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ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF BROWN PEDA CONVENIENCE MIX USING GHEE RESIDUE(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) RUPAM KHURANA; Yogesh KhetraGhee residue is a by-product of dairy industry which is still underutilized due to short shelf life and limited industrial use. This study was aimed for development of brown peda convenience mix using ghee residue. Two types of Convenience mixes were developed and subjected to characterization, storage study and manufacturing of brown peda. To manufacture the mixes, fresh ghee residue (GR) was procured from Model dairy plant and subjected to pulverization. Pulverized ghee residue was heated upto 65±1⁰C and mixed with Pasteurized cow milk (CM). The mix was standardized to Fat/MSNF ratio of 0.52 with cream to match composition of brown Peda. However, the admixture obtained had lower pH and heat coagulation tendency so, neutralization was done by adding sodium bicarbonate followed addition of stabilising salt. The admixture was then homogenized, and spray dried to obtain GRP (Ghee residue powder). Convenience mixes viz. CMD (Ghee residue powder with dry blended sugar) and CMS (Ghee residue powder prepared by adding sugar syrup) were manufactured by same process. In production of CMS sugar syrup was added to admixture whereas for CMD sugar was dry blended to Control GRP powder. Both the Homogenized solution obtained namely SS Stable solution (SS) and stable solution with sugar (SWS) were characterized for their chemical composition, rheological parameters, and heat coagulation time (HCT). The convenience mixes (CMD, CMS) had 98.07-98.98% TS, 21.86-23.33% fat, 24.94-25.52% protein, 3.10- 4.35 % ash, 15.23-15.69% lactose and 30.65-32.38% sucrose content. The water activity, pH, color values (L*, a*, b*), flowability, HMF, peroxide value, tyrosine value, TBA value, dispersibility, wettability, D (3,2), D (4,3) d50, d90, Span, SSA, TPC and yeast and mold count were significantly (p<0.05) different from each other. The reconstitution and functional properties of both the convenience mixes improved significantly due to sugar addition. Brown peda was prepared from both samples using three combinations of powder to water i.e., 75:25, 80:20 and 85:15 and referred as A, B, C respectively. Mixing was done at 3 temperatures (60⁰C, 70⁰C, 80⁰C) and products were than compared to control for sensory and instrumental textural attributes. Higher flavour and body and texture scores were obtained for combination B however, all the samples had less sensory scores as compared to control due to gummy and pasty property. The storage study of all three samples was done at 4⁰C and 30⁰C, where GRP was taken as control and revealed that higher storage stability was obtained in CMD sample as compared to GRP and CMS. TS, L*, a*, pH, dispersibility, oil binding, water binding decreased whereas, aW, HMF, Tyrosine value, wettability, Insolubility index and particle size of powder increased during storage.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF A QUANTITATIVE COLORIMETRIC STRIP FOR DETERMINING THE PLASMA GLUCOSE AND FREE FATTY ACID LEVELS IN INDIGENOUS COW BREEDS AND MURRAH BUFFALO(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) V MOUNICA; Suneel Kumar OnteruGlucose and free fatty acids (FFA) are the basic energy sources in ruminants. It is well known that high plasma free fatty acids shows the possibility of negative energy balance. The levels of these metabolites indicate the nutritional status of ruminants. However, the plasma glucose and FFA levels of indigenous cattle and buffaloes at different stages of growth are not available. Hence, the present project was targeted to establish the plasma glucose and FFA levels in calves, prepubertal, and pubertal heifers of Gir, Sahiwal, Tharparkar, Karan Fries, and Murrah buffalo, and also, to develop a quantitative colorimetric strip to detect plasma glucose and FFA. The plasma glucose levels were estimated using three different methods, including glucometer, O-toluidine and a new paper based test strip method, which is dependent on the principle of the in-situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles by the reducing ability of glucose. Among them, there was a higher correlation (0.65) between glucometer and a paper based strip method. On the basis of glucometer method, the glucose levels ranged from 39-118 mg/dl, 30-124 mg/dl, 23-113 mg/dl, 46- 94mg/dl, 54-182 mg/dl in Tharparkar, Gir, Sahiwal, KF cattle breeds and Murrah buffalo, respectively. Based on a paper based strip method, the glucose levels ranged from 58-105 mg/dl, 38-67 mg/dl, 32-68 mg/dl, 30-65 mg/dl, 38-65 mg/dl in Tharparkar, Gir, Sahiwal, KF and Murrah buffalo, respectively. Considering a reported range (37-71 mg/dl) of glucose levels in cattle in general, paper based strip method appears to be more applicable for cows and buffaloes than commercially available glucometer method. There was a significantly lower plasma glucose level (estimated by glucometer) in pubertal heifers than pre-pubertal and female calves in KF breed. Comparative analysis of plasma glucose levels among different breeds found that Tharparkar has higher plasma glucose levels than the other selected breeds. The plasma FFA levels were estimated using Gas chromatography, and only short chain fatty acids (acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid) were identified in the plasma samples of calves, pre-pubertal and pubertal heifers of Tharparkar, Gir, Sahiwal and KF cattle and Murrah buffalo. The propionic acid concentration appears to be higher in plasma samples, except in the pubertal heifers of Tharparkar and Murrah, in which butyric acid concentration appears to be higher. Comparative analysis of plasma propionic acid levels among different cattle breeds and Murrah buffalo showed that female calves and prepubertal heifers of Sahiwal had higher propionic acid levels than other cattle breeds and Murrah buffalo. In addition, a paper based strip was developed to quantify plasma glucose and FFA. However, further research is needed to enhance the strip sensitivity for easy detection.