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ThesisItem Restricted Effect of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on export performance of basmati rice from India(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Arshdeep Singh; Dr Manjeet KaurDue to changes in food safety standards of major importing countries of basmati rice, India has faced challenges in export of basmati rice due to detection of pesticide residue. The present study was carried out to examine the export performance, impact of SPS measures on basmati rice export from India and awareness among farmers regarding recommended pesticides use. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. To analyse the export performance and direction of trade, secondary data were collected from APEDA, RASFF Portal, etc. for the period 1990-91 to 2022-23. Primary data were collected from 160 basmati rice producers selected randomly from Amritsar and Sri Muktsar Sahib districts for the year 2022-23. Three basmati rice exporters were also interviewed to study the problems in basmati rice export due to pesticide residue. Descriptive analysis, compound annual growth rate, instability index and Markov chain analysis were employed to achieve the objectives. It was observed that basmati rice export showed an overall increasing trend in both quantity (10.5%) and value terms (16.2%). Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, UAE, Yemen, USA, Kuwait and UK remained the top importing nations of Indian basmati rice during the study period. Saudi Arabia and UAE were found to be highly stable markets, as indicated by the retention probabilities of their previous shares. Since 2018, European Union rejected number of consignments of Indian basmati rice due to presence of high residue level of agrochemicals than their prescribed limits. Among 10 banned pesticides (for basmati rice cultivation), thiamethoxam was found to be highly used by farmers (52%). Company personnel (33%) and pesticide dealers (31%) were the major sources of information to selected farmers for application of pesticides. Exporters faced problems of pesticide residue in basmati rice export, and they suggested that government should create awareness among farmers regarding safe use of pesticides for basmati rice cultivation.ThesisItem Embargo Supply chain analysis of potato in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Jobanpreet Singh; Mavi, Harsimranjeet KaurThe present study was carried out to analyse the supply chain of potato in Punjab. To fulfil the objectives of the study, primary data has collected from 80 potato growers from three districts of the state. Apart from this, the study has also covered 35 marketing intermediaries to examine the cost and return from the different potato supply chains. The study has also collected the data regarding the problems faced by them on the basis of these problems, the study has suggested some policy implications which might be useful for the income enhancement of farmers. The study has identified the five supply chains for table potato, four supply chains of seed potato and three emerging channels of potato referred hereafter as TPSCs, SPSCs and ESCPs. In case of table potato supply chains, the producer's share in consumers rupee was maximum (78.89%) in TPSC-II (Producer →Commission Agent →Consumer) and lowest (53.36%) in TPSC-V (Producer→ Trader →Wholesaler→ Retailer→ Consumer). TPSC-II is found to be most efficient with magnitude of marketing efficiency at 3.74. The degree of value addition was the highest in TPSC-V, the difference in value addition was due to the difference in the number of intermediaries involved in this supply chain. In case of seed potato, the producer's sale price was the highest in case of SPSC-II (Rs 2147.56/q) and the lowest in case of SPSC-I (Rs 1335.60/q). The total marketing cost was the highest in SPSC-III (Rs 518.26/q) and the lowest was reported for SPSC-II (Rs 352.44/q), the reason being the less involvement of intermediaries in this supply chain. The producer’s share in consumer rupee was observed to be the highest for SPSC-II and the lowest for SPSC-III. As far as the producers share in consumer rupee from ESCP is concerned, it was observed that the share was 81 per cent in ESCP-I, 90 per cent in both ESCP-II and ESCP-III. Among all the problems, the major problems faced by farmers were high price fluctuation, problem in timely getting payment and lack of cooperative system in the village. From market intermediaries’ point of view, the major problems were lack of quality produce and lack of transportation facilities during the peak season. The study pointed out the role of awareness generation, price incentives and better infrastructure facilities to the potato growers for encouraging them to emerging potato supply chains that could enhance the farmers returns. It also focuses on capacity building for quality production and the encouragement of processors as well as FPOs to boost the potato production and procurement. The expansion of potato cultivation and better integration of the farmers with emerging supply chains will contribute towards sustainable crop diversification in Punjab.ThesisItem Embargo Regional variation of drought and its impact on agriculture in northwest India(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Tusoing Alphonse Houmai H; Priscilla, LaishramThe study has investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of meteorological drought, and its impact on the yield of major crops (rice, wheat and maize) in Punjab and Haryana and also forecasted the trend and pattern of such drought. Monthly gridded datasets (1966-2017) on rainfall and temperature were used. Drought indices, i.e., Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), at 1, 5, and 12 months time-scale were constructed. Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope analysis was employed to study the temporal and spatial trends in rainfall, temperature, and drought. The crop yield data were detrended and transformed into Standardized Yield Residuals Series (SYRS). In Punjab, a decreasing significant trend was reported in Gurdaspur district (SPEI-5 October) and in Bathinda and Ferozepur (SPEI-5 March). In Haryana, significant decreasing trends were observed in Ambala, Gurgaon, Karnal (SPEI-5 October), Hisar and Rohtak districts (SPEI 5 March). Positive correlation between SYRS-rice and SPEI-1 June (Amritsar, Bhatinda, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Hisar), SPEI-1 August (Amritsar, Bhatinda, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Patiala Jalandhar, Rupnagar, Ambala), SPEI-5 October (Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, Patiala, Rupnagar, Ambala, and Jind) was observed. Positive correlation between SYRS-wheat and SPEI-1 November (Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana), SPEI-1 February (Amritsar), and SPEI-1 March (Ludhiana), SPEI-5 March (Amritsar and Ludhiana) was reported. No such correlation was established in Haryana. The study found no such effect on maize in Punjab and Haryana. Variation using wavelet-ARIMA can be seen in the pattern and extent of meteorological drought with drought being predicted around the years 2020, 2021, 2023, 2025, and 2029 in Punjab and Haryana. This study will help policymakers and beneficiaries understand the impact of climate change and variability on drought dynamics in Punjab and Haryana, which will help them optimize the use of hydrological resources.ThesisItem Embargo Valuation of Wetland Ecosystem: A Case Study of Harike Wetland, Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Arshdeep Kaur; Guleria, AmitThe present study entitled “Valuation of Wetland Ecosystem: A Case Study of Harike Wetland, Punjab” was conducted to examine the status of wetlands in Punjab vis-à-vis India, identification and valuation of various use and non-use values of ecosystem services of Harike Wetland and to identify the causes of wetland degradation and suggests policy measures during the year 2022-23. A sample of 400 respondents, including local households (100), tourists (100), and non-users (200), was randomly chosen. To estimate the use value of the wetland for local households Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and Tobit regression model was employed revealing that family expenditure, education, and gender significantly influenced the willingness to pay for wetland conservation. The study also estimated the existence value of the wetland using CVM and Tobit regression analysis of non-users' responses. The results showed that family income, education, age, religion, and caste were significant factors affecting the willingness to pay for the wetland's existence value. The recreational value of the wetland for tourists was captured using the Travel Cost Method (TCM) and a Poisson regression model. The findings indicated that as travel costs increased, the visitation rate decreased. Factors such as family income, education, marital status, religion, gender, caste, and family expenditure per month significantly influenced the recreational value. The estimated annual economic value of the wetland, including use (Rs. 26.78 crore), existence (Rs. 29.08 crore), and recreational (Rs. 10.04 crore) values, was calculated to be Rs. 65.90 crore. Furthermore, the study emphasized the need to address the degradation of the wetland caused by excessive weed growth and industrial effluents. Integrated weed control practices and the prohibition of human activities near the wetland are recommended. Employment opportunities and awareness programs are also suggested to promote wildlife preservation and maintain the ecosystem's balance, biodiversity, and protection of endangered species.ThesisItem Restricted Market Integration, Arrival and Price Behaviour of Lemon in Major Producing States in India(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Nayak, Bilavat Swami; Goyal, MiniThe present study analyzed the price behavior and integration of selected lemon markets in India. Major lemon producing states of India viz. Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha were selected based on their share in total production of the country. Six major markets were selected from major producing states i.e. Tenali (Andhra Pradesh), Pune (Maharashtra), Surat (Gujrat), Attabira (Odisha), Udipi (Karnataka) and Lashkar (Madhya Pradesh). Data on area, production and productivity of lemon were taken from INDIASTAT. To achieve the objectives, various statistical tools like CAGR, Decomposition analysis, Coefficient of Variation, Seasonal Indices, Johansen Methodology, Granger Causality test, Vector Error Correction Model etc. were employed to analyze the data. The analysis indicated that area and production of lemon was consistently increasing significantly in major lemon producing states of India over the last two decades. The change both in area and productivity contributed towards the change in production of lemon. Trend analysis of prices