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EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF INDIAN MUSTARD (Brassica juncea L.) GENOTYPES
(2013) Parminder Kumar
The field experiment entitled “Effect of nitrogen on growth, yield and quality of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) genotypes” was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana (30o 56/ N latitude and 75o 48/ E longitude and at an altitude of 247 metres above mean sea level), during rabi 2011-12 on loamy sand, neutral in reaction, low in available N, rich in available P and K soil. The study was conducted in split plot design in three replications with four doses of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) in the main plots and five genotypes (RLC 1, RLC 11, RLC 12, PBR 210 and PBR 91) in the sub plots. Application of N significantly increased plant height, dry matter accumulation (DMA), leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception and chlorophyll content up to 100 kg/ha though such an increase, except plant height continued upto 150 kg/ha of N. Nitrogen application delayed initiation of flowering and significantly increased number of the secondary branches and siliquae per plant and, seeds per siliqua over control. Seed yield increased by 65.7 and 12.0 per cent with 100 kg/ha of N over control and 50 kg/ha of N, respectively. There was consistent reduction in seed oil content and significant increase in oil yield with N application of 50 kg/ha over control. Nitrogen, protein and linoleic acid content increased with increase in N levels. Among genotypes, PBR 91 and PBR 210 exhibited significantly better growth in terms of plant height, DMA and LAI with higher PAR as compared to RLC 11 and RLC 12. Genotypes, PBR 91, PBR 210 and RLC 1 took significantly more number of days for completion of flowering than other genotypes. RLC 12 produced significant higher number of primary and secondary branches per plant, RLC 11 produced higher number of seeds per siliqua. Genotypes PBR 91, RLC 1 and PBR 210 registered significantly higher 1000-seed weight than RLC 11 and RLC 12. Differences in seed yield among genotypes were non-significant. Genotype RLC 11 registered significantly higher oil content but lowest seed protein content. Genotype RLC 12 contained significantly higher seed protein content than rest of the genotypes. Genotypes PBR 91, RLC 11 and PBR 210 produced similar but significantly higher oil yields than RLC 1. Erucic acid content was significantly lower in RLC 1 and RLC 12 while glucosinolate content was lowest in RLC 11 followed by RLC 12. Nitrogen application increased the seed yield up to 100 kg/ha in RLC 1 and RLC 12 and up to 150 kg/ha in RLC 11, PBR 210 and PBR 91. Increase in seed yield with 50 kg/ha of applied N over control was significant in all genotypes whereas further increase in N to 100 kg/ha increased the seed yield significantly in case of RLC 11, RLC 12 and PBR 210. Keywords: Indian mustard, nitrogen, genotypes, dose, growth, yield, quality, N uptake
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PERFORMANCE OF DIRECT SEEDED RICE (Oryza sativa L.) IN RELATION TO ESTABLISHMENT METHODS, PLANT DENSITIES AND HERBICIDES
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Simerjeet Kaur; Surjit Singh
The investigation entitled “Performance of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in relation to establishment methods, plant densities and herbicides” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif 2009 and 2010. The soil was loamy sand, normal in soil reaction & electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon &available nitrogen and medium in available phosphorus & potassium. Three experiments were sown on 6th June 2009 and 4th June 2010. Experiment I was laid out in Split Plot Design with 4 replications comprising 5 crop establishment methods {direct seeding with Zero Till Drill, Modified Drill, Conventional Drill, puddled broadcasted and puddled transplanted} in main plots and 4 weed control methods {pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 pre-em. alone and integrated with bispyribac 0.025 kg & azimsulfuron 0.02 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS/T and weed free} in sub-plots. Experiment II and III were laid out in Randomised Block Design with 3 replications. Experiment II contained 16 combinations of 4 seed rates {20 kg, 30 kg, 40 kg and 50 kg ha-1} and 4 row spacings {15, 20, 25 and 30 cm}. Experiment III comprised 16 weed control treatments of pendimethalin 0.75 kg, butachlor 1.50 kg, thiobencarb 1.50 kg, anilofos 0.375 kg, pretilachlor 0.75 kg, oxadiargyl 0.09 kg and pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.015 kg ha-1 as pre-em. alone and integrated with bispyribac 0.025 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS; two hand weedings and unweeded control. The results revealed that growth parameters, yield attributes and grain yield did not vary significantly among establishment methods, seed rates and row spacings. The effect of establishment methods on sheath blight incidence & severity, stem borer & leaf folder damage, root density, weed population & dry matter and residues of post-emergence herbicides were non-significant. In Experiment I, the maximum grain yield (71.06 q and 62.77 q ha-1) was recorded in weedfree treatment which was at par with integrated use of pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 with bispyribac 0.025 kg or azimsulfuron 0.02 kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. In Experiment III, the maximum grain yield (59.96 q and 52.88 q ha-1) of direct seeded rice was recorded in two hand weedings treatment which was at par with integrated herbicidal treatments containing pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 (59.09 q and 52.10 q ha-1), butachlor 1.50 kg ha-1 (53.05 q and 51.36 q ha-1), thiobencarb 1.50 kg ha-1 (54.16 q ha-1 and 51.65 q ha-1) and oxadiargyl 0.09 kg ha-1 (54.86 q and 49.59 q ha-1) with bispyribac 0.025 kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Different herbicides used were safe to soil microbial population.