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF B-COMPLEX VITAMINS BIOSYNTHESIS IN LIMOSILACTOBACILLUS FERMENTUM (MTCC 5898)(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) KARADAGATLA SUMAN; RAJEEV KAPILAVitamins are typically categorized as fat‐soluble vitamins, and water-soluble vitamins which include series of B-vitamins thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), and cobalamin (B12). These vitamins serve as coenzymes that typically transport specific chemical groups to many biochemical reactions. (Baku et al., 2001) has reviewed the biochemical pathways involved in B‐vitamin biosynthesis by probiotic bacteria. Bacterially synthesized B-vitamins could supplant the expensive chemical production of these vitamins to enrich food or be improved for in situ fortification of fermented foods. Much research has been conducted in recent years to elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of these vitamins in a number of microorganisms. As Limosiactobacillus fermentum (MTCC 5898) is safe and nontoxic and may be considered for functional food application after clinical testing. The therapeutic management of various diseases associated with B-complex vitamins without any side effects remains a challenge. In response, there is a growing interest in evaluating B-complex vitamins biosynthesis in probiotic bacteria. which are seen to be human friendly and to have negligible side effects. By considering these facts, present study was undertaken to evaluate B-complex vitamins Biosynthesis genes in Limosilactobacillus fermentum on the progression of Bcomplex vitamins biosynthesis, as whole genome sequence of Lm. fermentum is available it was annotated using RAST rapid annotation subsystem technology tool, finding out genes associated with vitamins biosynthesis in genome, and other complete Lm. fermentum strains were downloaded from NCBI data base and all sequences were annotated for finding out the same as stated above , then from all sequences data were collected and multiple sequence alignment were performed and after this analysis found out that B-complex vitamins like 1.Thiamine2.Folate,3.pyridoxin .were considered for expression after target enzymes which are involved in the pathways were found out by genome scale metabolic modelling along with enzyme structures were predicted and compared with other strains structure, then primers were designed for target genes by using Primer 3 plus software , then bacterial culture were activated ,RNA were extracted BY trizol method , c DNA synthesized by RevertAid kit ,after analysing primer expression by running gel electrophoresis ,performing quantitive Real time PCR CT values are collected and results are compared against housekeeping gene as control and graphs were plotted by using prism graph pad by performing one way a nova . after observing all the parameters that B-complex vitamins 1. Thiamine , 2. Pyridoxin, 3. Folate, were synthesized by the potential probiotic strain Limosilactobacillus fermentum MTCC 5898.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF MORINGA OLEIFERA ENRICHED PROCESSED CHEESE SPREAD(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) DESHAM AKSHITHA; SUMAN KAPILADiabetes is an endocrine and metabolic disease occurs due to defect either in insulin secretion or in its action or both. Long term complication of diabetes is also associated with several risk factors such as chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular complication, hyperlipidaemia, and obesity. To prevent or control high blood glucose levels of an individual, different approaches are being used on the basis of lifestyle of people i.e., diet and exercise and pharmacological interventions. Long term treatment of diabetes and its complications can cause enormous cost for society and currently drugs used for treatment are expensive with some undesirable side-effects. The therapeutic management of diabetes without any side effects remains a challenge. In response, there is a growing interest in evaluating herbal remedies, which are seen to be less toxic and to have negligible side effects. By considering these facts, present study was undertaken to evaluate suppressive effect of Moringa oleifera enrinched cheese spread on the progression of diabetes and its effects in streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamide induced diabetes in rats. Feeding of Moringa cheese spread suppressed the elevation of blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C), insulin, lipids i.e. total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol. It also showed lower levels of oxidative stress markers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and higher levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase in RBCs. Kidney function tests i.e., plasma urea, creatinine and uric acid