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Open Access
Improvement in the nutritive value of groundnut shelly by fungal cultivation
(Department of Microbiology College of Basic Sciences & Humanaties PAU, Ludhiana, 1986) Sukheja, Alka; Gupta, V. K
Open Access
Effect of hydrogen uptake strains of rhizobium on moong (Vigna radiata L.)
(Department of Microbiology College of Basic Sciences & Humanaties PAU, Ludhiana, 1985) Sharma, Poonam; Chahal, V. P. S
Open Access
Studies on the effect of azotobacter on vegetable crops
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 1975) Khullar, Subhash; Ghahal, V. P. S
Open Access
Synergistic effect of Azotobacter, actinomycetes and phosphate solubilising bacteria on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Kiranpreet Kaur; Gangwar, Madhurama
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the synergistic effect of four isolates comprising Azotobacter, Sphingobacterium and two actinomycete isolates (Streptomyces badius and W9) for their functionality traits. All the isolates were able to produce Indoleacetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA). Actinomycete isolate W9 showed maximum IAA (98.80 µg/ml) and GA (154.6 µg/ml). Similarly all the isolates were tested for siderophore production and phosphate solubilzation where Streptomyces badius exhibited maximum catechol type of siderophore (268 µg/ml) and hydroxamate type of siderophore (252.9 µg/ml). Sphingobacterium sp. isolate exhibited maximum phosphate solubilization activity (37.8±0.9mg/100ml). All the four isolates were screened for their hydrolytic enzymes production. Actinomycete W9 showed maximum amylolytic, chitinolytic, cellulolytic and proteolytic activity with dissolution factor 1.53 cm, 1.58cm, 1.33cm and 1.25 cm respectively. On the basis of the plant growth promoting traits, all the isolates were tested for growth promotion of wheat crop under field conditions. In both the trials, plant growth parameters like shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, chlorophyll content were found to be significantly enhanced in inoculation with 100% RDF +Azotobacter + W9 over the control. In first trial (2015-16), maximum grain yield was showed by T11 (100% RDF +Azotobacter+ W9) i.e. 51.88 q/ha as compared to control (T2 & T1) was 45.41 & 40.13 (q/ha). Similar trend was observed in second trial (2016-17), where also T5 (100% RDF+ W9+ Azotobacter) showed maximum grain yield (49.5 q/ha) as compared to control (40.3 q/ha). Hence, these actinomycete isolate W9 and Azotobacter are potential candidates for enhancing plant growth that can help in the use of eco-friendly bio-fertilizers.
Open Access
Production of extracellular proteases from Pleurotus florida (Mont.) Sing. and Volvariella volvacea (Bul. Fr.) Sing.
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Prabhjot Kaur; Sodhi, H.S.
Pleurotus florida and Volvariella volvacea are grown widely in subtropical and tropical areas. Proteases are a group of fundamentally hydrolytic enzymes that acylate and deacylate to peptide bonds. P.florida showed higher mycelial dry weight (13.4g/L) and wheat straw gave maximum yield for P.florida (72.5kg/q). In qualitative estimation fruit body of V.volvacea showed maximum halo diameter (1.17 cm). In quantitative analysis, for serine proteases in crude and partially purified extract, mycelium of P. florida (28.1 nmol/min/mg) and fruit body of P.florida (148.3 nmol/min/mg), showed maximum specific activity. The maximum specific activity of cysteine proteases in crude and partially purified extract was observed in fruit body of V.volvacea (28.1 nmol/min/mg) and fruit body of P.florida (145.2 nmol/min/mg). The maximum specific activity of aspartic proteases in crude and partially purified extract was observed in mycelium of P.florida (42.2 nmol/min/mg) and fruit body of P.florida (318.5 nmol/min/mg). Maximum molecular weight of protein was 50.2 kDa recorded in all the samples. The FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) assay indicated that the spent substrate of V.volvacea was devoid of Amide A bond, aromatic amino acids and β-sheet conformation. Arginine, lysine and histidine were present in all the samples, whereas sulfur containing amino acids were present in some of the samples. The proteases production potential is more in P.florida than V.volvacea.