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DELINEATION OF CADMIUM CONTAMINATED SOILS AROUND BUDDAH NALLAH (LUDHIANA) AND REMEDIAL MEASURES OF AFFECTED SOILS
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Dharamvir Singh Kambo; MPS., KHURANA
Cadmium is potentially toxic metal and is highly carcinogenic that enters the food chain from the soil through crop uptake resulting from various anthropogenic activities. The surface sewage irrigated soils collected laterally around Buddah Nullah irrespective of the sites had DTPA extractable cadmium 5.2 times more than the adjoining tube well irrigated soils. Considering the threshold value of 3 mg Cd kg-1 soil, about 11.3 per cent soils have crossed this limit and needs cleanup operation. However management option to rehabilitate such soils depends on pools of Cd responsible for phyto-toxicity and use of amendments able to influence these pools. A screen house experiment was conducted to assess the effect of (0, 2.5, 5 10, 20 and 40 mg Cd kg-1 soil) and CaCO3 (2.5 and 5%), FYM (1 and 2 %) and Phosphorous (20 and 40 P2O5 mg kg-1 soil) on the growth of pigweed on soil having DTPA-Cd 0.36 mg kg-1 soil. Dry matter yields decreased as a consequence of phytotoxic effect of Cd emanating from increased availability of Cd in soils and plants. The rate at which significant declined occurred was 10 mg kg-1. However application of different amendments viz (Calcium carbonate, FYM, Phosphorus) exhibited variable behavior as far as their remediation potential was concerned. Application of CaCO3, FYM and phosphorous at their highest rate reduced DTPA- Cd by 52.6 percent, 37.1 percent and 45.1 percent respectively. Consequently maximum enhancement in dry matter yields was observed with application of 5% CaCO3 among other amendments. The upper critical toxic level in soil and shoots of pig weed was found to be 4.38 mg kg-1 soil and 14.6 μg g-1 dry matter respectively. The interaction of Cd with Zn and Fe was found to be rate dependent. Cu and Mn in both shoots and roots was negatively correlated to the added Cd. All the fractions of Cd in soils increased significantly with cadmium application. Amendments decreased the EX+WS fraction, the maximum depressing effect observed with 5% CaCO3 because of concomitant increase in CARB fraction. FYM application decreased the CARB fraction where as it encouraged both OM-Cd and oxide bound fractions. Phosphorus application was effective in transforming Cd in to oxide bound fractions with little influence on carbonate and organic fractions.
Open Access
Weed control in autumn sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) based intercropping systems
(PAU, 2013) Navneet Kaur; Bhullar, M.S.
