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ThesisItem Open Access CHEMISTRY AND INSECTICIDAL POTENTIAL OF PARTHENIN AND ITS TRANSFORMATION REACTION PRODUCTS AGAINST Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Ramandeep Kaur; K. K., ChahalThe present investigation deals with Chemistry and insecticidal potential of parthenin and its transformation reaction products against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).The shade dried and powdered leaves of Parthenium hysterophorous were extracted in chloroform using Soxhlet extraction method. Parthenin was isolated by column chromatography using chloroform:acetone (5%) solution as the eluent. Parthenin was subjected to reaction with diazoester which resulted into the formation of two compoundspyrolysis product and diazoester adduct. Parthenin on reactions with dry hydrochloric acid gas and formic acid gets converted into anhydroparthenin. Parthenin on irradiation with microwave gets converted into anhydroparthenin. Parthenin and its derivatives were characterised on the basis of melting point, TLC, FT-IR and 1H NMR. Parthenin and its derivatives were tested for their bioefficacy against adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by releasing them in wheat grains spiked with various concentrations of test compounds viz. 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 5,000, 10,000 and 20,000 μg g-1 of wheat respectively. The observations of mortality were noted every 24 hours till complete or constant mortality was obtained. The corrected per cent mortality was calculated using Abbott’s formula. All the compounds exhibited complete mortality at the spiking level of 10,000 and 20,000μg g-1. Parthenin was found to be most potent followed by anhydroparthenin, pyrolysis product and diazoester adduct.ThesisItem Open Access SYNTHESIS OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AND THEIR MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN CHICK PEA(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Jasvir Kaur; Sunita SharmaAzo anils were synthesized by conventional and microwave irradiation methods . The diazonium salts from three amines viz aniline, 4- aminophenazone , 4- nitroaniline was prepared. Azo compounds were synthesized by reacting different aldehydes namely benzaldehyde, 2- chloro benzaldehyde , 4- chloro benzaldehyde, 2-methoxy benzaldehyde, 4- methoxy benzaldehyde and 3-nitro benzaldehyde in aqueous sodium hydroxide with respective diazonium salt at 3o C . These azo compounds were reacted with three amines viz aniline, 4- aminophenazone and 4- nitroaniline at 30C to obtain the azo anils . All the compounds synthesized by conventional method were also prepared by using microwave irradiation method at 360 W . The physical data (colour, state and melting point ) of the compounds prepared by both the methods was same . However the yield of the compounds obtained by using microwave method was more as compared to conventional method. Further the time taken by the microwave method was less as compared to conventional method. The synthesized azo compounds and azo anils were purified by recrystallization and then characterized by using the IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. Azo anil derivatives were screened for their microbial activity against Mesorhizobium sp. (LGR 33), Pseudomonas sp. (LK 791) and Bacillus sp. (BSY 101).The compounds containing pyrazole moiety having no substitution on phenyl ring exhibited no microbial activity against tested micro-organisms at all the concentrations. Compound (II a) was effective against Bacillus sp. only at 4000 and 5000 ug/ml concentration. The data revealed that compounds (VII) and (VIII) were not effective against Bacillus sp at all concentration. While compound (VII) showed activity against Pseudomonas sp and compound (VIII) exihibited activity against Mesorhizobium sp. Compounds containing 2- methoxy (II b) and 4- chloro (II e) groups on phenyl ring were effective against all the tested microbes . So it was found that all the tested microbes showed mild to moderate inhibition on growth due to the presence of the more heteroatom in the heterocyclic system and substitution of chloro, methoxy and nitro on the phenyl ring.ThesisItem Restricted CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR PRODUCTION OF HEMICELLULOSIC FURFURAL AND CELLULOSIC ETHANOL(PAU Ludhiana, 2010) Ramandeep Kaur; S.K., UppalChemical composition of sugarcane bagasse and its production potential of hemicellulosic furfural and cellulosic ethanol was studied in sugarcane varieties CoJ 88 and CoS 8436. For this the preparation of fine bagasse sample of two varieties was standardized in laboratory. From analysis of chemical composition, the bagasse of CoS 8436 was found to have more cellulose, hemicellulose and less lignin content than CoJ 88.Then bagasse of both varieties was treated with different acids (acetic acid, formic acid, phosphoric acid and nitric acid) with variable concentrations (1M, 2M and 3M) and autoclaved for 180, 300 and 420 minutes with solid-liquid ratio of 1:15 at 110C temperature and 1.05 kg cm-2 steam pressure for furfural production. The reaction of bagasse of CoS 8436 with 3.0M nitric acid for 300 minutes gave the highest yields of furfural (119.94 mg/g). Furfural was extracted and identified on the basis of TLC, Boiling point, IR and NMR data. Chemical pretreatments were carried out by shaking bagasse of both varieties with 1, 2 and 3% H2O2 (pH 10, 11.5 and13) for 24, 48 and 72 hrs with subsequent saccharification of pretreated