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Effect of pruning time and height on growth and flowering of rose (Rosa gruss-am-teplitz)
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Gurveer Kaur; Ranjit Singh
The study was conducted to find the effect of pruning time and height on growth and flowering of Rose Rosa gruss-an-teplit2). Two-year old plants were used for the research. The Five pruning time treatments (1sh September, 1sh October, 15h November, 15h December and 15h January) were combined at height of PH (45cm) and PH, (90cm) from ground level. The Factorial Randomized Block Design method was used to set up the experiment with three replications. For vegetative parameters, maximum (144.08 cm) plant height was recorded at 90 cm pruning height, maximum (93.16 cm) plant spread was recorded in 90 cm pruning height, maximum (44.00) number of branches and maximum (2027.2) number of leaves were also observed at height of 90 cm from ground level. In case of floral parameters, early (31.17) days to visible bud appearance, less (37.13) days to color break, less (45.16) days to opening of first flower and less (60.50) days to 50 % flowering were recorded in pruning at height of 45 cm from ground level on 15h September pruning whereas maximum (7.27 cm) flower diameter was obtained on 15" November pruning. The number of petals, petal length and petal width were reported almost similar in all pruning time and pruning height treatments whereas pruning on 15h November showed maximum flower weight which was almost similar in 15 October pruning. In case of yield parameters, maximum (362.33) number of flowers was recorded at height of 45 cm height in 1sh September month pruning which was also found at par with 15 October and 15 November pruning but maximum (1715.6) flower yield was recorded at 45 cm pruning height in October which was almost recorded similar in November month pruning at 45 cm pruning height. So, on the basis of result obtained in study, pruning at height of 45 cm from 1s October to 15h November was best in improving flower yield of Rosa gruss-an-teplitz in open field conditions of Punjab.
Open Access
Evaluation of growth performance of woody perennial saplings raised in organic wastes
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Hardeep Kaur; Dubey, R. K.
The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of growth performance of woody perennial saplings raised in organic wastes” was carried out at Landscape nursery, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during year 2021-22 with an objective to evaluate the growth performance of tree and shrub saplings in different organic wastes and standardize the organic waste-based growing media for raising healthy and disease-free saplings. Five different tree and shrub species were planted in six different organic waste-based growing media. The xperiment was laid out in completely randomized design and the data for different growth attributes were statistically analysed. The seedling and root growth parameters were found maximum in T5 i.e., press mud media. Among the trees, the highest seedlings were observed in P. roxburghii (31.27 cm) while among shrubs in L. indica (32.19 cm) and L. camara (22.24 cm). The root collar diameter among trees was found maximum in P. roxburghii (4.53 mm) while among shrubs in L. camara (4.07 mm) and L. indica (5.37 mm). However, most number of primary branches per plant in terms of tree species was recorded in K. paniculata (2.77) and among shrubs in T. divaricata (4.52) and L. indica (3.31). The shoot dry weight for both trees and shrub species was also found to be maximum in pressmud media which was highest in P. roxburghii (4.26 g) among trees and L. camara (4.09 g) and L. indica (4.89 g) among shrub species. The survival percentage among different treatments was found to be maximum in B. variegata (94.81%) among trees and among shrubs in T. divaricata (94.07%) and T. peruviana (93.33%) grown in press mud media (T5). As for root growth characteristics, the primary root length was found maximum in K. paniculata (26.62 cm) among trees while in shrub species in L. camara (23.20 cm) and T. peruviana (21.56 cm). The primary root diameter was found to be best in P. roxburghii (3.57 mm) among trees while in shrub species in L. camara (3.29 mm) and T. peruviana (3.66 mm). While root dry weight among tress species was found to be maximum in K. paniculata (4.95 g) whereas among shrub species B. sempervensis (3.64g) and T. peruviana (3.30 g) grown in press mud media (T5). The chemical and physical properties were also found to be best in press mud based treatment T5. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the press mud based organic waste media can be used for raising the trees and shrubs nursery successfully.
