg ha-1) effectively controlled Cyperus rotundus upto 45 DAS. Metsulfuron + carfentrazone-ethyl (0.025 kg ha-1) (85.5%) recorded highest weed control efficiency (WCE) in winter season whereas clodinafop + metribuzin (0.216 kg ha-1) (46.2 %) and bispyribac sodium (0.025 kg ha-1) (43.5 %) recorded highest WCE in summer season. Sward height and dry weight of turfgrass was found negatively correlated with the weed density. Turfgrass phytotoxicity was observed in clodinafop + metribuzin (0.216 kg ha-1) however, the grass recovered after 35 DAS in winter season, whereas in summer season, no phytotoxicity symptoms appeared. Turfgrass colour rating of eight was adjudged at all the locations during both the seasons.ThesisItem Open Access Induction of mutagenesis in Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) through gamma irradiation(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Kamarpal Singh; Dhatt, K.K.The present experiment entitled "Induction of mutagenesis in periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) through gamma irradiation" was conducted at Floriculture Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2020-2021. The seedlings of periwinkle were treated with 0Gy, 25Gy, 50Gy, 75Gy and 100Gy with the objective to analyze the effect of different dose of gamma radiation on plant growth and flowering the different dose of gamma rays in periwinkle. To induce mutation and to analyze the gamma radiation treatment led the significant changes in the agronomical traits such as mortality rate, plant height, plant spread, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, number of plant per plants, flower color, flower size, leaf color and stem girth etc. The maximum morality was observed at 100Gy i.e 23.52% while it was minimum at 25Gy treatment and in untreated plants. The highest rate of survival was observed in 25Gy treatment (88.24%) and the minimum survival % was recorded at 100Gy treatment (50.99%). The plant height and plant spread decreased significantly with the increase in gamma ray dose and recorded maximum in 25Gy treatment i.e 77.34cm and 90.14cm. Maximum number of primary branches with 25Gy treated plants was increased up to 5.40/plant. The leaf length (6.63cm), leaf width (2.76cm) and leaf area (18.36cm2) was recorded to be maximum under 25Gy treatment. The plants treated with 100Gy treatment took longer time to flowering as compared with lower dose of 25Gy treatment. The flower number decreased significantly with the increase in gamma ray dose and recorded maximum in 25Gy treatment. Slight variation in flower color of plants treated with 75Gy and 100Gy was recorded in three plants and it was Purple (P N 78 B) and Purple (P N 78 C), whereas there is no change in leaf color. The flower size decreased to 4.34cm at higher dose of 75Gy. The optimum dose of gamma rays for induction of mutagenesis for periwinkle is 75Gy and 100Gy.