bagasse with H2SO4 (0.8 and 1.0M) for 50 minutes. Acid hydrolysates were fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var ellipsoideus for ethanol production. Maximum weight loss in alkaline pretreatment (52.30%), amount of reducing sugars (520.84 mg/g) and ethanol produced (27.94 ml/100g pretreated bagasse) were found in 2% H2O2 (pH 11.5, 48 hrs) pretreated bagasse of CoS 8436 saccharified with 0.8M H2SO4 after fermentation for 72 hours.ThesisItem Open Access CHEMISTRY AND POTENTIAL OF VETIVER OIL AS STORED GRAIN PROTECTANT(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Amanpal Kaur Sandhu; K. K., ChahalThe present investigation deals with Chemistry and potential of vetiver oil as stored grain protectant. Vetiver oil was subjected to column chromatography to have non polar and polar fractions. Different fractions were subjected to thin layer chromatography in order to find the number of compounds present in different fractions. Rearing of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults were carried out. Vetiver oil, its non-polar and polar fractions were tested for their bioefficacy against adults of Tribolium castaneum by releasing them in wheat grains spiked with various concentrations of vetiver oil, its non-polar and polar fractions viz. 30,000, 35,000, 40,000, 45,000, and 50,000 μg g-1 respectively. The observations of mortality were noted every 24 hrs till complete or constant mortality was obtained. The corrected per cent mortality was calculated using Abbott’s formula. Vetiver oil was found to be effective at all concentrations tested. The non-polar fraction of petroleum ether was found to be most active whereas the acetone fraction was least active. The corrected per cent mortality increased with increase in concentration and time of application. The most active petroleum ether fraction was subjected to extensive column chromatography to isolate the pure compounds. Khusinol having melting point 73oC was isolated as pure compound. The compound was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.ThesisItem Open Access Nitrogen mineralization kinetics in rice and wheat residue amended soils under long-term saline and sodic water irrigation(Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Vikram VermaLaboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the influence of crop residue incorporation on soil properties and to assess the N-mineralization kinetics under long-term irrigation with saline (SaW) and sodic water (SW). Irrigation with SaW and SW significantly increased the pH, EC and ESP while application of gypsum and crop residues improved these properties. N-mineralization in different soils ranged from 233 to 392 mg N kg-1 in case of field addition and 84 to 285 mg N kg-1 in case of fresh addition of crop residues during incubation. Relative to canal water (CW) treatment, SW significantly decreased the mineral-N followed by SaW treatment. Application of gypsum and incorporation of crop residues in the field resulted in increase in mineral-N. Maximum cumulative N mineralization was observed in wheat straw (WS) amended treatment except in SW+G treatment. Fresh addition of crop residues resulted in net N immobilization and lower rate of N mineralization compared to unamended treatments. In SaW, SW and SW+G treatments, a dip in mineral-N was observed at 28 days in the amended treatments. Among the kinetic models,only first order model (FO) provided realistic solutions but with poor R2values (0.18 to 0.57). Nitrogen mineralization potential (N0) ranged between 171 and 383 mg N kg-1 and the rate constant (k) ranged from 0.020 to 0.411 day-1in different treatments.In case of fresh additions of residues, even FO model didnot provide solutions to any of the amended treatments. Compared to CW treatment, both SW and SaW irrigation significantly decreased the grain yield and N uptake by wheat. Incorporation of crop residues significantly improved the grain yield over the unamended treatment but increase in N uptake was not significant.ThesisItem Restricted Synthesis and microbial activity of pyrazolines and their derivatives(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Gaba, Jyoti; Sharma, SunitaClaisen Schmidt reaction of different aromatic aldehydes with acetone gave α,β-unsaturated ketones which on further reaction with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of glacial acetic acid afforded pyrazolines. Acids viz. acetic acid and propanoic acid were treated with thionyl chloride to give respective acid chlorides which were then reacted with synthesized pyrazolines using triethylamine as catalyst in dry dichloromethane to give respective Nacetylated pyrazolines and N-propanoylated pyrazolines. Pyrazolines and N-substituted pyrazolines were characterized by their IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. All the synthesized pyrazolines and N-substituted pyrazolines were screened for their microbial activity against Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Acinetobactor sp. and Klebsiella sp. Pyrazolines having substitution on benzene ring exhibited lower MIC values than pyrazolines having no substitution on benzene ring for all tested bacteria. All pyrazolines and Nsubstituted pyrazolines exhibited less activity than standard ampicillin at all the tested concentrations. None of the compounds exhibited activity at 100 µg/ml and all the compounds showed significant differences among themselves at all the concentrations. All Nacetylated and N-propanoylated pyrazolines having substitution of methoxy group at meta position and hydroxy group at para position of benzene ring were found effective against Bacillus sp., Acinetobactor sp. and Pseudomonas sp. but not against Klebsiella sp. Some of the synthesized compounds showed promising to moderate activity against all the microbes.