Open Access
Enzymatic debittering and aroma enhancement of kinnow juice
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Manmeet Kaur; Sahota, Param Pal
The processing of acidic fruits to beverages has encountered commercial restrictions due to development of delayed and inherent bitterness by limonoids and flavonoids. The present study has been undertaken with purified debittering enzymes; limonin dehydrogenase, naringinase and β-glucosidase to meet the consumer palatability of citrus juices. The limonin dehydrogenase enzyme has been purified to 1.14- fold with 33.98% recovery, 29.25 IU activity and 0.525 IU/mg specific activity resulted in 86.43% degradation of limonin in juice by catalyzing oxidation of limonin –A-ring lactone to the non-bitter 17dehydroxylimonoate. The debittering naringinase enzyme 24.8IU activity,0.442 IU/mg specific activity, purified to1.68 fold could reduce 57.93% naringin which is hydrolysed by the enzyme into non-bitter bioactive compound naringenin.. The flavour enhancing βglucosidase with activity 14.68 IU, specific activity 0.344 IU/mg purified to 1.18 fold resulted in the increase in glucose content upto 4.25µg/ml in kinnow juice. The debittered fermented low alcoholic naturally carbonated (LANC) beverage has been developed by optimizing the bioprocess conditions as TSS 13ºB, yeast inoculum @ 0.75%(v/v), incubation temperature 28±2ºC and time 36hrs.The physicochemical changes were recorded as TSS 13ºB, acidity 0.313%, naringin 181.13 ppm, limonin 4.73 ppm, glucose 1.3µg/ml, total sugars 42.97 µg/ml, ascorbic acid 34.22 mg/ml in fermented kinnow beverage after 25 days of storage at 4ºC. In kinnow juice, maximum reduction in bitter component limonin 87.34%, naringin 58.41% whereas increase in glucose upto 4.38 µg/ml, acidity 30.13% and total sugar content 42.97 µg/ml were observed. The nutraceuticals recorded in fermented kinnow beverage were flavonoids (mg/L)- gallic acid 0.075, caffeic acid 0.002, rutin 0.001, ferulic acid 0.001; Organic acids (mg/L) – oxalic acid 0.243,tartaric acid 3.698, mallic acid 0.018, citric acid 0.432; Fat soluble vitamins (mg/L)-Vitamin A (Retinol) 0.060, cholecalciferol (D3) 0.038, α-tocopherol (Vitamin E) 0.001, Vitamin K 0.018 ; water soluble vitamins (mg/L)thiamine 0.782, pyridoxine hydrochloride 0.040, pantothenic acid 0.002, riboflavin 0.001, biotin 0.011; Protein 6.42g/100g,Carbohydrate 40.95g/100g.
Open Access
Effect of biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizers on soil health and growth of Poplar under nursery conditions
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Khipla, Neha; Gosal, S.K.
A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizers on soil microbial dynamics, nutrient content of soil and plant and plant growth parameters. Significantly higher bacterial (195 x 108 CFU/g of soil), fungal (29 x 104 CFU/g of soil) and PGPR (186 x 105 CFU/g of soil) population was recorded in treatment having consortium biofertilizer + N100P100 whereas actinomycetes population (51 x 105 CFU/g of soil) in treatment having inorganic fertilizers only. Highest diazotroph (77 x 105 CFU/g of soil) and PSB (42 x 104 CFU/g of soil) population was recorded in treatment having Azotobacter and PSB inoculation respectively, with inorganic fertilizers. Maximum soil dehydrogenase (14.35 μg TPF formed/min/g of soil), alkaline phosphatase (2.95 μg PNP formed/ h /g of soil) and urease (394.3 μg urea hydrolysed/ h/ g of soil) activity was observed where consortium biofertilizer + N100P100 was applied. Soil organic carbon (0.33%), available N (171.5 Kg/ha), P (21.3 Kg/ha) and K (142.0Kg/ha) were found to be significantly higher in treatment with consortium biofertilizer + inorganic fertilizers. Plant N (0.74 g/plant) and K (0.68 g/plant) uptake was recorded highest under Azotobacter inoculation whereas highest P (0.16 g/plant) uptake was recorded under consortium inoculation at N100P100 respectively. Plant growth parameters viz shoot fresh and dry weight, shoot length, leaf number per plant were significantly higher in treatment having Azotobacter + N100P100 while stem collar diameter and root length were recorded highest under consortium + N100P100. Treatment having Azotobacter or consortium biofertilizer with N100P75 varied non significantly for highest root fresh and dry weight among the treatments. The effect of treatments having AM cultures and inorganic fertilizers resulted in significantly higher bacterial (132 x 108 CFU/g of soil), diazotroph (49 x 105 CFU/g of soil) population in treatment having AM1 + N100P75 while PSB (32 x 104 CFU/g of soil) and PGPR (142 x 105 CFU/g of soil) in treatment having AM1 + N75P75. Inoculated treatment having AM1 + N75P100 was recorded with maximum fungal population (24 x 104 CFU/g of soil) whereas actinomycetes population (51 x 105 CFU/g of soil) was found highest in control. Highest soil phosphatase (1.92 μg PNP formed/ h /g of soil) and urease (399.5 μg urea hydrolysed/h/g of soil) activity was observed under AM1 + N100P75 whereas dehydrogenase activity (14.78 μg TPF formed/min/g of soil) under AM1 + N75P75. Maximum soil organic carbon (0.34%), available N (157.1 Kg/ha) and P (17.0 Kg/ha) content was recorded in treatment having AM1 + N100P75 while available K content (135.5 Kg/ha) in treatment having AM1 + N75P75. Significantly higher plant N (0.70 g/plant), P (0.15 g/plant) and K (0.54 g/plant) uptake was recorded in treatments with AM1 inoculation and different doses of inorganic fertilizers. Plant growth parameters viz. root- shoot biomass and length, leaf number per plant, collar diameter were recorded highest in treatment having AM1 inoculation + recommended dose of N and P fertilizer. Hence the combined effect of biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizer boosts soil health and growth parameters of Poplar.
