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ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and Combining ability studies in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)(PAU, 2010) DineshEighteen genotypes of pea were selected and crossed in line x tester fashion using fifteen females and three males during November 2007. Forty-five hybrids along with eighteen parents were grown at the Vegetable Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Nov, 2008. Significant mean squares due to lines, testers, hybrids, line x tester and parents vs. hybrids were observed for all the characters. The ratio of 2 sca/2 gca was more than unity in number of seeds per pod, nod at which first pod developed and for 100 seed weight, indicating non-additive gene action, while additive gene action was important for pod length, number of pods per plant, green pod yield, shelling percentage and crude protein. Among the females, ARKEL was found to be the best general combiner for days taken to 50% flowering, node at which first flower appears, and days taken to maturity. JP-501A/2 was found to be good combiner for pod length and number of pods per plant. Among the males, C-96 was good combiner for days taken to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, node at which 1st flower appears, pod length, shelling percentage, 100 seed weight and alcohol insoluble matter. The line C-400 found to be the best combiner for number of pods per plant, green pod yield and crude protein. The cross P1 x C-400 exhibited highest and significant sca effect for days taken to 50 % flowering and crude protein, KS-268 x PB- 89 for plant height and alcohol insoluble matter. ARKEL x PB- 89 for node at which first flower appears, C-308 x PB- 89 for pod length and ARKEL x C- 400 for number of pods per plant, P2 x PB- 89 for shelling percentage. The best heterotic combination for days taken to 50 % flowering was P1 x C- 400, days taken to maturity was ARKEL x C- 96, C- 308 x C- 400 for plant height, JM- 5 x C-96 for shelling percentage, MA- 6 x PB- 89 for node at which first flower appears, MA-6 x C- 96 for number of pods per plant, MA- 6 x C- 400 for pod length. The best heterotic combination for days taken to 50 % flowering was P1 x C- 400, days taken to maturity was ARKEL x C- 96, C- 308 x C- 400 for plant height, JM- 5 x C-96 for shelling percentage, MA- 6 x PB- 89 for node at which first flower appears, MA-6 x C- 96 for number of pods per plant, MA- 6 x C- 400 for pod length, PB- 88 x PB- 89 for number of grains per pod and KS- 268 x C- 400 for green pod yield, AP1 x C- 96 for crude protein and PMR- 19 x PB- 89 for alcohol insoluble matter. These can be utilized for further breeding programmesThesisItem Open Access ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF WORK STATION FOR FEMALES ENGAGED IN COOKING ACTIVITIES(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2010) Kanu PriyaThe investigation entitled ‘Impact of Parental Encouragement on Academic Performance and Academic Anxiety of Rural Adolescents’ aimed to explore the level of parental encouragement of rural adolescents and its impact on their academic performance and academic anxiety. The study was based upon a sample of 200 (100 boys and 100 girls) adolescents in the age range of 13-16 years belonging to Punjabi origin, nuclear and middle socio economic status families. The sample was randomly drawn from four Government High and Senior Secondary Schools selected purposively from rural areas of Ludhiana district. A list of adolescents (both boys and girls) along with their marks obtained in previous examination was prepared from the school records. The respondents were equally divided into two groups of high performers (>70% marks) and low performers (<45% marks). Socio Economic Status Scale by Bharadwaj (2001) was used to judge the socio-economic status of rural families. The Academic Anxiety Scale by Singh and Gupta (1984) was used to assess the academic anxiety and Parental Encouragement Scale by Agarwal (1999) was used to measure perceived parental encouragement by the adolescents. Results indicated a significant association between perceived parental encouragement, academic performance and academic anxiety. Academic anxiety was found to be high for both the performance categories. Further it was found that academic performance and age were significantly associated with parental encouragement and academic anxiety. Non significant age and gender differences for parental encouragement and academic anxiety were found. Further parental encouragement was significantly and positively correlated with academic performance and academic anxiety. As perceived parental encouragement increased, academic performance and academic anxiety also increased. Key Words: Parental Encouragement, Academic Performance, Academic Anxiety, AdolescenceThe investigation entitled ‘Impact of Parental Encouragement on Academic Performance and Academic Anxiety of Rural Adolescents’ aimed to explore the level of parental encouragement of rural adolescents and its impact on their academic performance and academic anxiety. The study was based upon a sample of 200 (100 boys and 100 girls) adolescents in the age range of 13-16 years belonging to Punjabi origin, nuclear and middle socio economic status families. The sample was randomly drawn from four Government High and Senior Secondary Schools selected purposively from rural areas of Ludhiana district. A list of adolescents (both boys and girls) along with their marks obtained in previous examination was prepared from the school records. The respondents