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ThesisItem Embargo Development and characterization of sugar substituted amla nectar with selected natural sweeteners(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Amanpreet Kaur; Kapoor, SwatiThe research was conducted for the development and characterization of refined sugar substituted amla nectar with selected natural sweeteners namely honey, jaggery and datesyrup. The amla nectar samples control-100% refined sugar, honey 25-100%, jaggery 25- 100% and date- syrup 10- 40% were prepared using the standard procedure of nectar preparation followed by hot- filling and cold-filling and the physico-chemical and color analysis was conducted for these optimization samples. Amla nectar incorporated with 50% honey, 75% jaggery and 20% date- syrup was selected on the basis of organoleptic evaluation and was stored at both ambient and refrigerated conditions for a period of six months. The mineral analysis revealed that the mineral content was higher in natural sweetener substituted nectar samples prepared by cold filling. Storage studies of the amla nectar showed increment in TSS, pH, total solids, reducing sugars, total sugars, viscosity, non-enzymatic browning and hydroxy-methyl furfurals (due to melanoidin formation) whereas the ascorbic acid, total phenols, total tannins and total antioxidants decreased. The study depicts that the bioactive components were well retained during storage period in cold-filled samples stored at refrigerated conditions and were highest in date-syrup based amla nectar. Microbiological analysis reveal that date-syrup incorporated amla nectar processed by hot-filling and stored at refrigerated temperature had the least microbial content. The L* value of amla nectar samples decreased while a* and b* value increased indicating the darkening of the beverages due to the oxidation of organic compounds present. Overall, the partial replacement of refined sugar with honey, jaggery and date- syrup could be effectively utilized in fruit based beverages enhancing the nutritional profile of the product.ThesisItem Embargo Water productivity of subsurface drip irrigated spring maizerice-potato cropping system(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Amanpreet Kaur; K.B. SinghThe present study “Water productivity of subsurface drip irrigated spring maize-rice-potato cropping system” was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during two consecutive years from October 2018 to October 2020. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three nitrogen levels {100 % of recommended (N1), 80 % of recommended (N2) and 60% of recommended (N3)} in main plots and seven irrigation regimes {six subsurface drip (at 20 cm depth) and one surface drip in sub plots}. In maize and potato, the sub surface irrigation regimes were (100% of Epan at alternate day ( I1) and two day interval (I2), 80% of Epan at alternate ( I3) and two day interval (I4), 60 % of Epan at alternate day (I5 ) and two day interval (I6) and surface drip at 80% of Epan at alternate day (I7). However, in direct seeded rice the irrigation levels were { 100 % of Epan at alternate day (I1) and two day interval (I2), 80 % of Epan at alternate day(I3) and two day interval (I4), 120 % of Epan at alternate day ( I5) and two day interval (I6) and surface drip at 1.5 times Epan (I7)}. During both years, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, grain and yield attributed in spring maize were at par with N1 and N2 but significantly higher over N3. Among irrigation levels, grain yield and yield attributes of spring maize was at par with I1 and I3 but significantly higher over all other treatments. Interaction results revealed that grain yield obtained was at par N1I1, N1I3, N1I7 and N2I3. Real water productivity (WPET) of spring maize during both the years was at par with N1I1, N1I3 and N2I3. Results revealed that decreasing irrigation level to 80% and fertilizer nitrogen to 80% under subsurface drip could be best option for obtaining higher yield and water productivity. In direct seeded rice, grain yield and yield attributes decreased significantly with decrease in nitrogen level from recommended dose (N1) during both the years. Grain yield of DSR with N1 was 11.1 and 27.7 % higher over N2 and N3 during 2019 and 10.5 and 34.2 % higher during 2020. During 2020, grain yield of rice was at par with I5 and I7. Grain yield in I7 was 10.6, 14.8, 20.2, 24.2, 3.3 and 6.2 % higher over I1, I2, I3, I4, I5 and I6. Highest WPET (0.92 and 0.96 kgm-3) was obtained with highest level of nitrogen (N1) and decreased significantly at N2 (0.83 kg m-3, 0.87 kg m-3) and at N3 (0.74 kg m-3, 0.73 kg m-3) during 2019 and 2020, respectively. Real water productivity of DSR was highest with I7, was significantly higher over all the other treatments during 2020. In Potato, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, tuber yield and yield attributes were at par with N1 and N2 but decreased significantly at N3 level. During both the years, tuber yield obtained was at par with I1, I2, I3 but significantly higher over all the other treatments. Highest WPET in potato was obtained with N1I3 treatment combination. Modelling analysis showed DSSAT-CERES -maize, DSSAT- CERES-rice, DSSAT-SUBSTOR-potato performed well in predicting grain yield of spring maize, rice and potato with R2 value 0.90, 0.86,0.95, RMSE 4.6, 3.5, 24.2 qha-1 nRMSE 6.1, 7.0, 7.5 % and NSE 0.8 ,0.6, 0.5 for spring maize, rice and potato respectively.ThesisItem Restricted Integrated bird pest management in mustard crop(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Amanpreet Kaur; Manoj KumarMustard (Brassica sp.) is one of the main oilseed crops of Rabi season in Punjab. Mustard covers an area of 60 thousand ha with yield of 62 thousand tons in Punjab. The present study was undertaken to analyse the avian diversity at different growth stages of the mustard crop and to evaluate the efficacy of integrated bird pest management. The study was carried out at two locations i.e. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and University Seed Farm (USF), Ladhowal in district Ludhiana during 2020-21 in Rabi season. A total of 40 species of birds were observed during the study at the selected locations (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and University Seed Farm, Ladhowal). Out of these, 36 bird species were found to be insectivorous and out of total bird species observed, 57% belongs to order Passeriformes. Damage assessment was done at sowing and ripening stage of the mustard crop at both the locations by using different management methods viz: bird protection Net, Jute Rope, CD and Reflective Ribbon. Percentage of germination of plants were more in net, then in jute rope, followed by CD further followed by reflective ribbon. It was found that number of damaged plants were less for experimental plot in comparison to control plot and the difference was statistically significant. Similarly, damage was assessed at ripening stage by counting the number of damaged pods and intact pods in the crop. Moreover, in case of pods, among all the experimental field installed with different management methods, damage was found to be less in net, followed by CD, further followed by reflective ribbon and jute rope. It was concluded that use of net was found to more effective among all other management methods used at sowing and ripening stages of the mustard crop.ThesisItem Restricted Synthesis and fungicidal activity of 2-aminopyrimidine schiff bases(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Amanpreet Kaur; Sharma, Sunita2-Aminopyrimidines represent an important class of bioactive molecules where its structural changes would lead to its versatile properties. N-Heterocyclic compound i.e. 2aminopyrimidine had wide range of applications in medicinal, material chemistry and agriculture as antifungal, antimicrobial and antibacterial agents. In the present study, a series of substituted N-benzylidine-2-aminopyrimidine compounds were synthesized by condensation reaction of 2-aminopyrimidine with substituted benzaldehydes (o-chloro, mhydroxybenzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, pdimethylaminobenzaldehye, syringaldehyde, o-phthaldehyde, isovanillin benzaldehyde, veratraldehyde and thiophene-2-carboxyaldehyde). The synthesised Schiff bases were characterized using UV, IR, 1H NMR and 13C spectral studies. The antifungal activity of all the synthesized Schiff bases was screened against Fusarium verticillioides, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Rhizoctonia solani using poisoned food technique. The Schiff base of pdimethylaminobenzaldehyde and 2-aminopyrimidine showed hundred percent inhibition against all the three fungi but less than carbendazim at 50 WP as its ED50 was less than all the synthesized Schiff bases. Thus, in future, this kind of pyrimidine derivatives may be used to generate better fungicides with improved fungicidal activities.ThesisItem Open Access Electron-acoustic waves in quantum plasma with κdeformed Kaniadakis hot electrons(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Amanpreet Kaur; Parveen BalaThe propagation properties of electron acoustic waves (EAWs) are studied in the quantum plasma system containing inertialess hot electrons, inertial cold electrons and stationary ions which forms the charge neutralizing background for understanding the properties of solitary wave structures. It is assumed that hot electrons follow κ-deformed Kaniadakis distribution, governed by parameter κ. The dispersion relation is obtained using the linearization method. Using the appropriate stretched coordinates and reductive perturbation method (RPM) the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) and modified KdV (mKdV) equation has been derived. For the analysis, a limit of range of deformation parameter (κ) has been set as -0.4≤κ ≤0.4. For the defined range, it has been observed that plasma system supports rarefactive solitary structures. The amplitude and width of KdV soliton have been significantly affected by quantum parameter (H), whereas amplitude and width of solitary wave remains unaffected by deformation parameter (κ). The analysis was further extended to explain double layers solution in such plasma system. It is found that rarefactive double layers significantly depend on deformation parameter (κ), quantum parameter (H) and hot to cold electron density ratio (α). The presented investigation may be helpful to understand the study of nonlinear waves in the astrophysical plasmas.
