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ArticleItem Open Access “STUDIES ON PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF SHIITAKE MUSHROOM (Lentinula edodes)”(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2022-07) SAURABH SAINIABSTRACT Name: Saurabh Saini Id. No: 3539 Batch: 2020-2021 Degree: M.Sc. (Ag.) Plant Pathology Major: Plant pathology Department: Plant pathology Advisor: Dr. Gopal Singh Thesis title: “Studies on production technology of Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes)”. Mushrooms are delicious, nutritionally rich, medicinally important and non-conventional sources of human food. Shiitake mushroom is regarded as “elixir of life’’ in both Japan and China. Shiitake mushroom contain chemical components like Lentinan, Lentin, Lentithionine and Eritadiene that boost the immune system, reduce cholesterol level, improve heart health, and treat cancer. The present investigations were carried out on “Studies on production technology of Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes).The results of present investigations on Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) on two strains (Le-2101 and Le-2106) showed that the circular shape, granular, concentric ring and cottony appearance of colony, entire type margin, raised type elevation and mycelium growth pattern was early white, normal brown and inferior yellow to partial brown at latter. The fruiting body had white and soft flesh and was convex in shape with inward rolling of margin when fruiting body is young but it become rough and depressed and margins get upward with age. Regarding the different inorganic additives, maximum mycelial growth was seen in magnesium sulphate @ 2 % in both the strains (Le-2101 and Le-2106). The dry mycelial weight of both the strains was maximum in magnesium sulphate @ 2 %. In spawn production regarding different inorganic additives, maximum spawn growth was seen in wheat + magnesium sulphate @ 2 % in both strains (Le-2101 and Le-2106). In case of different carbon sources, maximum spawn growth was seen in wheat + glucose @ 3% in both strains (Le-2101 and Le-2106). Regarding the different inorganic additives, maximum sporophore production was seen in wheat straw + magnesium sulphate @ 2 % in both strains (Le-2101 and Le-2106). Dr. Gopal Singh Saurabh Saini (Advisor) (Author)ArticleItem Open Access STUDIES ON INSECT PEST DYNAMICS OF CABBAGE AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF DIAMONDBACK MOTH, Plutella xylostella (Linn.)(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2023-09) CHANDRA KANT; Dr. D.V. SinghAbstract Name: Chandra Kant Id. No : PG/A-2216/20 Major: Entomology Minor : Plant Pathology Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Department : Entomology Thesis title: Studies on insect-pest dynamics of cabbage and management strategies of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linn.) The present investigation entitled ‘Studies on insect-pest dynamics of cabbage and management strategies of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linn.)’ was carried out on cabbage variety ‘Golden Acre’ during Rabi, 2021-22 and 2022-23. At Crop Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture, Meerut (UP). The data were recorded on five randomly selected plants once in a standard week. The insect pest including natural enemies on cabbage, six orders (Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Arachnida) were identified during field monitoring. Diamondback moth population reached up to maximum level of 9.67 and 9.33 larvae/five plant during 3rd week of January during Rabi 2021 and 4th week of January in Rabi 2022. The P. xylostella was active throughout the year with a varying degree of infestation. When the data of both the years were pooled all the treatments were found effective and significantly superior over untreated control. Spinosad 2.50% SC @600 ml/ha was the most effective insecticide against P. xylostella with (1.33 larvae per five plant) followed by Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG @200 g/ha, Diafenthiuron 50% WP 600 g/ha, Bacillus thuringiensis @1000 g/ha, Beauveria bassiana @1500 ml/ha, Metarhizium anisopiliae @2000 g/ha and Nimbecidine 0.03%@2500 ml/ha with 2.00, 2.67, 3.67, 4.50, 5.00 and 5.83 P. xylostella larvae per five plants respectively. Maximum diamondback moth larvae (8.00/five plant) were recorded in untreated control. All the treatments reduce the natural enemy’s population as compared to control. Among all the treatments, Nimbecidine 0.03%@2500 was found most safe with maximum pool mean number of C. septempunctata (3.33) and Spider (2.67) adult/five plant followed by Metarhizium anisopiliae followed by Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis, Diafenthiuron 50% WP, Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG and Spinosad 2.50% SC with (2.83, 2.33, 2.00, 1.17, 0.83 and 0.33 adult C. septempunctata per five plant and 2.33, 2.00, 1.50, 0.83, 0.33 and 0.17) adult spider per five plants respectively. All the chemical insecticides prove less safe to the natural enemies. Whereas maximum adult population of C. septempunctata and Spider was recorded from untreated control with (4.00 and 3.83 adult per five plant). When the data of both the year were pooled and found all the treatments were found again effective and significantly superior over untreated control. The highest incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR) was recorded in Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG i.e., 1:10.57 which was comparatively superior over all treatments as sprayed on standing crop. The mean yield of cabbage was recorded from this treatment i.e., 176.67 q/ha and net profit obtained from the increased yield was 21033.33 Rs/ha., followed by Spinosad 2.50%SC 1:6.42 that produced mean yield of cabbage i.e., 186.33 q/ha, Diafenthiuron 50% WP, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopiliae, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, Nimbecidine 0.03% ICB ratio with 5.79, 6.21, 4.59, 2.56 and 1.77 respectively, mean yield with 173.50, 160.00, 158.50 and 156 q/ha. respectively. All treatments were superior over untreated control. The lowest cabbage yield 145.00 q/ha was observed in the untreated control. D. V. Singh Chandra Kant (Advisor) (Author)ArticleItem Open Access STUDIES ON HOST PREFERENCE, VARIETAL RESISTANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) IN PIGEON PEA, Cajanus cajan (Linn.)(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2023-09) Dhruv Singh; Dr. D.V. SinghABSTRACT Name: Dhruv Singh Id. No.: PG/A-5395/20 Degree: Ph.D. Major: Entomology College: College of Agriculture Minor: Plant Pathology Advisor: Dr. D.V. Singh Thesis title: ‘Studies on host preference, varietal resistance and management of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) in pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (Linn.)’ Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is considered as one of the most important legumes in the Indian subcontinent not just in terms of production but also providing a promising nutrition security to large chunk of population, the pulse however faces issues regarding pest infestations that are not just limited to storage but also field attacks rendering the grains unsuitable for human consumption as well as causing loss of monetary value to the grain, One such notorious pest damaging pigeon pea in significantly high amounts is Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.).In this study we have examined the infestation of C. maculatus in the field of pigeon pea during harvesting and threshing phases of crop as well as a combined infestation that takes place in the field and storehouse. To examine the pest host preference eight assorted pulse grains at controlled temperature and humidity conditions were subjected to pest attack and examined in terms of oviposition, pest survival and seed damaged. Fifteen different varieties of pigeon pea popular among the farmers of Western U.P. were chosen to examine their resistance against C. maculatus regarding adult survival, oviposition and seed damaged. The studies based on identification of parasites of C. maculatus in storehouse of S.V.P.U.A & T University, Meerut was also carried out, calculating frequency of these parasites on monthly basis. Also, eight different oils, edible and non-edible at varying concentrations were smeared on the pigeon pea grains to examine their efficiency as a management practice against test insect. The study suggests that, maximum amount of damage and oviposition is incurred to the pigeon pea grains in both field as well as storage conditions combined, and minimum in the grains subjected to pest damage solely in field. In host preference, the maximum oviposition was recorded on soyabean grains and maximum adult survival and seed damage was recorded on pigeon pea, lentil remained totally unharmed by the beetle in terms of adult survival and seed damage, registering least oviposition. The most favorable condition for pest buildup was concluded as 30℃ temperature and 70 per cent humidity. Among the pigeon pea varieties maximum oviposition was registered by BSMR-146 (42.88) followed by BSMR-198 (41.17) Maximum survival percentage was recorded on BSMR-198 (60.12) per cent and maximum seed damage incurred in BSMR-198(79.00) per cent. Two parasitoids of beetles Dinarmus basalis and Triaspis sp. were recorded most frequently in higher humidity conditions, parasitizing the larvae of C. maculatus as ecto and endo parasitoids respectively. Among oils neem and mahua oil provided best management efficacy among all oils considered under study and one ml concentration of oil smeared on the grain surface promised the highest pest management even after 3 months of grain storage. (D.V. Singh) (Dhruv Singh) Advisor AuthorArticleItem Open Access “DE NOVO ASSEMBLY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENT INSECT TRANSCRIPTOMES AGAINST Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) THROUGH NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING”(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2023-07-25) MALYAJ R PRAJAPATIAgricultural pests Hellula undalish and Helicoverpa armigera are significant threats to a wide array of crops, causing substantial damage to agricultural yields. The use of entomopathogenic fungi has emerged as a promising biocontrol approach against these pests, with Metarhizium anisopliae showing remarkable potential as a natural insect pathogen. In this study, the aim was to investigate the transcriptomic responses of H. undalis and H. armigera to Metarhizium anisopliae treatment using high-throughput sequencing and advanced assembly techniques. By analyzing the transcriptome, it aimed to identify key immune-related genes and pathways associated with the host response to the fungal pathogen. To achieve this, H. undalis and H. armigera were collected and exposed to Metarhizium anisopliae and compared them with non-treated control. Total RNA was extracted from the treated and non-treated insect samples and cDNA libraries were constructed. Subsequently, the libraries were sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq6000 platform, generating a substantial number of raw reads for both treated and non-treated conditions. Before analysis, the raw reads underwent quality control and filtering to ensure data accuracy and reliability. The processed reads were then subjected to de novo assembly, where overlapping reads were assembled into contigs. This assembly process resulted in a comprehensive representation of the transcriptomes for both H. undalis and H. armigera under different conditions. To functionally annotate the transcriptomes, the assembled contigs were compared to known sequences in the NCBI-NR database, allowing us to identify homologous genes and assign putative functions. Additionally, Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) database, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database were utilized to categorize the identified genes based on their molecular functions, biological processes, and involvement in metabolic pathways. The functional annotation revealed significant similarities between the identified sequences and those from various insect species, providing valuable insights into the functional genes shared among insects. Notably, our analysis identified a set of immune-related genes in H. undalis and H. armigera, including those associated with the Toll and IMD signaling pathways. These pathways play crucial roles in the insect's immune response against fungal pathogens. Moreover, significant upregulation of genes involved in the Toll and IMD pathways were observed in response to Metarhizium anisopliae treatment, suggesting a heightened immune response against the fungal pathogen. These finding provides essential information on the host-pathogen interaction dynamics and immune modulation in both insects under entomopathogenic fungi treatment. In conclusion, this study provides first transcriptomic profiles of H. undalis worldwide and H. armigera in India. Furthermore, it also presents the first transcriptomic profile under Metarhizium anisopliae treatment. The identification and functional annotation of immune-related genes, particularly those involved in the Toll and IMD signaling pathways, provide valuable insights into the defense mechanisms of these agricultural pests against entomopathogenic fungi. This knowledge opens new avenues for future research on pest management strategies and immune modulation, contributing to sustainable and effective agricultural practices.
