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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BIO-INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT OF SHOOT AND FRUIT BORER, Earias vittella (FAB.) IN OKRA, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) MOENCH(Sardar Vallabhbhi Patel Universiy of Agriculture And Technology Meerut (U.P.), 2008) LOK NATH; C.S. Prasad; S.K. Sachan, Gopal Singh,Gaje SinghOkra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is an annual malvaceous vegetable crop, specially grown in tropical and subtropical climates. Its green fruits are very nutritious and used as green vegetable in human diet. Its addition enhance the taste and quality of food. Among, insect pests is one of the major yield reducing prime factor inflicting qualitative and quantitative production losses. Its natural infestation on okra lead to damage account for nearly 45% in Karnataka (Srinivasan and Krishnakumar, 1983), 22.5% in Uttar Pradesh (Verma et al., 1985), 25.9% to 40.9% in Madhya Pradesh (Dhamdhere et al., 1985) and 54.0% in Rajasthan (Choudhary and Dadheech, 1989). Keeping facts in view the investigation was conducted for two years (2005 and 2006) in field at Crop Research Centre and in Bio control Laboratory, S.V.B.P. Uni. of Agric. & Tech. Meerut during kharif season. Work out the economic threshold level (ETL) and eco-friendly management of Earias vitella Fab. in okra (var. “Arka Anamika) for Wester UP. These experiments were separately conducted in R B D with plot size of 5 X 4m. Similerly, lab experiment was laid out in C R D with eleven treatments replicated thrice. The ETL having seven and management having ten treatments. The arthropods fauna and picking optimization data were also recorded. A total of 33 arthropod species were recorded during the entire crop season. Among these, six species were major and fifteen of minor importance. Three species of ladybird beetle, three species of predatory spiders and one species of each of preying mantis, dragonfly, Apanteles and green lace wing bug were recorded as natural enemies of different okra pests. Honey bees (Apis sp.) were recorded collecting pollen and nectars from the okra flowers and black ant (Camponotus sp.) feeding on honey dew secreted by aphid, cow bugs and hoppers. Correlation study indicated that abiotic parameters have influencing role on the fluctuation of population of pest viz., jassid, whitefly, mite, helicoverpa, leaf roller and shoot and fruit borer on okra during study period. Moreover, population of these pests increases at a lower level of abitic parameters; it also favours the multiplication of these pests under present investigation. Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.01% was found more toxic against 3rd instar larvae of E. vittella and started larval mortality earlier. However, bio-pesticidal treatments were also found toxic but, initiation of larval mortality was delayed. Five per cent shoot/fruit damage was determined as an economic threshold level (ETL) of E. vittella on okra. Four days picking interval was found more suitable produces more yield and minimum fruit damage. Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.015% was found most effective in reducing E. vittella shoot/fruit damage followed by cypermethrin 10 EC @ 0.016% and Btk @ 1 kg/ha. Maximum cost benefit ratio was given by cypermethrin 10 EC @ 0.016%, while NSKE @ 5% gave negative monitory returns.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON RIPENING BEHAVIOUR AND POST-HARVEST QUALITY OF MANGO CV. AMRAPALI(Sardar Vallabhbhi Patel Universiy of Agriculture And Technology Meerut (U.P.), 2007) Singh, Pankaj; Manoj Kumar Singh; P.L. Saroj, S.P. Singh,Satya PrakashAn attempt has been made during the year 2006 at Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut-250 110 to study the effect of different physico-chemical treatments on ripening behaviour and post-harvest quality of mango cv. Amrapali with a view to improve post-harvest quality and shelf-life of mango fruits. Ethrel 750 ppm treated fruits showed the better results followed by Ethrel 500 ppm. The pedicellate fruits and Ethrel + Bavistin (750+1000 ppm) were also found to be significantly superior treatments over the control in respect of storage quality and shelf-life. Based on results obtained in the present study, it can be concluded that Ethrel 750 ppm was found to be the most appropriate treatment in mango cv. Amrapali on account of better physico-chemical traits. Therefore, Ethrel 750 ppm can be adopted with great success in mango cv. Amrapali for improving ripening, storage, quality and shelf-life on commercial scale.