The investigation entitled “Weed control in autumn sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) based intercropping systems” was conducted at The Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2010-11 and 2011-12. The soil was loamy sand, normal pH and EC, low in organic carbon & available N and medium in available P & K. Experiment I consisted of 3 cropping systems {sole sugarcane, sugarcane + gobhi sarson(1:1) and sugarcane + raya(1:2)} in main plots and 6 weed control treatments {pre emergence pendimethalin 0.562 kg & 0.75 kg ha -1 , pre emergence alachlor 1.25 kg & 1.875 kg ha -1 , two hand weeding (30 and 60 DAS) and weedy check}in sub plots with 4 eplications in a split plot design. Experiment II consisted of 4 cropping systems {sole sugarcane, sugarcane + cabbage (1:1); sugarcane + peas (1:2) and sugarcane + garlic (1:3)} in the main plots and six weed control treatments {oxyfluorfen 0.176 kg & 0.234 kg ha -1 PRE, pendimethalin 0.562 kg & 0.75 kg ha -1 PRE, hand weeding (30 & 60 DAS in cabbage and peas;30, 60 & 100 DAS in garlic) and weedy check} in sub plots replicated thrice in a split plot design. In autumn sugarcane and Brassicaspecies intercropping systems, gobhi sarsonandraya intercrops exhibited good weed smothering potentialand reduced the weed count and dry matter accumulation than sole sugarcane; rayawas more effective than gobhi sarson. The cane yield under gobhi sarson and raya intercropped sugarcane were similar to that of sole sugarcane during both the years; cane equivalent yield, net profit and benefit cost ratio under the intercropping systems were higher than sole sugarcane. The intercropping of rayaand gobhi sarsonin autumn sugarcane increased the net returns by ` 61,469 and ` 26,738 ha -1 , respectively, than sole sugarcane. Pendimethalin 0.75 kg and alachlor 1.875 kg ha -1 recorded effective control of weeds in these intercropping systems and increased the seed yield of gobhi sarson by 43.6 & 37.3 per cent and raya by 16.1 & 14.1 per cent, respectively than weedy check and were at par with hand weeding. The increase in net returns with the use of these herbicides varied from ` 1,775 to ` 16,406 ha -1 as compared with weedy check. In autumn sugarcane and vegetables intercropping systems, peas exhibited partial weed suppressing ability while cabbage and garlic did not show any weed suppressing ability; weed population and dry matter accumulation under these intercropping systems were similar to that of sole sugarcane during both the years. The cane yield under these intercropping systems were similar to that of sole sugarcane, however, cane equivalent yield, net returns and benefit cost ratio of intercropping systems were higher than sole sugarcane. Sugarcane + garlic intercropping recorded the highest gross, net returns and benefit cost ratio. Averaged over two seasons, the intercropping of garlic increased the net returns by ` 1,36,548 ha -1 than sole cane; the corresponding figures for peas and cabbage intercropping systems were ` 73,860 and ` 61,388 ha -1 . Oxyfluorfen 0.234 kg and pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha -1 recorded effective control of weeds in these intercropping systems and were at par with hand weeding and significantly increased yield of cabbage, peas and garlic than under weedy check. The herbicides use increased net returns by ` 11,459 to ` 36,263 ha -1 as compared with weedy check. The three herbicides at the dose tested were safe to the sugarcane and the intercrops. The herbicides only temporarily reduced the population of soil microbes on the day of application; it recovered within 15 days after application. The residues of pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen in the intercrops produce were below detectable limit.
Open Access
Studies on source sink relationship for realization of higher productivity in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
(PAU, 2013) Kaul, Amit; Deol, J.S.