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Studies on plant spacing and fertigation schedule for loose flower production of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Bhobhria, Vimal; Madhu Bala
The investigations entitled “Studies on plant spacing and fertigation schedule for loose flower production of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)” was carried out at Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping and Soil and Water Engineering, PAU, Ludhiana during the year 2021-22 with the aim to standardize fertigation level and plant spacing for quality loose flower production. Four different fertigation levels of N@ (60kg/ha, 80kg/ha, 100kg/ha and 120kg/ha) were applied to two different chrysanthemum varieties namely „Punjab Shingar‟ and „Ratlam Selection‟ through drip irrigation along with three different spacings i.e.,40×30 cm, 40×40 cm and 40×60 cm. The statistical used was Split Plot Design (SPD) and trial was replicated thrice.The data on growth, flowering and yield parameters were recorded and statistically analysed. Growth and floral parameters in variety „Punjab Shingar‟ in terms ofnumber of branches (8.83), flower diameter (6.66 cm) and number of flowers/plant(147.45) were recorded to be the highest with treatment N@ 100kg/ha with plant spacing of 40×60 cm whereas, the highest plant spread (45.28 cm), least days to flower bud initiation (80.83 days) and chlorophyll content (58.83 spad value) was recorded best with treatment of N@ 120kg/ha and planting distance of 40×60 cm. In variety "Ratlam Selection‟, flower diameter (7.71 cm) and number of flowers/plant (123.81) recorded to be the maximum with N@ 100kg/ha with plant spacing of 40×60 cm whereas, plant spread (31.13 cm), branches/plant (7.80), least days for first bud appearance (82.91 days) was recorded highest with N@ 120kg/ha with planting spacing 40×60 cm. The interaction effect of varieties, nitrogen levels and plant spacing also differed significantly. The interaction effect with plant spread (38.20 cm), least days to first flower bud initiation (81.87 days) and highest chlorophyll content (62.57 spad value) was recorded with N@ 120 kg/ha and planting distance of 40×60 cm whereas, the branches/plant (8.13), flower diameter (7.18 cm) and flowers/plant (146.15) was recordedto be highest with the application of N@ 100 kg/ha with planting distance of 40×60 cm. Yield attributes such as flowers number of flowers per plant and weight of flowers per unit area (m2), were recorded to be the highest with treatment N@100kg/ha with plant spacing 40×30 cm. Based on the study, it can be concluded that fertigation level N@ 100kg/ha with planting distance of 40×30 cm was found to be the best combination for production of highest loose flower yield in chrysanthemum.
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Combining ability and heterosis studies in a diallel cross of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Bolagam Ravikumar; Dhatt, K. K.
The current investigation entitled "Combining ability and heterosis studies in a diallel cross of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.)" was investigated at the Floriculture Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the years 2019 to 2022. Six inbred lines of periwinkle namely P1 (Vi-15-1), P2 (Vi-13-2), P3 (Vi-16), P4 (Vi-15-2), P5 (Vi-29) and P6 (Vi-14-3) were crossed in full-diallel fashion with an objective of identifying superior cross-combinations for high specific combining ability and qualitative traits and determine the inheritance of flower colour and size. The six inbred lines and their thirty cross combinations were evaluated for plant height, plant spread, number of primary branches per plant, leaf length, leaf breadth, internode length, corolla tube length, days to flowering, duration of flowering, number of flowers per plant, flower diameter, follicle length and number of seeds per follicle in Randomized Block Design and replicated thrice. Analysis of variance was highly significant for all the vegetative and flowering characters indicating presence of genetic variability in the genotypes. The analysis of variance for combining ability was highly significant for growth and flowering characters indicated presence of both additive and non-additive gene actions. The parents P5 (Vi-29) and P1 (Vi-15-1) were recorded preferable GCA effects for most of the traits. These were considered as good general combiners for crossing programmes. The cross combination of Vi-13-2 × Vi-29 had significant positive maximum SCA effects for plant height, plant spread and number of primary branches per plant. The follicle length and number of seeds per follicle were recorded highly significant positive SCA values in the combination of Vi-29 × Vi-14-3. The high significant positive reciprocal effects were recorded for plant height, leaf breadth, number of flowers per plant and number of seeds for follicle in the cross combination of Vi-14-3 × Vi-29. The plant spread, duration of flowering and corolla tube length were shown high significant positive reciprocal results in cross combination of Vi-14-3 × Vi-13-2. The highly significant positive heterobeltiosis was present in the progenies of Vi-29 × Vi-14-3, Vi-13-2 × Vi-29 and Vi-15-1 × Vi-14-3 for most of the studied traits. High to moderate values for phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were shown for majority of the studied characters, recapitulate the presence of variability. The range of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations among the parental lines was 5.35-34.41% and 3.96-34.02%, respectively. The PCV and GCV was 4.14-25.49% and 4.01-24.94% for the cross combinations, respectively. The heritability varied from 46.74-97.77% and 50.62-98.73% for the parental lines and cross combinations, respectively. It indicated that the traits were highly heritable to following generations. The average genetic advance as per cent mean was observed as 8.00-50.21% and 6.03-69.29% among the inbred lines and cross combinations, respectively. The flower colour and size were segregated with 3:1 (monohybrid), 9:3:4 (supplementary gene action), 9:6:1 (polymeric gene action) and 9:3:3:1 (typical dihybrid) in F2 generation of fifteen selected crosses from diallel crosses.