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES IN GUAVA (Psidium guajava L.) UNDER WESTERN U.P. CONDITIONS(Sardar Vallabhbhi Patel Universiy of Agriculture And Technology Meerut (U.P.), 2007) Kumar, Mohit; Satya Prakash; P.L.Saroj, Manoj Kumar SinghAn attempt has been made during the year 2006-07 at Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut-250 110 to study the effect of time and method of vegetative propagation, namely, patch budding and wedge grafting on bud/graft success and quality parameters with a view to determine the appropriate time and suitable method of vegetative propagation in guava under Western U.P. conditions. Patch budded plants took minimum time to sprout and showed maximum sprouting when it was performed in May followed by June. The same technique was also found to be significantly superior to wedge grafting on account of higher success. Based on results obtained in the present study, it can be concluded that patch budding performed during May was found to be the most appropriate propagation technique in guava on account of higher success under sub-tropical conditions of Western Uttar Pradesh. Therefore, the patch budding can be adopted with great success in guava for propagating plants on commercial scale in Western Uttar Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND ITS CONTRIBUTING TRAITS IN FORAGE SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)(Sardar Vallabhbhi Patel Universiy of Agriculture And Technology Meerut (U.P.), 2009) Kumar, Navneet; S. K. Singh; S. A. Kerkhi, Pooran Chand,Anil SirohiA line x tester analysis involving 15 lines and 3 testers were carried out for 13 quantitative characters in forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Analysis of varience revealed substantial amount of variability for all the characters, indicating wide spectrum of variation among the genotypes. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance for green fodder yield, stem girth, leaf stem ratio, leaf area and total soluble solids showing the influence of additive gene action on these traits hence, may be useful for effective selection. Higher magnitude of genotypic correlations than the corresponding phnotypic ones, indicating the inherent association the variou traits. Green fodder yield was found to be positive and significantly correlated with leaf breadth, leaves per plant and leaf area. Thus any selection based on these characters will enhance performance and improvement in forage sorghum. Path coefficient analysis exhibited that leaf length, leaf bredth, leaves per plant and leaf area were the most important traits, controlling directly to green fodder yield. Among the lines HC-171, S-199, G-84, Pant chari-3, PC-6, Pant chari-4, ICSV-700, HC-136, S-512 and U.P Chari-2 were appeared as best general combiner for most of the yield contributing characters. Wheras among the testers HC-308 was good general combiners for most of the yield contributing traits. Specific combining ability effect estimates showed a very wide range of variation for most of the characters. Maximum SCA effect in disirable direction for green fodder yield, leaf length, leaves per plant, leaf area, stem girth and total soluble solids by the crosses HC-171 x HC-308, U.P chari-2 x HC-260, G-84 x CPVI-1724, HC-136 x HC-308, Pant chari-4 x HC-260, SPV-1725 x HC-260, S-512 x HC-308, PC-6 x CPVI-1724, Pant chari-4 x CPVI-1724, Pant chari-3 x HC-308, S-199 x HC-260, JHV-14 x HC-308, U.P chari-2 x CPVI-1724, Pant chari-5 x HC-308 and PC-6 x HC-260 respectivly. The crosses SPV-715 x CPVI-1724, SPV-815 x HC-260, CSV-15 x CPVI-1724 and UP chari-2 x HC-260 expressed maximum heterobeltiosis and relative heterosis in desirable direction for forage yield. For most of the majour traits including fodder yield both additive and non additive gene action were of prime importance.ThesisItem Open Access Bio-efficacy of some newer insecticides against yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) and leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) in aromatic rice(Sardar Vallabhbhi Patel Universiy of Agriculture And Technology Meerut (U.P.), 2007) Kumar, Lomash; S. K. Sachan; C.S. Prasad, D.V. Singh,Hem SinghAn investigation was carried out to study the “Bio-efficacy of some newer insecticides against yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) and leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) in aromatic rice” in randomized block design with three replications at Crop Research Centre of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agri. & Tech., Meerut. During the crop season, twelve insect species were found attacking the aromatic rice at different crop growth stages. Of these, yellow stem borer, S. incertulas (Walker) and leaf folder, C. medinalis (Guenee) were recorded as major pests. The incidence of S. incertulas was recorded first on third week of July and reached to its peak (8.66 per cent dead heart) during middle of October when average temperature and relative humidity were 27.75¬¬¬¬0C and 59.47 per cent, respectively. The incidence of C. medinalis was first recorded on second fortnight of July and reached a maximum level at the end of August to start of September when mean temperature and relative humidity were 26.75¬¬¬¬0C and 72.79 per cent, respectively. The incidence of S. incertulas and C. medinalis were negatively correlated with all the weather parameters. Efficacy of