were lower in Moringa fortified cheese spread fed animals. Liver function tests i.e., aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were lower in MFC fed animals. It has also been observed that there was significant decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase (G- 6-Pase), GLUT-2 and cyp8b1 gene expression levels in MFC fed animals. Histopathological pancreatic sections of diabetic control and diabetic fed with normal cheese shows rupture of islets cells whereas diabetic group fed with MFC has shown regeneration of islets cells. From the above results we conclude that Moringa Oleifera enriched cheese spread has anti-oxidative properties responsible for regeneration of islets cells of pancreas, enhancing the release of insulin leading to decrease in high blood glucose levels in diabetic condition which further relieve from other biological complexities in body. This Moringa Oleifera enriched cheese spread having good palatability can be consumed by diabetic patients.ThesisItem Unknown ASSESSMENT OF ENCAPSULATED ĸ-CASEIN HYDROLYSATES FOR ITS DPP-IV INHIBITORY ACTIVITY(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) NITIN MAHAL; SUNITA MEENADipeptidyl Peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) is a dimeric, transmembrane glycoprotein and exopeptidase that is expressed on the surface of lymphocytes and monocytes, as well as in tissues from the pancreas, kidney, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. It is involved in the cleavage of a variety of substrates including the incretin hormones (viz. Glucagon like peptide-1 and Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). GLP-1 binds to its respective GLP-1 receptors of pancreatic β-cells and leads to β-cell proliferation, increase in insulin gene expression and insulin secretion. In diabetes, increase in glucose level leads to the glucotoxicity which destroys pancreatic beta cells, and leads to decreased insulin level and further increasing blood glucose level. Inhibition of DPP-IV activity is one of the strategies for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. In recent years, peptides derived from a variety of dietary proteins have been reported to exhibit DPP-IV inhibitory activity. To keep their bioactivity intact, these peptides should also be protected from the gastrointestinal damage. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the antidiabetic potential of the Emulsified encapsulated hydrolysates (EEH) and Spray-dried encapsulated hydrolysates (SDEH) with non-encapsulated hydrolysates (NEH). IC50 value of non-encapsulated hydrolysates came out to be 84.70μg/ml. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion was done for NEH, EEH and SDEH. The digested samples were assessed for their bioaccessibility by transwell assay. RP-HPLC shows many similar peptides peaks for the samples collected from both apical and basal chamber of transwell suggesting transportation of NEH, EEH and SDEH hydrolysates through HT-29 cells. Peptide peaks showing similar retention time for NEH sample collected from both apical and basal chambers were 1.753, 2.130, 4.464, 4.562, 4.776, 7.834, and 7.864. Similarly, for EEH, identical peptide peaks from apical and basal chambers were 2.2, 4.193, 4.38, 4.836, 7.974, 7.223, and for SDEH identical peptide peaks were 4.238, 4.577, 5.534, 5.774, 6.184, 6.827, 8.710. Hence, NEH, EEH and SDEH are bioaccessible. Sitagliptin, NEH, EEH, SDEH and Milk are administered orally at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight and their impact was also evaluated in Nicotinamide-Streptozotocin induced type-2 diabetic rats in a study of 4 weeks. Diabetic control (D-Control) showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the body weight, HDL-C, insulin, GLP-1 levels, SOD and catalase activity and there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the blood glucose, glycated Hb, TGs, TC, VLDL-C, LDL-C, atherogenic index and liver enzymes (ALT and AST). Oral doses of the hydrolysates helped in improvement in the diabetic condition in experimental rats. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the blood glucose and glycated Hb level in diabetic rats fed with NEH, EEH and SDEH as compared to diabetic control. EEH feeding normalise the blood glucose and glycated Hb levels. The level of plasma insulin was increased in the case of diabetic rats fed with hydrolysates and the level of GLP-1 was significantly increased by EEH feeding. There was significant decrease in the plasma DPP-IV enzyme in the groups treated with Sitagliptin, NEH, EEH, SDEH and Milk as compared to diabetic control group. Feeding of NEH, EEH, SDEH and Milk in diabetic rats displayed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in TGs, VLDL-C, LDL-C and atherogenic index and increase in HDL-C as compared to diabetic control. EEH was able to normalize lipid profile parameters except HDL-C. The level of liver enzymes viz., ALT and AST were significantly (p<0.05) decreased by NEH, EEH and SDEH administration. Feeding of hydrolysates significantly improved the SOD and catalase activity as compared to diabetic control group. Thus, it is concluded that, NEH, EEH and SDEH and milk exhibited anti-diabetic potential due to its DPP-IV inhibitory activity. Among all groups, hydrolysates were better and among hydrolysates encapsulated hydrolysates (EEH and SDEH) have displayed comparatively better anti-diabetic potential, which can be credited to its encapsulation.ThesisItem Unknown IN SILICO IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EPITOPE-BASED PEPTIDES OF BUFFALO HSP70 AND TLR4(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) SHIPRA CHAUHAN; VARIJ NAYANIndia holds the top spot with over 109.85 million buffaloes worldwide, although estrus identification remains a significant bottleneck due to the less obvious estrus indicators in buffaloes. There are many ways to identify estrus, but they are typically time-consuming, difficult, and ineffective. In light of this, the development of future immunodiagnostic tools and the positive prospective future of structure-based computational biology in the field of animal sciences, two proteins, HSP70 and TLR4, are expressed more strongly during the estrus phase of the buffalo estrous cycle than during the other stages, according to past scientific reports. To identify estrus, HSP70 and TLR4 can be used as potential biomarkers. Consequently, for a sustainable system of animal production and to prevent conflict between animals and humans in terms of disease transmission and other potential methods. To understand the various concepts and dynamics of immunology and systems biology, new and novel technologies linking immunology and "-omics" techniques are therefore highly required. For example, in silico epitope-based peptide synthesis is an effective method for designing future immunodiagnostic tools, vaccines, and estrus identification for maintaining the overall health of buffalo and its reproductive efficiency. Therefore, the goal of the current study is to transform -omics data into diagnostics that can then be used to create anti-peptide antibodies for the development of future immunoreagents and immunodiagnostic tools for diagnosing diseases. Additionally, the identification of estrus and the study of biological interactions between proteins and their ligands offer a tremendously promising future in the fields of in silico pharmacology and drug designing for veterinary medicine and animal health welfare.ThesisItem Unknown EFFECTIVENESS OF CLIMATE RESILIENT DAIRY FARMING PRACTICES IN KARNAL DISTRICT OF HARYANA(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) PUSHPENDRA YADAV; B.S. MEENAClimate change is the long-term alteration of temperature and weather patterns. The German watch’s Index (2020) ranks India as the world’s seventh most vulnerable country. Increased temperatures and variations in rainfall patterns make dairy farming sensitive to climate change. Vulnerability to climate change has hardly been documented in the context of India; experimental studies have been conducted on effects of season and climate on production performance and other physiological parameters of dairy animals. The key focus of climate resilience efforts is to address the climate variability. Absorb stresses and maintain function in the face of external stresses imposed upon it by climate change and adapt, and evolve into more desirable formations that improve the sustainability of the climate. For resilient agriculture ICAR has launched a project that called NICRA project. The project consists of four components viz. Strategic Research, Technology Demonstration, Capacity Building and Sponsored/Competitive Grants. Keeping the above scenario in mind, the present investigation was carried out to appraise farmers’ awareness towards climate change and its impact on dairy farming, to assess the effectiveness of technological interventions on performance of dairy animals and to document the adaptation strategies to climate change followed by the farmers. The present study was carried out in purposively selected Karnal district of Haryana, in its 6 villages (3 experimental and 3 control) and a total sample size of 120 was considered (60 from 3 NICRA beneficiary villages and 60 from non-beneficiary villages). The study revealed that Overall awareness on climate change was almost 70 per cent in beneficiary villages whereas, in non-beneficiary villages it was only 31.36 per cent. There was a significant difference in all the productive and reproductive parameters of dairy animals. In beneficiary villages average daily milk yield and lactation yield in indigenous cows increased with the upsurge in awareness on climate change While, in crossbred cow peak yield, average daily milk yield, lactation yield and lactation length were increasing positively Whereas, in buffalo peak yield, average daily milk yield and lactation yield got increased on beneficiaries farmers’ dairy animals. Total 16 and 19 adaptation strategies were documented for crop and dairy farmers, respectively. The interventions will be more effective if dispersed to more villages and when more farmers get the benefit.ThesisItem Open Access APPRAISAL OF DAIRY FARMING PRACTICES IN NORTH BIHAR: FARMERS PERSPECTIVE(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) SUBHASH KUMAR SAURAV; RITU CHAKRAVARTYIndia is the largest milk producer in the world. An essential component of its agricultural economy is the dairy subsector. Since, the milk production has increased remarkably, it now has the largest economic impact on the country than any other agricultural product. Small and marginal farmers, as well as landless labourers, rely heavily on the dairy industry for their livelihood. India's dairy industry makes a significant contribution to job creation, basic food provision, economic growth, stable income for rural residents, and the fight against poverty. Over past six years, milk production in India has increased at an average annual growth rate