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Salt stress induced morpho-physiological, biochemical and anatomical changes in ornamental tree species
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Nagar, Kamal Kishor; Dubey, R. K.
The present investigations entitled “Salt stress induced morpho-physiological, biochemical and anatomical changes in ornamental tree species” were undertaken at Landscape Nursery, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 202022 to screen salinity tolerant ornamental tree species for green of salt affected land. One year old seedlings of fifteen tree species were grown in 10” earthen pots containing soil: FYM (2:1) during first week of February 2020. After one month of transplanting, different concentrations of NaCl viz., 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM were given with irrigation water from March 2020 to January 2022. All the parameters were recorded at four-month interval. The salt treatments significantly (p<0.05) affected the morpho-physiological, biochemical and anatomical parameters of ornamental tree species. On the basis of investigations, the tree species were categorized as salt tolerant and salt sensitive. Salt tolerant trees include Delonix regia, Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia fistula, Pongamia pinnata, Plumeria alba, Mimuspos elengi, Butea monosperma, Callistemon lanceolatus and Erythrina variegata whereas, salt sensitive include Jacaranda mimosifolia, Bauhinia purpurea, Koelreutaria paniculata, Millettia ovalifolia, Lagerstromia speciosa and Putranjiva roxburghii. The growth parameters slightly increased or maintained in tolerant trees, whereas in salt sensitive trees, growth parameters decreased with an increase in salt concentration during January 2021 and January 2022. The maximum per cent increase in number of branches (19.02%), survival percent (94.36%), reducing sugar (16.94%) at the concentration of (100 mM NaCl) and upper epidermis thickness (45 µm), palisade thickness (128.05 µm), lower epidermis thickness (42 µm), palisade cell length (70.23 µm), palisade cell diameter (32 µm), intercellular space (16.4%) was recorded in C. Lanceolatus at 200 mM NaCl, whereas, during May 2020 to January 2022, minimum per cent decrease in fresh and dry weight of leaves (26.50%), fresh and dry weight of root (26.78 %) and fresh and dry weight of stem (11.54%), was also observed in the same species at 200 mM NaCl. During May 2020 to January 2022, the maximum per cent increase plant height (21.23%), lea area (20.94%), phenol (33.33%) and carotenoid (8.91%) was recorded in E. variegata. In C. fistula tree species maximum percent increase number of leaves (10.23%), plant spread (6.36%), protein (8.33%) and starch (17.33%) at the concentration of 50 mM NaCl. RLWC (5.28 %) and proline (12%) was found in P. alba at 200 mM NaCl. The maximum total chlorophyll, carotenoid, proteins, RLWC, starch, reducing sugar and minimum proline and soluble sugars was observed during rainy season. Osmolyte concentration was more during January. As the level of NaCl in soil increased, EC also increased. It is difficult to maintain the EC during rainy season as due to dilution effect as well as leaching of salts, consequently resulted in reduced level of EC. On the basis of morpho-physiological, biochemical and anatomical parameters during the 1st and 2nd year of the experiment, tree species were classified as salt tolerant and susceptible. From these, plants highly salt tolerant and the salt susceptible tree species were planted at PAU regional research station, Bathinda. The maximum increase in plant height (4.08 m) in C. fistula, Number of branches per plant (12.0) C. lanceolatus, Stem girth (150.17 mm) A. auriculiformis, Plant spread (1.92 m) C. lanceolatus and survival percentage (100 %) in C. lanceolatus, Pongamia pinnata and C. fistula was observed in saline water irrigated tree species.
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Effect of green waste compost on growth and root morphology of ornamental shrubs
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Kamboj, Samil; Dubey, R. K.