different insecticides viz., imidacloprid, triazophos, B. thuringiensis, indoxacarb, endosulfan, spinosad, thiamethoxam, monocrotophos and lambda cyhalothrin tested against S. incertulas and C. medinalis revealed that lambda cyhalothrin @ 25 ml a.i./ha was found most effective treatment in reducing the infestation of both the insects followed by indoxacarb @ 36 ml a.i./ha. The endosulfan @ 700 ml a.i./ha was recorded less effective. Among biopesticides, a new molecule spinosad @ 200 ml a.i./ha was found more effective. The higher yield (44.10 q/ha) and higher cost benefit ratio (14.04) were also obtained from lambda cyhalothrin. Bacillus thuringiensis was found most safer to spider population followed by spinosad at all observational interval.ThesisItem Open Access “TAGGING OF BLAST RESISTANCE GENES IN ORYZA SATIVA USING RAPD AND SCAR MARKERS”(Sardar Vallabhbhi Patel Universiy of Agriculture And Technology Meerut (U.P.), 2007) Anuj Kumar; Sundeep Kumar; M.K. Yadav, Devi Singh,Rajendra KumarRice is the second most important cereal crop of developing countries and a staple food of about 65% world population. Increase threat of rice blast calls for serious efforts to develop resistant rice varieties against this pathogen. In this endeavors, it is important to identify resistant gene (s) with help of markers. Once a gene is tagged with molecular marker, it can be transferred selectively into different genetic backgrounds by marker assisted selection. A slow progress in breeding resistance to blast disease has been observed due to non-availability of reliable markers / traits associated with disease resistance that can be used in marker assisted breeding. For this purpose, hundred and five elite Indian and exotic rice genotypes were evaluated for resistance to blast disease under an induced epiphytotic condition obtained in the field at Meerut (North West Plains Zone, India, 28.99oN and 77.70oE ) in the year 2005-06 and 2006-07. The disease severity (%) and AUDPC was less than 45% and 1000, respectively in all the resistant genotypes, while it was around 85% and higher than 2000 in the case of susceptible genotypes. Substantial variability was present among rice genotypes for resistance to P. oryzae. Genotypes IR-72107-4-159-1-3-3-3, IR-74886-55-2-3-2, PSBRC-80-1, IR-75298-59-3-1-3 and IR-71527-44-1-1 showed considerably less disease severity (%) and AUDPC. Ten RAPD and two SCAR primers were used to identify blast resistant genes. Markers OPA-05, OPF-06, OPF-09, OPF 17, OPG-17, OPG-18, OPG-19, OPH-18, OPK-12, P-265-550 and P-286-350 linked to blast resistance in most of the resistant genotypes, could be considered as potent molecular markers in the selection of blast resistant genotypes. Amplification with RAPD and SCAR primers revealed non-allelic relationship among resistant genotypes and thus, there is good possibility of obtaining enhanced resistance through gene pyramiding.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DEVELOPMENT OF SAFED MUSLI (Chlorophytum borivilianum) AND STEVIA (Stevia rebaudiana) PRODUCTS AND QUALITY EVALUATION DURING STORAGE(Sardar Vallabhbhi Patel Universiy of Agriculture And Technology Meerut (U.P.), 2008) GOYAL, SUNEEL KUMAR; Singh, Samsher; Singh, B.R.;Singh,S. K.; Chauhan,Neelash;VaishaliThe present investigation was undertaken to study the drying characteristics of safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) roots and stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) leaves in tray dryer at 50, 60, 70 & 80oC temperature for safed musli and 50, 55, 60 and 65oC temperature for stevia leaves. Medicinal plants were also dried by sun and shade drying methods. Physico-chemical and microbial quality of safed musli and stevia powder were evaluated during storage. Investigations were also carried out to develop blended herbal beverage and herbal burfi using safed musli and stevia. Powder prepared from safed musli roots (dried at 60oC) and stevia leaves (dried at 65oC) were selected to develop herbal food products. Various quantity of orange juice (80, 85 and 90%, v/v) and stevia extract (10, 13, 16 and 19%, v/v) were selected on the basis of trial runs with 2% safed musli extract in each sample for the development of herbal beverage. Similarly, for the preparation of herbal burfi, different levels of khoa (95, 90 and 85%, w/w) and stevia powder (5, 10 and 15%, w/w) with 2% safed musli powder and other minor ingredients were mixed thoroughly and allowed to set at room temperature (10 - 15oC) for 2 hours. The herbal burfi samples were compared with market burfi. The physico-chemical, microbial and sensory quality attributes of these products were evaluated during storage periods. The data obtained from experiments were statistically analyzed by applying factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with the help of OPSTAT software. The study revealed that safed musli roots and stevia leaves dried by tray, sun and shade drying methods did not follow constant rate period during drying, the entire drying took place under the