of 6.3 per cent, while the global milk production is increasing at a rate of 1.5 per cent annually. In the last decade, number of dairy animals in Bihar have increased but the milk productivity is still not up to the mark. The performance of North Bihar is even poorer as its milk productivity is lesser than the average milk productivity of Bihar as a whole. Therefore, it is important to figure out the reasons for the low productivity of dairy animals by analysing the dairy farming practices followed by the dairy farmers. It is also essential to assess the productive and reproductive performance of cattle and buffalo as well as the constraints and benefits of dairy farming perceived by the dairy farmers. For the present study, North Bihar was purposively selected and three districts namely Madhepura, Supaul and Darbhanga were selected on the basis of stratified random sampling. Two blocks from each districts were randomly selected one being nearest and other being farthest from the district headquarter. Two villages from each district were randomly selected and fifteen respondents from each village were randomly selected making the total sample size as 180 respondents. Among the existing dairy practices, the majority of the respondents adopted AI (68.33%), repeat breeding was the major reproductive problem (70.55%) and local veterinary service provider was the major source of consultation for treatment of dairy animals (59.44%). The average daily milk yield was low as compared to overall yield rate of Bihar and dry period was also higher than the recommended values. Distance of veterinary hospital from selected village, lack of credit/finance and inadequate number of veterinary doctors were the major constraints faced by the dairy farmers. This study gives an insight into the productive and reproductive status of cattle and buffalo in North Bihar and animal rearing practices which could be used as a framework for developing training progammes for dairy farmers and will also prove useful for policy makers.ThesisItem Open Access AGRI-STARTUPS IN NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION OF DELHI: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY(ICAR-SRS-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) VIPIN KUMAR; M.C. ARUNMOZHI DEVIAgri Start-ups have the potential to play a key role in stimulating the expansion of the agriculture sector and in turn, augment farmers income by transforming “subsistence farming into commercial farming” or ‘Agri-business’. The Agri start-ups are expanding at a rate of 25.00 percent year on year, at present about 450, among the total 4300 start-ups in the country. Delhi-NCR is one of the emerging start-up ecosystems in our country and according to the report of World bank (2020), it has also improved its ranking from its place of 142nd to 63rd in “ease of doing businesses”. In this context, the present study entitled “Agri-Startups in National Capital Region of Delhi: An Exploratory Study” was designed with the specific objectives of (1) To document the profile of Agri Start-ups, (2) To analyse the factors influencing the performance of the Agri Start-ups and (3) To identify the constraints faced by Agri-Start-ups. The research study was conducted in the National Capital Region of Delhi in the districts of Delhi, Gurugram, Noida, Ghaziabad and Faridabad with fifty Agri Start-ups selected from a total of 133 Agri Start-ups, using purposive sampling method. The significant findings of the study revealed that, 38.00 per cent of the Agri Start-ups were present in the ‘early-traction’ stage, followed by, ‘validation stage’ (30.00%), ‘scaling stage’ (24.00%) and ‘ideation stage’ (8.00%). Majority (74.00%) of the Agri- Start-ups were established during the period 2017 to 2020. Only 28.00 per cent of the Agri Start-ups were acquainted with incubator programme and 40.00 per cent of the entrepreneurs of the start-ups under study had received training related to their Start-ups. The majority of start-up entrepreneurs (70.00%) belonged to the middle age group and were postgraduates. The major sources of funding for the Agri Start-up entrepreneurs from the ‘Institutional sources’ were commercial banks (44.26%) and venture capitalists (20.15%); and from ‘non-institutional sources’ were family & friends (54.52%) and bootstrapping/own savings (49.51%). With regard to the performance of Agri start-ups as perceived by the entrepreneurs, the overall distribution of entrepreneurs the identified factors of the influence revealed that most of the respondents belonged to category of medium level of influence, in case of entrepreneurial behaviour factors (70.00%), economic factors (56.00%), demographics factors (56.00%) and environmental factors (60.00%), and business factors (62.00%). With regard to internal factors (66.00%) and socio-cultural factors (68.18%) the levels of influence were low and medium respectively. The major constraints faced by Agri Start-up entrepreneurs were, low price for the products (49.44), high cost of technologies (47.44), lack of government support (48.14), non-cooperation of family members (54.56) and limited market access during covid-19 pandemic (59.48). Therefore, policymakers and other key stakeholders could also pay special attention for building a conducive and sustainable "Agri start-up ecosystem" by creating a strong functional network among different stakeholders such as start-ups, academia, research, industry, and financial institutions for the promotion of Agri start-ups.