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis and antifungal evaluation of benzothiazol- 2-ylcarbamodithioates.(Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, 2014) Priya; AnjaliA series of novel carbamodithioates with benzothiazole scaffold have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of Infrared (IR) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and Mass Spectrometry. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activity against various phytopathogenic fungi viz. Pyricularia grisea, Drechslera oryzae, Colletotrichum falcatum and Ustilago hordei by spore germination inhibition method and results were expressed in terms of ED50 values. All the compounds showed mild to moderate results against the test fungi. Compounds 1, 4a and 1b were found to be most active against U. hordei with ED50 values 140, 150 and 140 µg/ml respectively. Benzo[d]thiazol-2amines have been found to be more active than their carbamodithioate analogues. Chemical lead hybridisation of two bioactive scaffolds had neutral effect on the fungitoxicity against all the test fungi.ThesisItem Restricted henolic compounds and flavonoids from kinnow peel and their microbial activity(Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, 2014) Kamaldeep Kaur; Uppal, S.K.The objectives of the study were to determine phenolics in kinnow peel and to determine its antimicrobial potential. The effect of different solvents (Methanol, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, Isopropyl alcohol, Dichloromethane and Petroleum ether) for extraction of phenolics were studied. Further, the extraction was done by two methods- Soxhlet extraction and Conventional extraction. Results revealed that yield of kinnow peel extract were higher with methanol i.e. 54.0%, whereas 2.3% in case of petroleum ether extract with Soxhlet extraction. The total phenolic content ranged from 2.37 to 42.78 mg/g DW and total flavonoid content ranged from 0.39 to 5.40 mg/g DW in petroleum ether and ethanolic extract, respectively. Hesperidin which is a dominant flavanone in citrus was isolated and investigated for its antimicrobial potential. Hesperidin was isolated by extracting the peel powder first with petroleum ether and then with methanol and it was confirmed by TLC, IR and 1H NMR. Acetylated Hesperidin was synthesized by reaction of hesperidin with glacial acetic acid and it was identified by TLC and IR spectra. Antimicrobial activity of different kinnow peel extracts, hesperidin and acetylated hesperidin was done by disc plate method against Bacillus sp., Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. The highest antimicrobial activity was shown by isopropyl alcohol extract with diameter of zone of inhibition of 17mm, 15mm and 16mm at 2500 µg/disc against Bacillus sp., Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. respectively. Hesperidin was found to be less effective than its derivative. Results showed that all extracts, hesperidin and its derivative could be used as antimicrobial agents except petroleum ether extract. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were evaluated for all extracts, hesperidin and its derivative. The lowest MIC value was obtained for isopropyl alcohol extract i.e.100 µg/disc, 120 µg/disc and 125 µg/disc, whereas MIC value was highest in case of dichloromethane extract i.e. 400 µg/disc, 425 µg/disc and 450 µg/disc against Bacillus sp., Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. respectively.ThesisItem Restricted Adsorption and degradation studies of pretilachlor in three different soils of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Paawan Kaur; Pervinder KaurThe present investigation was undertaken to study the adsorption-desorption and degradation behaviour of pretilachlor in Punjab soils. Pretilachlor [2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl-N-(2propoxyethyl) acetanilide] is pre-emergence herbicide used for the control of sedges and broadleaf weeds in transplanted and direct seeded paddy fields. Adsorption-desorption experiments were carried out to study the effect of concentration, soil type and temperature, using batch equilibration process. Pretilachlor was quantified using HPLC. The adsorption-desorption data fitted well in Freundlich equation for three soils, irrespective of temperature. The adsorptiondesorption of pretilachlor was in order: clay loam>sandy loam> loamy sand soil indicating positive correlation of adsorption-desorption with organic matter and clay content. The values of ∆G were negative and increased with rise in temperature indicating that the adsorption-desorption of pretilachlor on soil samples was a spontaneous endothermic process becoming more favourable at higher temperature. Field trials were carried out to investigate the dissipation and residue levels of pretilachlor in soil and water of paddy fields. Soil/rice samples were extracted using matrix solid phase dispersion method and water samples were extracted using liquid-liquid extraction technique. The dissipation of pretilachlor in paddy field soil and water followed first order kinetics showing a half life of 7.52-09.58 days and 01.89- 02.97 days, respectively, at application rate of 0.75 and 1.5 kg ha-1. Residues of pretilachlor at harvest in soil and rice grain were below 0.01 µg g-1.