falling rate period. The highest saponin content (3.811%) was observed in case of samples dried at 60oC. it was noted that the total glycosides (steviol) content of stevia were not affected by the drying methods. The combination of 90% orange juice and 10% stevia extract with 2% of safed musli extract secured highest overall acceptability for herbal beverage. While, less numbers of microbes (1.843x105 cfu/ml) were found, those prepared with highest level of stevia extract (19%) and lowest orange juice (80%) when samples stored upto 180 days at ambient condition. Other physico-chemical qualities of this ratio were found satisfactory. Herbal burfi samples prepared with 90% khoa, 10% stevia powder and 2% safed musli powder ratio was found best. This ratio scored highest overall acceptability. Less microbial growth (2.557x105 cfu/g) was noticed those sample having 85% khoa and 15% stevia powder. Other physico-chemical qualities of this ratio were also found satisfactory. The values of TSS, optical density, acidity and TPC were increased significantly however, the values of pH, total sugars and sensory scores decreased significantly during storage of herbal beverage. The composition of 90% khoa, 10% stevia powder and 2% safed musli powder ratio was found better in comparison to market burfi when evaluated for various qualities parameters. In case of herbal burfi and market burfi the values of optical density, acidity and TPC were increased significantly while, the values of pH, protein content, fat content and sensory scores decreased significantly during 10 days of storageThesisItem Open Access Studies on Influence of Nitrogen and Calcium Nutrition on heat tolerant Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Variety Kufri Surya(Sardar Vallabhbhi Patel Universiy of Agriculture And Technology Meerut (U.P.), 2007) Rawal, Sanjay; Rana, N. S.; Vivek, Dhyani,B. P.,Prakash,SatyaThe potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), which often quoted as the ‘future food’ is the fourth most important crop in world, only after wheat, rice and maize. Presently, India occupies third position in production (25 mt) with average productivity of 17.9 t ha-1 and holds 4th position in terms of area (1.4 m ha) in the world. The state of U. P. and its western part has remained parallel to national trends in progress. The state is most important one and ranks first in area (33 %) and production (40.3 %) of potatoes while holding 4th position in productivity (22.3 t ha-1) in the country (Pandey et al., 2007). Problems with the crop are manifold and envisage strategic approach to achieve the set targets. For poor and insufficient storage infrastructure, major part of the produce is damaged to the tune of 17%. Staggered planting of the crop is thus taken up as an alternate strategy to overcome the issues by cultivating stress tolerant cultivars like 'Kufri Surya' This variety has opened new vistas of potato production under warmer climatic conditions. However, the agro-technology for this pioneer thermo-tolerant hybrid is yet to be fine tuned and among all factors, the N management for productivity and Ca for mitigation of heat stress are of utmost significance. The investigation was conducted at CPRI Campus, Modipuram, Meerut during 2005 and 2006. Soil of the field was sandy loam in texture with neutral reaction, low in organic carbon and N; while medium in available K and high in available P, Ca and S. Sixteen treatments consisting of nitrogen viz. 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1 and calcium viz. 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha-1 levels were tested in factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. The crop was planted on October 5 during 2005 and October 6 during 2006 and raised with recommended production technology for early potatoes except for the treatments. The crop performed better in 2006 over 2005 due to favourable weather and marketable tuber yield improved by 6.2- 22.8% at 60 days in 2006 following similar trend at 75 days. Fresh and dry biomass accumulation per plant enhanced with extended harvest and N level of 180 kg ha-1 at 60 days, while, at 75 days, increase was upto 240 kg N ha-1. Ca level of 80 kg Ca ha-1 also tended to improve biomass marginally. Cell membrane injury in leaf declined drastically by 47.7% and 40.3% with 240 kg Ca ha-1 over control in both the years. At 60 days, 180 kg N ha-1 registered 14.4% more marketable yield over lower dose in 2005 and followed similar pattern in second year and at 75 days, 240 kg N ha-1 produced highest yields. Calcium improved total and marketable tuber yield slightly at 75 days with 80 kg Ca ha-1. Economic optimum doses of N for cv. Kufri Surya at 60 and 75 days for marketable tuber yield was 198.0 and 386.6 kg N ha-1. Ca fertilization failed to have any significant effect though a lower dose of 80 kg Ca ha-1 improved potato performance marginally; while no interaction between the nutrients was observed. Soil fertility status was also not much affected by N and Ca application