revealed a significant positive trend in the selected markets of lemon. Significant seasonality with inverse relationship has been observed in arrivals and prices of lemon. All the selected markets were found to be integrated and exhibited long-run relationship with each other. Tenali market was found to be a key market as it was influencing the prices of other selected markets of the country. In order to fully integrate the market prices, study suggests for policy interventions in the form of strengthening of market intelligence services along with improvements in market infrastructure including storage, transportation and other physical facilities.ThesisItem Restricted Impact of National Rural Livelihood Mission on rural households in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Sukhvir Singh; Sanjay KumarThe present study aimed to investigate the functioning and assess the impact of the National Rural Livelihood Mission on rural households in Punjab state. The study's methodology focused on Self Help Groups (SHGs) and their Federations formed under NRLM in Punjab. Two Cluster Level Federations (CLFs) were randomly sampled, and from each CLF, two Village Level Organizations (VLOs) were selected. Within each VLO, five Self Help Groups (SHGs) were chosen, and out of these, five members each were selected making a total sample of 80 households. The reference year of the study was 2022-23. The study's results showed that Cluster Level Federations (CLFs) and Village Level Organizations (VLOs) play a pivotal role in mobilizing households into Self Help Groups (SHGs) under NRLM. These intermediaries facilitate access to credit, provide training programs, and nurture an environment conducive to entrepreneurship. Training initiatives cater to diverse needs, leading to skill development, attitudinal shifts, and socio-economic empowerment. Moreover, SHG engagement induces significant positive changes in income, savings behaviour, asset ownership, and spending patterns. Employment opportunities expand notably, and formal borrowing practices evolve, reflecting improved financial dynamics. Participation in SHGs initiates transformative outcomes, elevating members to higher income brackets and decreasing the proportion of those without income from 40.00 per cent to 25.00 per cent. Notably, 81.25 per cent adopt regular savings, increasing average savings per member from Rs. 525 to Rs. 1920. Material asset ownership advances, including house ownership (11.76% rise), television ownership (12.50% increase), and motorcycle ownership (31.37% surge). Diverse economic engagements expand, e.g., dairy activities grow from 28.75 per cent to 35.00 per cent. Non-farm sector employment surges by 197.89 per cent, leading to 73.71 per cent overall man-day increase. Spending behaviours shifted post-SHG engagement, with increased allocations for essential items like food grains (22.75%), fuel (46.88%), clothing (38.84%), and medical expenses (58.87%), enhancing financial well-being. Major challenges faced in implementation includes inadequate financing and infrastructure, limited market access, insufficient localized training, and family cooperation gaps. The study underscores government scheme convergence, customized training, enhanced financial empowerment, market access, and localized interventions fostering community empowerment and sustainable livelihoods. Tailored approaches and collaboration ensure enduring positive impacts, promoting holistic development and economic inclusivity.ThesisItem Embargo Value chain analysis of broilers in Ludhiana district of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Chahal, Amarjot Singh; Parminder KaurThe present study was conducted to (1) map the broiler value chains and identification of value chain actors, (2) analyze the value creation and economic performance of identified value chains and (3) examine the constraints related to COVID-19 broiler production and marketing constraints within the selected value chains and suggest interventions to overcome the constraints The primary data were collected for the year 2021-22 from 40 contract and non-contract broiler farmers comprised of 15 small, 11 medium and 14 large farmers of Ludhiana district of Punjab. From value chain mapping, three and five marketing value chains in contract farms and non-contract farms respectively along with value chain actors were identified. The average number of birds per annum on contract and non-contract farms were 36689.15 and 50388.14 respectively. The results related to value creation and economic performance of identified value chain brought out that on non-contract farms overall net returns per farm (Rs 15.56 lakh) and per bird (Rs 30.88) were higher than that of the net returns per farm (Rs 4.57 lakh) and per bird (Rs 12.48) of contract farms as the contract farmers got growing charges as per live weight which was pre-determined in contract agreement. There was cap/limitation in income under contract farming while non-contract farmers received the prevailing market price for their output. As the company provided inputs and purchased the output, contract farmers had to rear the birds and face less risk. The results, further, revealed that in contract marketing value chain-II (Contracting company- Company Wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer) the marketing efficiency was estimated higher (1.08) while in non-contract marketing value chain-IV (Producer-Retailer-Consumer) the marketing efficiency value was