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ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC OF BT (BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS) COTTON CULTIVATION IN MAJOR COTTON GROWING DISTRICTS OF PUNJAB(PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, LUDHIANA, 2010) PRABHJOT SINGH; GROVER, D. K.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NUTRITIVE VALUE OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN SNACKS(PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY; LUDHIANA, 2010) SISODIA, POONAM; BRAR, JASWINDER KAUR06062017_0002_0024_Abstract.pdfThesisItem Restricted CANOPY MANAGEMENT STUDIES IN PATHARNAKH PEAR(PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY; LUDHIANA, 2010) SHEHBAZ SINGH; GILL, P.P.SThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and Combining ability studies in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)(PAU, 2010) DineshEighteen genotypes of pea were selected and crossed in line x tester fashion using fifteen females and three males during November 2007. Forty-five hybrids along with eighteen parents were grown at the Vegetable Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Nov, 2008. Significant mean squares due to lines, testers, hybrids, line x tester and parents vs. hybrids were observed for all the characters. The ratio of 2 sca/2 gca was more than unity in number of seeds per pod, nod at which first pod developed and for 100 seed weight, indicating non-additive gene action, while additive gene action was important for pod length, number of pods per plant, green pod yield, shelling percentage and crude protein. Among the females, ARKEL was found to be the best general combiner for days taken to 50% flowering, node at which first flower appears, and days taken to maturity. JP-501A/2 was found to be good combiner for pod length and number of pods per plant. Among the males, C-96 was good combiner for days taken to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, node at which 1st flower appears, pod length, shelling percentage, 100 seed weight and alcohol insoluble matter. The line C-400 found to be the best combiner for number of pods per plant, green pod yield and crude protein. The cross P1 x C-400 exhibited highest and significant sca effect for days taken to 50 % flowering and crude protein, KS-268 x PB- 89 for plant height and alcohol insoluble matter. ARKEL x PB- 89 for node at which first flower appears, C-308 x PB- 89 for pod length and ARKEL x C- 400 for number of pods per plant, P2 x PB- 89 for shelling percentage. The best heterotic combination for days taken to 50 % flowering was P1 x C- 400, days taken to maturity was ARKEL x C- 96, C- 308 x C- 400 for plant height, JM- 5 x C-96 for shelling percentage, MA- 6 x PB- 89 for node at which first flower appears, MA-6 x C- 96 for number of pods per plant, MA- 6 x C- 400 for pod length. The best heterotic combination for days taken to 50 % flowering was P1 x C- 400, days taken to maturity was ARKEL x C- 96, C- 308 x C- 400 for plant height, JM- 5 x C-96 for shelling percentage, MA- 6 x PB- 89 for node at which first flower appears, MA-6 x C- 96 for number of pods per plant, MA- 6 x C- 400 for pod length, PB- 88 x PB- 89 for number of grains per pod and KS- 268 x C- 400 for green pod yield, AP1 x C- 96 for crude protein and PMR- 19 x PB- 89 for alcohol insoluble matter. These can be utilized for further breeding programmesThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF FRUIT INCORPORATED INSTANT WHEAT PORRIDGE(PAU Ludhiana, 2010) Neeraj Gandhi; Baljit Singh)A study was carried out to develop fruit incorporated instant wheat porridge using extrusion technology. Whole wheat was milled into grits and was mixed with fresh mango and guava pulp at different level from 10 to 50 per cent. The mixtures were dried to bring down the moisture content to 12, 15 and 18 per cent and processed using twin-screw extruder. The properties of extrudates (expansion ratio and density) and porridge (water absorption index, water solubility index, moisture content and sensory quality) were studied. After selecting the best fruit pulp and feed moisture content levels, the samples were prepared with added sugar at 20, 25 and 30 per cent. Increase in feed moisture content resulted in the decrease in expansion ratio and increase in density of the extrudates. Increase in fruit pulp level reduced the expansion ratio and increase the density. Water absorption index (WAI) increased and water solubility index (WSI) decreased with increase in feed moisture