Open Access
Effect of different biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizers on soil health and growth of Eucalyptus clone 413
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Dhanjal, Sukhmani; Gosal, S.K.
A pot experiment was carried out to study the effect of biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizers on soil health and growth of Eucalyptus clone 413. Significantly higher bacterial population (190 × 108 CFU/g of soil), PGPR population (86 ×105 CFU/g of soil) and soil dehydrogenase activity (8.83μg TPF formed/hr/g of soil) was observed in treatment having consortium + N100P100 while the maximum fungal population (22 ×104 CFU/g of soil) and diazotrophic population (89 ×105 CFU/g of soil) was found in treatments having Azotobacter inoculation. PSB population (48 ×104 CFU/g of soil) and soil alkaline phosphatase activity (3.01 μg pNP formed/ h /g of soil) was observed to be maxmum in treatment having PSB inoculation. Actinomycetes population and urease activity showed varying trend as actinomycetes population (48 ×105 CFU/g of soil) was observed to be significantly higher in control and urease activity (394.6 μg urea hydrolysed/ hr/ g of soil) in treatment having consortium + N100P100. Soil organic carbon (0.33%) and available N (171.34 Kg/ha), P (21.0 Kg/ha), K (152.4 Kg/ha) were found to be significantly higher in treatment having consortium + N100P100. Significantly higher plant N( 1.20 g/plant) and K (0.92 g/plant) uptake was found in treatment having Azotobacter + N100P100 while, plant P uptake(0.22 g/plant) was highest in treatment having consortium + N100P100. Plant growth parameters viz root shoot biomass, leaves, branches and root shoot length were found to be significantly higher in treatment having Azotobacter + N100P100while, collar diameter was found to be highest in consortium + N100P100. The present study was also done by using two cultures of Glomus fasiculatum as AM1 and AM2. Significantly higher bacterial population (138 × 108 CFU/g of soil), PSB population (86 ×105 CFU/g of soil), diazotrophic population(58 ×105 CFU/g of soil), soil dehydrogenase activity (7.67 μg TPF formed/hr/g of soil) and alkaline phosphatase activity (3.01 μg pNP formed/ h /g of soil) were observed in treatment having AM1 and inorganic fertilizer combinations while, the maximum fungal population (24 ×104 CFU/g of soil) and PGPR population (64 ×105 CFU/g of soil) was found in treatments having AM2 and inorganic fertilizer combinations. Actinomycetes population and urease activity showed varying trend and urease activity (367.7 μg urea hydrolysed/ hr/ g of soil) in treatment having AM2 + N-100% P-100%. Soil organic carbon (0.33%), available K (144.7 Kg/ha) and plant K uptake (0.83 g/plant) were found to be significantly higher in treatment having AM2 and inorganic fertilizers combinations while significantly higher available N (162.9 Kg/ha), available P (18.6 Kg/ha), plant N (0.92 g/plant) and plant P (0.14 g/plant) uptake were found in treatment having AM1 and inorganic fertilizer combinations.. Plant growth parameters viz root shoot biomass, leaves, branches and collar diameter were found to be significantly higher in treatment having AM2 and inorganic fertilizer combinations while, root and shoot length was found to be highest in AM1 and inorganic fertilizer combinations. Hence the combined effect of biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizers boost the soil health and growth parameters of Eucalyptus.
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Decolorization of synthetic dyes using Pleurotus spp.spent mushroom substrate
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Pawandeep Kaur; Kapoor, Shammi
Five Pleurotus spp. (P. florida, P. sajor-caju, P. ostreatus, P. sapidus and P. eryngii) were evaluated for dye decolorization potential using the lignolytic enzymes from spent mushroom substrate (SMS). All the five species showed potential to decolorize three synthetic dyes viz. Amido Black, Congo Red and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) when supplemented in solid and liquid medium. The mean decolorization of all the three dyes (@25-200 ppm) in agar medium was maximal for P.sajor-cajuand least for P. sapidusafter 10th day. In liquid culture, dye decolorization potential of Pleurotusspecies ranged from 67-78% for Amido Black, 8395% for RBBR and 67-77% for Congo Red by 8th day.Cultivation of all the Pleurotus species was carried out on wheat straw substratein polybags for the generation of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and lignin modifying enzyme production potential in SMS were tested at different growth stages i.e. 10 days interval from the day of opening of bags.Among the lignin modifying enzymes, maximum activity was obtained for laccase enzyme followed by manganese peroxidase and Lignin peroxidase.The crude enzyme extracts from SMS of three Pleurotus species (P.eryngii, P.ostreatus and P.sajor-caju) were tested for their dye decolorization potential at five different growth stages of the crop. For Amido black, maximum decolorization(94%) was observed with crude enzyme extracts of P.ostreatus (94%), and for RBBR (82%)and Congo red (88%) with P.sajor-caju. Optimization studies showed that LME medium supplemented with sucrose as C-source, ammonium oxalate as Nsource with a pH of 6.5 and incubated at 25°C resulted in maximum decolorization of 50 ppm of Amido Black dye using P. sajor-caju SMS.