were equally divided into two groups of high performers (>70% marks) and low performers (<45% marks). Socio Economic Status Scale by Bharadwaj (2001) was used to judge the socio-economic status of rural families. The Academic Anxiety Scale by Singh and Gupta (1984) was used to assess the academic anxiety and Parental Encouragement Scale by Agarwal (1999) was used to measure perceived parental encouragement by the adolescents. Results indicated a significant association between perceived parental encouragement, academic performance and academic anxiety. Academic anxiety was found to be high for both the performance categories. Further it was found that academic performance and age were significantly associated with parental encouragement and academic anxiety. Non significant age and gender differences for parental encouragement and academic anxiety were found. Further parental encouragement was significantly and positively correlated with academic performance and academic anxiety. As perceived parental encouragement increased, academic performance and academic anxiety also increased.ThesisItem Open Access MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Harjeet SinghABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Morphological Characterization of Citrus Rootstocks” was carried out during 2012-2013 at New Orchard and College Orchard, Department of Fruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana. The research work was carried out on nine citrus rootstocks. Among them three rootstocks having different strains were Rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri), Trifoliate (Poncirus trifoliata) and Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia) and six individual other rootstocks viz., Cleopatra (Citrus reshni), Pectinifera (Citrus pectinifera), Alemow (Citrus macrophylla), Karna Khatta (Citrus karna), Calamondin (Citrus mitis) and Volkamarina (Citrus volkameriana). Their evaluation was done for characters as per citrus descriptor given by IPGRI. The qualitative trees, leaves, flowers and fruit characters showed little variability within a species. Most of the quantitative trees, leaves, flowers and fruit characters were found statistically significant for all rootstocks. Maximum fruit weight was recorded in Karna Khatta (710 g). Total soluble solids were observed maximum in Flying Dragon (12.10 oBrix) strain of trifoliate while minimum were recorded in Nagpur strain of rough lemon, (5.66 oBrix). The Sohmyndog strain of rough lemon had the highest acidity (5.37 per cent) while minimum was recorded for Flying Dragon strain of trifoliate, being 1.38 per cent. The Brazilian strain of Rangpur lime had the highest seed number (38.0). The X-639 strain of trifoliate, and Brazilian and Texas strains of Rangpur lime were scored as early maturing (October-November) while Trifoliate was scored as late maturing (February-March). Variability analysis was done and Brazilian was most diverse from other strains of rough lemon.ThesisItem Restricted DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL COTTON PICKING AID(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2008) AnkitA mechanical cotton picking aid was designed and developed for picking of cotton from the cotton bolls. A cyclone separator was designed and developed according to the airflow rate of blower for maximum speed of the blower. An electro magnet was also designed for the lifting of valve according to the force required to pull the valve. Preliminary testing of the picking aid was done in the field at different combination of the picker end diameter (20, 25, 32 and 40 mm) and suction pressures (25,30,35,40,45 and 50 mm of Hg). Suction pressures were not uniform. For uniform level of suction pressures extrapolation of trend line were done to have value of picking efficiency, trash content and output capacity. Maximum picking efficiency of 96.3 % had been achieved at 25 mm of picker end diameter with suction pressure of 45 mm of Hg. Minimum trash content of 0.65 % was observed at 20 mm of picker end diameter with suction pressure of 30 mm of Hg. Maximum output capacity of 6.25 kg/h was achieved at 25 mm of picker end diameter with suction pressure of 45 mm of Hg. Picking aid was evaluated for long term field trials with optimize picker end diameter (25mm) and suction pressures (35,40,45 and 50 mm of Hg) for two stage of picking. Though the picking efficiency and output capacity was maximum at 50 mm of Hg suction pressure for first stage of picking but trash content also increased at 50 mm of Hg suction pressure. Trash content was minimum (5.7 %) at 35 mm of Hg with picking efficiency of 93.9 % and output capacity of 4.2 kg/h. Similarly for second stage of picking, trash content was minimum (4.39 %) at 35 mm of Hg with picking efficiency of 92.8 % and output capacity of 4.01 kg/h were also lower. Picker end diameter and suction pressure had affected the picking efficiency, trash content and output capacity significantly at 5% level of significance. Also effect of interaction of both the factors were significant at 5% level of significance for output capacity and trash content but were non significant in case of picking efficiency. The combination of picker end diameter 25 mm and 40 mm of Hg suction pressure were the best combination for optimal picking efficiency, output capacity and trash content.ThesisItem Restricted Computer aided design and development of a tractor operated three row rotary weeder(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Modak Shreyas PrakashIndia is a huge and progressive economy with GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growing at a rate of more than 7 percent since last four-five years and is expected to cross two digit number in near future. Even though agriculture is the predominant occupation in India, the share of agriculture in employment has dropped from 52% in 2007-08 to 45.5% in 2009-10 (Anonymous, 2011a). The government initiatives have shifted the agricultural labour to the other sectors. This necessitates the enhancement of the level of mechanization in agriculture. The tillage, seeding/ planting and harvesting technologies available in the country are at its edge of success in case of major crops like wheat, paddy, sugarcane, and cotton etc. However, there is large gap in the available technologies world over and in the country for inter-cultural or weeding operations. The available technologies are manual weeders, self propelled rotary weeders and tractor operated weeders. Manual weeding though most effective but is very laborious, time consuming i.e. it requires on an average 300 to 1200 man-h/ha (Padole, 2007) and very costly i.e. one third of cost of cultivation is being spent for it in major row crops like sorghum (Rangasamy et al, 1993). The manual weeders developed for wheat and other row crops are pull and push type and thus weeds removed are not mixed into soil. The performance of the self propelled, walk behind type rotary power tiller developed for weeding in orchards has been found highly satisfactory in cotton, sunflower and other wide row crops. However, the capacity of the machine was low as compared to tractor operated implements (Anonymous, 2009). Hence, there was a need to adopt tractor operated rotary weeders. The available tractor operated weeders having fixed row to row spacing and the available rotary weeders having adjustable row to row spacing had many operational and design problems. Therefore, it was decided to redesign the tractor operated rotary weeder using computer aided analysing and designing (CAAD) software CATIA V5R19 for tackling the problem effectively. Initially the major components like blade, flange, shafts, bearings, chain and sprockets, chain housing, gearbox and main frame of the machine were designed theoretically. A J-shaped blade having an edge curve was selected. The static and dynamic forces acting on the blade were calculated to be 196.3 N and 55.5 N respectively. The maximum rotary power required per rotary assembly was calculated to be 11.3 hp. The duplex 19.05 mm pitch chain was selected for power transmission from main shaft to rotary assembly. The blade shaft and main shaft were having diameter of 45 mm and 40 mm respectively. A shovel of 250 mm width was selected and this was having designed power requirement of 2.43 hp. Thereafter, the solid modeling of the tractor operated three row rotary weeder was done in CATIA. The critical components like blades, blade flange, blade shaft, chain sprockets, chain housing, main shaft, shovel, bevel gear and pinion were analyzed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) tool in CATIA. The analysis results showed that the theoretically designed dimensions were appropriate for all the parts as the parts were safe in analysis under working stresses. Thereafter, the machine components were got fabricated from the local market according to the design specifications and market availability. The preliminary field trials of the machine have shown satisfactory performance.ThesisItem Restricted FINANCIAL LITERACY AND RETIREMENT PREPAREDNESS: A STUDY OF NON TEACHING STAFF OF PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY AND GURU ANGAD DEV VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY(2013) Ramandeep KaurIn the present study the basic and advance financial literacy and retirement preparedness of the non teaching staff members of Punjab Agricultural University and Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University was analyzed. Primary data was collected from 180 respondents selected from 45 departments of PAU and GADVASU through pre- designed questionnaires. It was found that PAU and GADVASU non teaching staff was having poor basic and advanced financial literacy. No association was found between basic financial literacy or advance financial literacy with that of gender, age, designation and educational qualification. And it was also found that very few non teaching staff members had developed retirement plan and rest of the respondents were either finding difficulties in developing plan or had not at all thought of developing the retirement plan.ThesisItem Open Access MEAN AND VARIANCES AMONG F4 PROGENIESAND THEIR PREDICTION FROM PARENTALMEANSAND GENETIC DISTANCES BASED ON MOLECULAR MARKERS IN Gossypium arboreum L.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Jamwal, Navdeep SinghThe objective of the present study was to see whether genetic distance based on SSR markers (GDSSR) and Mahalanobis D2 statistics (GDDy), parental means ( P1 + P2 /2) and absolute difference of parental means (| P1 - P2 |) can be used for predicting the means and variances of F4 populations derived from 52 crosses of Gossypium arboreum L. Fifty-two F4 populations along with 17 parents were evaluated in a randomized complete block design using three replications during Kharif 2009. Data were recorded for seed cotton yield (g), number of bolls, boll weight (g), seed index (g), halo length (mm), ginning out turn (%) and plant height (cm). Fifty-seven SSR primers belonging to BNL, MUSS, MUCS, MUSB, CIR, NAU and MGHES series detected 74 alleles in 17 arboreum lines. Total number of bands ranged