The present investigation entitled “Studies on source sink relationship for realization of higher productivity in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L)”comprising of three experiments (two field and one pot experiment) were carried out at the Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012. All the three experiments were laid out in split plot design with four replications. Three Bt cotton hybrids i.e. MRC 7017, MRC 7031 and RCH 314 were kept in main plots. The sub plot treatments in Experiment I consisted of 0 % (No square removal), 25 % removal (25 % squares removed for a period of month at pin head stage), 50 % removal (50 % squares removed for a period of month at pin head stage), P1 (fruits retained at first position), P2 (fruits retained at second position) and P1, 2 (fruits retained at first and second position). The Experiment II was a pot experiment comprising similar treatments as in Experiment I. The sub plot treatments in Experiment III consisted of control, detopping (removal of 5 to 7 cm apical portion of the main stem), MC application @ 300 ppm, TIBA @ 100 ppm and MH @ 250 ppm. Growth retardants and detopping treatments were applied at maximum vegetative growth stage i.e. 80 days after sowing (DAS). The hybrid MRC 7017 attained maximum plant height and higher dry matter accumulation at all the growth stages than MRC 7031 and RCH 314 during both the years. The total number of main stem internodes plant -1 , height : node, SPAD value and monopodial branches plant -1 did not differ significantly among the three hybrids. Hybrid MRC 7017 produced significantly higher seed cotton yield by 15.0 to 19.1 per cent than hybrid RCH 314 whereas, it was statistically at par with hybrid MRC 7031 during both the years. Higher total seed cotton yield in MRC 7017 was attributed to the maximum number of sympodial branches plant -1, total number of flowers, bolls and picked bolls plant -1. Fruiting form removal treatments had a significant influence on plant height and LAI at all the growth stages except at 60 DAS during both the years. A significant increase in plant height and LAI was bserved in 50 % square removal treatment at 90 DAS. While, at 120 DAS to maturity, P2 attained more plant height and LAI as compared to other fruiting form removal treatments. Accumulation of dry matter in vegetative parts was significantly higher in P2 while, dry matter accumulated in fruiting bodies was significantly higher in 0 and 25 % square removal treatments at 120 and 150 DAS during both the years. The treatment where 0 and 25 % squares were removed recorded higher number of flowers, total bolls and picked bolls plant -1 as compared to all other fruiting form removal treatments. The higher setting percentage in first fruit position (P1) resulted in significantly higher number of total bolls and picked bolls plant -1 than second fruit position i.e. P2 which eventually helped in producing significantly higher seed cotton yield than P2. Fruiting form removal delayed boll open initiation and 50 % boll opening by 4-11 days than 0 % square removal treatment. Boll weight in P1 improved by 5.6 to 11.8 per cent over control and all the fruiting form removal treatments helped in improving the boll weight as compared to control during both the years. Total seed cotton yield was maximum in 0 % square removal treatments as compared to all other fruiting form removal treatments. Application of MC (300 ppm), TIBA (100 ppm) and MH (250 ppm) significant reduced plant height, LAI and total dry matter accumulation than control. Detopping treatment significantly reduced plant height than control but attained more plant height than all the PGRs. Application of PGRs resulted in significantly higher dry matter allocation towards fruiting bodies and less towards the vegetative plant organs which mproved setting percentage of bolls but did not regulate the CGR and RGR during different periods of crop growth. Different PGR treatments failed to influence the number of monopodial branches plant -1 while the number of sympodial branches plant -1 was highest with application of MC @ 300 ppm followed by TIBA (100 ppm) and MH (250 ppm) but significantly higher than control. The application of MC @ 300 ppm significantly influenced the total number of flowers produced plant -1 while, rest of the PGRs did not show any significant improvement in total number of flowers plant -1 over control. Application of MC (300 ppm), TIBA (100 ppm) and MH (250 ppm) improved the total number of bolls, picked bolls plant -1 and boll weight. MC (300 ppm) increased the total seed cotton yield (22.79 and 31.62 q ha -1 in 2011 and 2012, respectively) as well as that obtained from first, second and third pick. TIBA (100 ppm) and MH (250 ppm) showed statistical similar results with MC (300 ppm) for the seed cotton yield obtained in all the pickings as well as in total seed cotton yield. Detopping failed to influence the seed cotton yield during both the years. Different quality parameters such as seed index, lint index and ginning out-turn were not significantly influenced by application of various PGR treatments.