content. With increase in level of fruit pulp WAI decreased and WSI increased. Porridge extruded at 15 per cent moisture content with 30, 40 per cent mango pulp and 20, 30 per cent guava pulp was highly acceptable. Sugar level of 30 per cent was most acceptable. Fruit porridge stored in LDPE and aluminum laminate pouches at ambient temperature remained acceptable upto 6 months. Mass consumer acceptability scores found out to be 3.07 out of 4.00 for best porridge (extruded at 15 per cent moisture content with 30 per cent mango pulp and 30 per cent sugar).ThesisItem Open Access TOXICITY OF DIFFERENT INSECTICIDES AGAINST COTTON MEALY BUG, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley(PAU Ludhiana, 2010) Amit Punj; A. K., DhawanThe studies on the evaluation of LC50 of insecticides against mealy bug, Phenacoccus solenopsis population collected from cotton belt during vegetative, flowering and maturity phase were conducted at Entomological Farm, PAU, Ludhiana. The new molecule, spirotetramat was found to be most toxic to first instar, third instar nymphs and adult females. Among the conventional insecticides, profenophos and thiodicarb was proved to be the most toxic. The order of toxicity was spirotetramat > clothianidin > profenophos > thiodicarb > buprofezin > chlorpyriphos > acephate. In another experiment, the persistence of different insecticides at recommended concentrations against first instar, third instar nymphs and adult females was estimated. Based on the index of persistence toxicity, the order of effectiveness for the first instar nymphs of mealy bug was profenophos (645.40) > thiodicarb (619.60) > buprofezin (572.52) > spirotetramat (430.00) > acephate (400.17) > clothianidin (376.83) > chlorpyriphos (330.17). Similarly, for third instar nymphs the order of effectiveness was profenophos (589.18) > thiodicarb (562.93) > buprofezin (548.76) > spirotetramat (395.01) > acephate (384.18) > clothianidin (359.24) > chlorpyriphos (314.53). Similarly, for the adult females the order of effectiveness was profenophos (523.23) > buprofezin (478.77) > thiodicarb (435.13) > spirotetramat (330.10) > acephate (305.00) > clothianidin (290.34) > chlorpyriphos (260.19). The third experiment was conducted to study the effect of host of mealy bug like bitterweed, cocklebur and carpet weed on the efficacy of promising insecticides. Based on LC50 values, profenophos was found to be extremely toxic to first instar, third instar nymphs and adult females of mealy bug on the above mentioned weed hosts in comparison to thiodicarb.ThesisItem Restricted CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR PRODUCTION OF HEMICELLULOSIC FURFURAL AND CELLULOSIC ETHANOL(PAU Ludhiana, 2010) Ramandeep Kaur; S.K., UppalChemical composition of sugarcane bagasse and its production potential of hemicellulosic furfural and cellulosic ethanol was studied in sugarcane varieties CoJ 88 and CoS 8436. For this the preparation of fine bagasse sample of two varieties was standardized in laboratory. From analysis of chemical composition, the bagasse of CoS 8436 was found to have more cellulose, hemicellulose and less lignin content than CoJ 88.Then bagasse of both varieties was treated with different acids (acetic acid, formic acid, phosphoric acid and nitric acid) with variable concentrations (1M, 2M and 3M) and autoclaved for 180, 300 and 420 minutes with solid-liquid ratio of 1:15 at 110C temperature and 1.05 kg cm-2 steam pressure for furfural production. The reaction of bagasse of CoS 8436 with 3.0M nitric acid for 300 minutes gave the highest yields of furfural (119.94 mg/g). Furfural was extracted and identified on the basis of TLC, Boiling point, IR and NMR data. Chemical pretreatments were carried out by shaking bagasse of both varieties with 1, 2 and 3% H2O2 (pH 10, 11.5 and13) for 24, 48 and 72 hrs with subsequent saccharification of pretreated bagasse with H2SO4 (0.8 and 1.0M) for 50 minutes. Acid hydrolysates were fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var ellipsoideus for ethanol production. Maximum weight loss in alkaline pretreatment (52.30%), amount of reducing sugars (520.84 mg/g) and ethanol produced (27.94 ml/100g pretreated bagasse) were found in 2% H2O2 (pH 11.5, 48 hrs) pretreated bagasse of CoS 8436 saccharified with 0.8M H2SO4 after fermentation for 72 hours.