from 1-3 with an average of 1.29 bands per primer. Polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.00 to 0.88 with a mean of 0.12 for all 57 primers. Maximum genetic distance based on SSR markers was observed between LD866 and AH11(0.059), whereas minimum genetic distance recorded was 0.00 between lines LD327 and MDL2643; LD694 and DLSa1001. The genetic similarity coefficient among 17 genotypes ranged from 1.00 to 0.94 with an average genetic similarity of 0.97. The maximum genetic distance (280.63) based on Mahalanobis D2 statistics was observed between LD694 and RG395, whereas minimum of 2.49 between lines LD866 and RG8. No association was found between parentage and geographical origin of parental lines with genetic distance among parental lines revealed by both the estimates of genetic divergence. Poor correlation (r=0.06) between both estimates of genetic distance GDSSR and GDDy was observed. The means of F4 populations can be predicted successfully from the means of the parents for seed cotton yield (r=0.40) and halo length (r=0.273). Likewise, | P1 - P2 | and GDSSR proved to be good predictor of F4 population means for boll weight (r=0.273) and ginning out turn (r=0.290), respectively. However, the prediction of F4 variance for most of characters except plant height (r=0.277) from different properties of parental lines still remains an unsolved problem.ThesisItem Open Access Etiology of Top Rot Disease of Sugarcane(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Rakesh YonzoneRed stripe/ Top rot disease of sugarcane, caused by a bacterium, has been observed to be quite severe on variety CoJ 85 during the past 4-5 years in Punjab. Survey was conducted June-August 2011and it was found that the maximum prevalence of Red stripe (21.1%) and Top rot (40.4%) phase was recorded on variety CoJ 85 in Amritsar district and the minimum prevalence 1.6 per cent and 3.5 per cent respectively, on variety CoJ 88. Highest disease severity, 39.0 per cent of Red Stripe phase in the month of July was recorded on the variety CoJ 85 and lowest severity 5.0 per cent in July was observed on variety CoJ 88. Highest disease severity (5%) of Top rot phase in month June was recorded on variety CoH 119 and 65.8 per cent in months of August was recorded on the variety CoJ 85. The maximum growth of the pathogen was observed on King’s B media after 24 hrs followed by YDCA media after 46 hrs of inoculation. The three isolates viz., RS-2, RS-3 and RS-8 were found to have higher disease intensity (57%) and stripe length (30 cm). Regarding, morphological characteristics, the isolates were found to be gram negative, short rods with rounded end, 1.5-2.0×0.4-0.8 µm in size, yellow colour and circular type colony. All the ten isolates showed negative results in urease utilization and phenylalanine and positive results in citrate, sorbitol, lysine, ornithine utilization and H2S production. The isolates were also found to be aerobic and non-fluorescent. Molecular identification revealed that the pathogen associated to the Red stripe disease in Punjab State is Acidovorax avenae sub sp. avenae. Bud inoculation with pin prick method proved to be the best followed by hypodermic syringe method. In epidemiological studies, the maximum lesion length 32.28 cm was recorded on variety CoJ 85 followed by 27.72 cm in CoJ 88 after 32 days of inoculation.ThesisItem Open Access Storage and shelf life study of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2009) Balwinder KaurVolvariella volvacea commonly known as the straw mushroom, paddy straw mushroom or Chinese mushroom. It is very a popular inhabitant of the tropics and subtropics regions. It is a fast growing fungus to fruit within two weeks of sowing. Volvariella volvacea strain Vv-5 was grown indoor on paddy straw under natural climatic conditions to harvest 9.0 kg of fresh mushrooms per quintal dry paddy straw with an average weight of a fruit body recorded as 8.9 g. The mushrooms were harvested and subjected to storage and shelf life study through packaging, washing, blanching, steeping and drying. Washing of mushrooms in potassium metabisulphite, citric acid and sodium chloride indicated the best quality in terms of colour texture, odour and consumability when treated with 0.1% potassium metabisulphite followed by washing with citric acid. Packaging of fresh mushrooms in perforated polypropylene, polyethylene and paper bags indicated that mushrooms can be stored upto 48 hours in paper bag followed by polypropylene, polyethylene bags punched with 10 holes in each bag containing mushrooms washed with citric acid. Blanching and steeping of paddy straw mushrooms was not upto the mark even upto five days of storage. The mushrooms were dried in the sun, in the cabinet dryer and in the microwave oven and packed in air tight (sealed) polypropylene bags. The cabinet dried mushrooms showed 89.6-92.3 percent moisture loss with maximum when washed with KMS 0.2%. During storage upto 6 months the weight loss was statistically non significant. The observations made on colour, optical density, texture, consumability, dehydration ratio, rehydration ratio had indicated that in cabinet drying citric acid 0.3% was the best treatment which was at par with unwashed dried mushrooms. In sun drying KMS 0.1% was the best and at par with the unwashed dried mushrooms. However, in microwave oven all treatments were overall acceptable which were at par with unwashed dried mushrooms. The experiment on mushroom drying indicated that mushrooms can be best dried in the microwave oven followed by cabinet drying and the sun drying.