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RESPONSE OF SUMMER MAIZE FODDER TO NITROGEN AND FARMYARD MANURE
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Pal, Vajinder; Sharma, P K
A field experiment entitled, “Response of summer Maize fodder to Nitrogen and Farmyard manure” was conducted at the Research Farm of the Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during summer season of 2011. The soil was loamy sand in texture, slightly alkaline in soil reaction (8.0), low in organic carbon (0.33%) and available N (130 kg/ha), high in available P (28.5 kg/ha) and medium in available K (240 kg/ha). The experiment comprising of twelve treatment combinations viz; three main plots (farmyard manure at 0, 12.5 and 25 t/ha) and four nitrogen levels in sub plots (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha) was laid out in split plot design with four replications. Green fodder yield of 369 q/ha was obtained with the application of 25 t of farm yard manure per hectare which was significantly higher than 344 and 293 q/ha with 12.5 t/ha and control plots, respectively. Dry matter yield, plant height, LAI and leaf stem ratio obtained with F25 and F12.5 were significantly higher than control, but statistically at par with one another. Quality parameters such as moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, IVDMD and ash content also improved by F25 over F12.5 and control. Application of F25 produced fodder with highest micronutrient content and improved the available nitrogen in the soil after harvest, over lower levels. Nitrogen at 120 kg/ha gave significantly higher green fodder yield (406.28 q/ha) over lower levels. Dry matter yield, plant height, LAI and leaf stem ratio increased with increasing levels of nitrogen. Quality parameters such as moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, ash content and IVDMD improved with increasing level on nitrogen up to the highest level (N120). Micronutrient content of the crop though decreased with increasing nitrogen levels, but the micronutrient yield increased. Though dry matter yield obtained with the application of nitrogen at 120 kg/ha alone but significantly higher than all the FYM levels without N, but poor in quality. Application of 80 kg N/ha in conjunction with F12.5 produced equivalent green fodder with 120 kg N/ha alone but better in quality. Crude protein yield, TDN and micronutrients yield was also observed to be higher with higher quantity of FYM and nitrogen levels.
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EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS AND NITROGEN LEVELS ON THE SEED PRODUCTION OF FODDER MAIZE
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Jassal, Rupinder Kaur
A field study on “Effect of planting methods and nitrogen levels on the seed production of fodder maize” was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2012. Three planting methods viz. zero tillage, conventional tillage and bed planting methods and four nitrogen levels viz. 0, 100, 125 and 150 kg N/ha were evaluated in strip plot design with three replications keeping planting methods in vertical strips and four nitrogen levels in horizontal strips. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam, normal in respect to pH and EC, organic carbon and medium in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The results revealed that grain yield showed non-significant effect with different planting methods. This was due to same plant height, leaves per plant, dry matter accumulation, leaf area, leaf area index and also same yield attributing characters such as number of cobs per plant, cob length, cob girth, number of grains per plant and 1000- grain weight. Application of 150 kg N/ha produced highest yield of 63.3 q/ha which was 16.3, 28.4 and 66.8 per cent higher than grain yield recorded with 125, 100 and 0 kg N/ha respectively. The grain yield increased significantly up to 150 kg N/ha, due to higher number of cobs per plant, cob length, cob girth, number of grains per cob and 1000- grain weight. The grain yield was maximum under bed planted crop (57.9 q/ha) when 100 kg N/ha was applied and it was at par with 125 but significantly higher than 150 kg N/ha. Maize sown with conventional and zero tillage method gave the higher grain yield (70.4 and 69.5 q/ha) with the application of 150 kg N/ha, which was significantly superior to the 125, 100 and 0 kg N/ha. However in case of stover yield, bed planted method recorded highest yield at 150 kg N/ha, which was at par with 125, 100 kg N/ha, conventional tillage at 125 and 150 kg N/ha and also zero tillage method at 125 and 150 kg N/ha. This showed that planting fodder maize with zero tillage can produced more yield by skipping the tillage operation at the time of planting.