The present investigations entitled “Effect of green waste compost on growth and root morphology of ornamental shrubs” were undertaken at Landscape Nursery, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during March 2021 – February 2022. One year old three ornamental shrubs (Murraya paniculata, Hibiscus rosasinensis and Tabernaemontana coronaria) were transplanted in polybags of size 9×7 inches, filled with green waste compost (GWC) and soil in different proportions i.e. GWC 100%, GWC 75% + Soil 25%, GWC 50% + Soil 50%, GWC 25% + Soil 75% and FYM 50% + Soil 50% (Control) during second week of March 2021. Maximum plant height (57.33 cm), root collar diameter (10.00 mm), number of primary branches per plant (3.30), shoot dry weight (23.70 g), Dickson qualtity index (4.99), primary root diameter (12.55 mm) and plant nitrogen percentage (3.73%) were observed in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in T3 (GWC 50% + Soil 50%). Maximum root dry weight (13.95 g) and primary root length (11.61 cm) were observed in Murraya paniculata in T3 (GWC 50% + Soil 50%). Plants growing in media (GWC 100%) were somewhat stunted and chlorotic for several weeks after transplanting probably due to higher levels of EC (4.15 dS/m) and pH (7.62). The growing media composition was observed to be an ideal in T3 (GWC 50% + Soil 50%) i.e. pH (7.22), EC (1.64 dS/m), OC (2.39%), percent available nitrogen (0.55%), percent available phosphorus (0.22%), percent available K (0.47%), total porosity (38.50%) and water holding capacity (123.67%) for nursery raising of ornamental shrubs. On the basis of growth performance evaluated, the sequence for growth parameters is Hibiscus rosa-sinensis > Murraya paniculata > Tabernaemontana coronaria. GWC 50% + Soil 50% proved superior growing medium for growth of three ornamental shrubs than other media.
Open Access
Effect of post-emergence herbicides on weed control in lawn (Cynodon Dactylon L.) Selection no. 1
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Gurinder Singh; Simrat Singh
The present study entitled “Effect of post-emergence herbicides on weed control in lawn (Cynodon dactylon L.) Selection No. 1” was conducted in established lawns at three different locations at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana campus during both winter and summer season of year 2021. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with 15 treatments replicated thrice. Fifteen treatments comprised isoproturon (0.937 kg ha-1), mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (0.014 kg ha-1, clodinafop + metribuzin (0.216 kg ha-1), 2,4-D amine (0.500 kg ha-1), bispyribac sodium (0.025 kg ha-1) metribuzin (0.120 kg ha-1), metsulfuron (0.005 kg ha-1), carfentrazone-ethyl (0.020 kg ha-1), metsulfuron + carfentrazone- ethyl (0.025 kg ha-1), metsulfuron-methyl + chlorimuron-ethyl (0.004 kg ha-1), ethoxysulfurin (0.018 kg ha-1), halosulfuron (0.050 kg ha-1), atrazine (1.000 kg ha-1) including two hand weedings (at 15 days interval) and un-weeded control. The results revealed that clodinafop + metribuzin (0.216 kg ha-1) reduced the weed density and dry weight of Digitaria sanguinalis and Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Isoproturon (0.937 kg ha-1) provided complete control of Poa annua whereas bispyribac sodium (0.025 kg ha-1) was found effective against Dicanthium annulatum upto 60 days after spray (DAS). Weed density and dry weight of Paspalum dilatatum weed was markedly reduced by mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (0.014 kg ha-1). Metsulfuron + carfentrazone-ethyl (0.025 kg ha-1) provided complete control of broadleaf weeds (Gnaphalium purpureum, Oxalis corniculata, Veronica agrestis, Desmodium triflorum, Coronopus didymus, Erigeron canadensis, Stellaria media, Boerhavia diffusa and Alysicarpus vaginalis) upto 60 DAS. Halosulfuron (0.050 kg ha-1) effectively controlled Cyperus rotundus upto 45 DAS. Metsulfuron + carfentrazone-ethyl (0.025 kg ha-1) (85.5%) recorded highest weed control efficiency (WCE) in winter season whereas clodinafop + metribuzin (0.216 kg ha-1) (46.2 %) and bispyribac sodium (0.025 kg ha-1) (43.5 %) recorded highest WCE in summer season. Sward height and dry weight of turfgrass was found negatively correlated with the weed density. Turfgrass phytotoxicity was observed in clodinafop + metribuzin (0.216 kg ha-1) however, the grass recovered after 35 DAS in winter season, whereas in summer season, no phytotoxicity symptoms appeared. Turfgrass colour rating of eight was adjudged at all the locations during both the seasons.