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF NAPIER GRASS (Pennisetum sp.) AS A TRAP CROP IN THE MANAGEMENT OF Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) ON MAIZE(PAU Ludhiana, 2010) Bhupinder Singh Sidhu; Uma, KantaThe first experiment on the differential development and survival of Chilo partellus on different genotypes of Napier grass viz; Copricon, K-56351, K-56379 and M-285303, conditions at 27.08 ± 2.35 °C and 75.91 ± 5.83 per cent relative humidity. After 4 days of larval release on different genotypes of Napier grass, Napier millet and PMH 1, the larval survival of C. partellus among different treatments was maximum(73.33%) on PBN-342. The larvae could not survive on M-285303, K-56351 and K-56379 after 19 days of their release. After 21 days, the larvae could survive only on Copricon and maize (PMH 1). The developmental period from hatching to adult formation on Copricon and maize was 32.48 and 36.01 days, respectively and survival was 4.0 and 34.0 per cent, respectively. From these studies, it was inferred that different genotypes of Napier grass and Napier millet were not suitable for the development and survival of C.partellus. The second experiment was conducted on the ovipositional preference of female moth of C. partellus for different genotypes of Napier grass, Napier millet and PMH 1. The female moths laid significantly more number of egg clusters per plant in all the treatments in comparison to maize. The genotypes of Napier grass viz; Copricon, M-285303, K-56379, K-56351 and Napier millet, i.e. PBN-233 and PBN-342 received more number of eggs than maize showing that these genotypes were preferred than maize for oviposition. The third experiment was conducted to evaluate different genotypes of Napier grass and Napier millet as trap crop against C. partellus. The maize plots with two rows of all the different genotypes of Napier grass and Napier millet as trap crop on either side of plot suffered significantly less leaf injury and mean damage grade (range- 14.63 to 17.56% and 3.0 to 4.0) than the plots (37.85 to 45.33% and 5.0 to 7.0 m.d.g) having treated maize and maize without any treatment and resulted in obtaining more maize yield in plots having two border rows of genotypes of Napier grass and Napier millet over the treatments with treated maize and maize without any border row or treatment.ThesisItem Restricted EFFECT OF FLAXSEED SUPPLEMENTATION ON BLOOD PROFILE OF NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT MENOPAUSAL DIABETIC FEMALES(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2010) Kapoor, SherryNinety non-insulin dependent menopausal diabetic female subjects free from serious complications were selected from Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) hospital and Civil Hospital, Ludhiana. The selected subjects were then equally divided into three groups viz. Group E1, E2 and C having thirty subjects each. Subjects of group E1 and E2 were provided 15g and 20 g of flaxseed powder for a period of 2 months respectively, while group C was not given any supplementation. Dietary habits, dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood lipid profile and menopausal symptoms of all the subjects were recorded before and after the supplementation period. The effects of flaxseed powder were studied on the above mentioned parameters. After the supplementation period, significant (p≤0.01) decrease in the energy intake and a highly significant (p≤0.01) decrease in protein and fat intake was reported in group E1 and E2 respectively. A significant (p≤0.01) reduction in weight and BMI was observed in group E1 and E2, whereas a non-significant increase was observed in group C. A significant (p≤0.01) decrease in systolic and diastolic BP, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TC: HDL-C, LDL: HDL-C was reported in group E1 and E2 and a highly significant (p≤0.01) increase was observed in HDL-C in both the experimental groups. Supplementation of 15 g and 20 g flaxseed powder reduced fasting blood glucose level by 6.4 and 13.0 percent and post prandial blood glucose by 7.9 and 19.1 percent in the subjects of group E1 and E2 respectively. It is concluded that improvement in anthropometry, blood pressure , blood lipid profile, blood glucose and menopausal symptoms were observed in group E2, followed by E1 group. It could be due to the presence of α-linolenic acid, lignan, dietary fiber, folate and vitamin B6, magnesium, phosphorus, and copper and phytonutrient. Hence it can be inferred from the results that better improvement in the nutritional status of diabetic subjects was seen among the subjects of E2 group as compared to E1 group. Keywords: Anthropometry, blood lipid profile, blood pressure, blood glucose, diabetes, flaxseed supplementation.