Open Access
“Variability in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivars for response to phosphorus
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Chouksey, Haridarshan; Sardana, Virender
Field investigation entitled “Variability in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivars for response to phosphorus” was carried out during rabi 2012-13 at research farm of Oilseeds Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Soil of the experimental field was loamy sand in texture, neutral in reaction (pH 7.8), free from salts (EC 0.10 dS/m), low in organic carbon (0.37%), nitrogen (245 kg/ha), Olsen’s available phosphorus (11.7 kg/ha) and rich in potassium (165 kg/ha). The study comprised 42 treatments with three doses of phosphorus (0, 15 and 30 kg P2O5/ha) in the main plots and fourteen cultivars (RLC 1, PBR 210, PBR 91, RLM 619, RL 1359, PBR 357, ELM 123, NRCDR 2, NRCHB 601, Pusa Bold, Varuna, MLM 19, NPJ 79 and PLM 2) in the sub plots. Treatments were replicated thrice as per split plot design of experimentation. The study revealed that application of 15 kg P2O5/ha of significantly increased main shoot length, number of siliquae on main shoot and phosphorus concentration up to 120 DAS whereas application of 30 kg/ha of P2O5 significantly increased plant height, DM accumulation at maturity, LAI, PAR interception, number of siliquae per plant, seeds per siliqua, 1000 seed weight, oil content, phosphorus uptake of stover and total phosphorus uptake. Increase in seed yield (1723 kg/ha), stover yield (6269 kg/ha), oil yield (674 kg/ha) and protein yield (313 kg/ha) with application of 15 kg/ha of P2O5 over control (1607 kg/ha, 5712 kg/ha, 625 kg/ha and 291 kg/ha, respectively) was significant whereas such increase with further increase in dose of phosphorus to 30 kg/ha of P2O5 (1766 kg/ha, 6576 kg/ha, 695 kg/ha and 317 kg/ha, respectively) was inconspicuous. Application of phosphorus resulted in consistent reduction in erucic acid content of oil whereas, glucosinolate content of seed meal remained unaffected with increasing dose of phosphorus. Among test cultivars, NRCHB 601 performed markedly better than all other cultivars for growth parameters, yield attributes, yield and concentration and uptake of phosphorus. Seed yield (1907 kg/ha) and oil yield (755 kg/ha) of NRCHB 601 increased by 6.3 to 30.4 per cent and 6.5 to 30.4 per cent, respectively over rest of cultivars. Cultivars RLC 1 and ELM 123 registered considerably lower erucic acid content (1.3 and 1.7 %, respectively) in oil as compared to rest of the cultivars.
Open Access
GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max L. Merrill) AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC, INORGANIC AND BIO-FERTILIZERS
(2012) Simranjit Singh
A field experiment entitled, "Growth, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) as influenced by organic, inorganic and bio-fertilizers" was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Kharif 2011. The soil of experimental site was loamy sand in texture having pH 7.3, low organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and medium in available potassium. The experiment included five nitrogen management treatments as main plots comprising control, recommended nitrogen (31.25kg N/ha), recommended nitrogen with Rhizobium, recommended nitrogen with FYM (10 tonnes/ha) and recommended nitrogen with FYM and Rhizobium, while four phosphorus management treatments were kept in sub plots comprising control, recommended phosphorus (60 kg P2O5/ha), 75 per cent recommended phosphorus (45 kg P2O5/ha) with phosphate solubilizing bacteria and 50 per cent recommended phosphorus (30 kg P2O5/ha) with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria. The experiment was laid in split plot design with three replications. Application of recommended nitrogen (31.25 kg N/ha) along with FYM and Rhizobium resulted in significantly higher seed yield of 21.4 q/ha but was statistically at par with treatments where nitrogen was applied along with either Rhizobium (19.6 q/ha) or FYM (19.2 q/ha). Among phosphorus management treatments, application of recommended phosphorus (60 kg P2O5/ha) recorded highest seed yield (20.5 q/ha) which was statistically at par with application of 75 per cent recommended phosphorus along with application phosphate solubilizing bacteria (20.1 q/ha), thereby resulting in 25 per cent saving of phosphorus. The nitrogen and phosphorus management treatments utilized higher amount of nitrogen and phosphorus recorded higher nodule count and weight, better growth (plant height, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index) and yield attributes (pods/plant) which was reflected in higher seed yield. The combined use of organic, inorganic and bio-fertilizers increased the microbial count and nutrient status of the soil. However, quality parameters like oil and protein content in seed were not affected significantly by any of nitrogen and phosphorus treatments. Interaction among different nitrogen and phosphorus treatments was also found to be significant for seed yield. Combination of recommended nitrogen along with Rhizobium and FYM and recommended phosphorus resulted in higher seed yield but remained statistically at par with application of recommended nitrogen with FYM, Rhizobium and 75 per cent recommended phosphorus along with phosphate solubilizing bacteria.

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