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Induction of mutagenesis in Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) through gamma irradiation
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Kamarpal Singh; Dhatt, K.K.
The present experiment entitled "Induction of mutagenesis in periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) through gamma irradiation" was conducted at Floriculture Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2020-2021. The seedlings of periwinkle were treated with 0Gy, 25Gy, 50Gy, 75Gy and 100Gy with the objective to analyze the effect of different dose of gamma radiation on plant growth and flowering the different dose of gamma rays in periwinkle. To induce mutation and to analyze the gamma radiation treatment led the significant changes in the agronomical traits such as mortality rate, plant height, plant spread, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, number of plant per plants, flower color, flower size, leaf color and stem girth etc. The maximum morality was observed at 100Gy i.e 23.52% while it was minimum at 25Gy treatment and in untreated plants. The highest rate of survival was observed in 25Gy treatment (88.24%) and the minimum survival % was recorded at 100Gy treatment (50.99%). The plant height and plant spread decreased significantly with the increase in gamma ray dose and recorded maximum in 25Gy treatment i.e 77.34cm and 90.14cm. Maximum number of primary branches with 25Gy treated plants was increased up to 5.40/plant. The leaf length (6.63cm), leaf width (2.76cm) and leaf area (18.36cm2) was recorded to be maximum under 25Gy treatment. The plants treated with 100Gy treatment took longer time to flowering as compared with lower dose of 25Gy treatment. The flower number decreased significantly with the increase in gamma ray dose and recorded maximum in 25Gy treatment. Slight variation in flower color of plants treated with 75Gy and 100Gy was recorded in three plants and it was Purple (P N 78 B) and Purple (P N 78 C), whereas there is no change in leaf color. The flower size decreased to 4.34cm at higher dose of 75Gy. The optimum dose of gamma rays for induction of mutagenesis for periwinkle is 75Gy and 100Gy.
Open Access
Effect of seed treatment and media on germination and seedling growth of flowering annuals
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Nardev Singh; Thakur, Tanya
The present experiment entitled “Effect of seed treatment and media on germination and seedling growth of flowering annuals” was carried out at Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab during the year 2020-21. The seeds of two flowering annuals i.e. pansy and annual chrysanthemum were given pre sowing seed treatment for 24 hours with water, Thiourea @ 50 ppm, KNO3 @ 0.1%, KNO3 @ 0.2%, GA3 @ 25 ppm, GA3 @ 50 ppm and GA3 @ 75 ppm. After seed treatment the seeds were sown in trays/pots as per different media compositions i.e. soil: FYM (1:1), soil: sand: vermicompost (1:1:1), soil: sand: FYM (1:1:1), soil: sand: leaf manure (1:1:1), soil: cocopeat: vermicompost (1:1:1) and soil: leaf manure (1:1). The results revealed that seed treatment with GA3 and media treatment soil: cocopeat: vermicompost (1:1:1) led to the significant changes in the seed germination as well as seedling growth traits in both the flowering annuals. The seeds of both the annuals treated with GA3 @ 25 ppm resulted in minimum imbibition period, germination period and maximum germination percentage (80.00 and 90.33%), shoot length, root length, vigour index, fresh weight (12.94 and 5.64g), dry weight (1.31 and 0.58g) and SPAD index. In pansy maximum germination index and rate of emergence was found under GA3 @ 25 ppm whereas in annual chrysanthemum these values were highest under GA3 @ 50 ppm. Among different media treatments, seed sown in soil: cocopeat: vermicompost (1:1:1) recorded minimum imbibition period, germination period, maximum germination percentage (79.84 and 86.61%), germination index (0.60 and 0.78), rate of emergence (16.72 and 53.07) survival percentage (82.38 and 100%), shoot length, root length, vigour index, fresh weight (12.33 and 5.33g), dry weight (1.24 and 0.54g) and SPAD index in both flowering annuals. Considering the interaction effect between media and seed treatments, the combination of GA3 @ 25 ppm with soil: cocopeat: vermicompost (1:1:1) recorded minimum imbibition period, germination period and maximum germination percentage (87.77 and 92.24%), shoot length, root length, vigour index, fresh weight (14.04 and 5.87g), dry weight (1.42 and 0.59g) and SPAD index. Therefore, it was concluded that the best seed treatment for raising seedlings in both the flowering annuals was GA3 @ 25 ppm and the best media was soil: cocopeat: vermicompost (1:1:1).

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