found higher (1.35). In comparison to other value chain actors in both contract and non-contract marketing value chains, maximum value was added by restaurants and roadside stalls. The producers can also get more profits by adding more value to broilers by making nutritional manipulations in feed. Despite the COVID-19 related problems viz non-availability of feed, exploitation by companies, lack of demand, heavy losses, high labour cost, free sale of birds and culling of birds, other production and marketing problems faced by value chain actors i.e., producers were high rent, underutilization of shed, malpractices by company, partial lifting of flock, high rate of penalty, expensive medicines and volatility in price of chicks and exploitation by traders. The problems of intermediaries in marketing of broilers were high transportation cost, fluctuation in demand, delay in payments, competition in market exploitation by administration etc. and overcoming these constraints is critical for growth of broiler industry in the state.ThesisItem Restricted Study on resource use planning for sustainability of Punjab agriculture(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Esar, Bashir Ahmad; Sachdeva, JatinderThe use of natural resources in Punjab agriculture, especially irrigation water is facing a crisis. A proper and sustainable plan is needed for their optimal use. Therefore, the current study has been conducted to develop alternative crop plans by incorporating technologies such as wheat sown using happy seeder (HS), direct-seeding of rice (DSR), and short-duration varieties (SDVs) of paddy. The technique of linear programming has been used to develop the optimum plans using data collected under the “Comprehensive scheme for studying the cost of cultivation of principal crops in Punjab” pertaining to the year 2018-19. The results revealed that for optimum utilization of available resources and maximizing the returns, the area under paddy, guar, and potato crops need to be reduced while the area under maize, basmati, sugarcane, cotton, moong, barley, sunflower, and peas need to be increased. By adopting the optimal plans developed with existing resource use and technologies of (HS, DSR, and SDVs) the returns can be increased by 2.52 to 8.63 per cent, along with saving in irrigation water use ranging from 4.65 to 4.96 per cent. Similarly, by adopting the optimal plans with irrigation water use restricted to 90% of its current level will increase returns by 1.6 to 9%. The optimal plans will help in increasing the use of underutilized human labour, and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers presently having much higher use than the recommended levels and reducing the cost of cultivation along with a positive impact on environment. For the optimum plans with irrigation water use restricted to 80 per cent although the returns will decline but the government may compensate the farmers for their losses from the savings on providing subsidies to supply free electricity to the farmers for extracting groundwater to irrigate their fields. Further, the subsidy money saved can be utilized to develop agricultural infrastructure and offering competitive prices for less irrigation water-requiring crops along with saving precious irrigation water to stop the downward movement of ground water level.ThesisItem Embargo Socio-economic changes and its determinants: A village study of Potsangbam in Manipur, India(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Oinam Krishnadas Singh; Kamal VattaThe present study examined the socio-economic changes and their determinants in a village economy. It also explored the future pathways of village economic development by reviewing and comparing the difference with other villages. The study pertained to the Potsangbam village in Manipur, India. The village was selected because it was already studied through a complete census in 1964 and 1971 by Agro-Economic Research Centre (AERC) for North-East. These earlier studies provided a base for a comprehensive analysis of change in the village economy over time. A complete village census was conducted in 2020 through personal interviews to collect data on various socio-economic parameters of all the village households. Focused group discussions and meetings with key village personnel were also conducted to collect qualitative data on multiple aspects of the study. The study analyzed changes in the village economy during the last five decades (1971 to 2020) in terms of population growth, household composition, education levels, workforce participation, occupational structure, landholding patterns, cropping pattern, income distribution, and expenditure patterns. The village underwent a significant transformation as the livelihood shifted from sustenance-based farming and allied activities to diversified non-farm activities. The rise in education, technological advancement, and improvement in non-farm employment opportunities have facilitated the village transformation and have led to rising incomes and living standards. New challenges, such as faster land fragmentation, environmental degradation, and growing income inequality, are emerging in the village economy. Technological improvements in agriculture, sustainable resource use, improvement in education, generation of employment in the non-farm sector, and policies targeted at the marginalized sections will contribute significantly to the village prosperity, alleviate poverty and reduce inequality.
