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National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal

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    Institutional PublicationsItemOpen Access
    DUGDH GANGA
    (ICAR-NDRI KARNAL, 2023) ICAR-NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
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    Institutional PublicationsItemOpen Access
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    Institutional PublicationsItemOpen Access
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    Institutional PublicationsItemOpen Access
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    Training ManualItemOpen Access
    DAIRY AND FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING: EQUIPMENT, PROCESSING AND VALUE ADDITION
    (DAIRY ENGINEERING DIVISION, ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2018) P. BARNWAL; CHITRANAYAK; P. S. MINZ
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    ThesisItemEmbargo
    ELECTROSPINNING INTERVENTIONS FOR DRYING OF LACTIPLANTIBACILLUS PLANTARUM IN BIOPOLYMERIC NANOFIBRES
    (ICAR-NDRI , BENGALURU, 2023) SEETHU. B. G.; P. Heartwin Amaladhas
    Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host”. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has approved the use of 31 probiotics in food with viable population ≥108 CFU in the recommended serving size per day. L. plantarum is a five-star rated probiotic (www.Probiotics.org) that could be used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. In this study, electrospinning is attempted as an alternative encapsulation technique for L. plantarum to spray and freeze drying. Based on preliminary trials, 14% (w/w) pullulan was used as the base polymer for encapsulation of L. plantarum. Fibre formation was observed to occur only when the inequality conditions of Oh ≥ 1, De ≥ 1 and De ≥ Oh ≥ 1 were satisfied. To select the prebiotic, pullulan solutions containing inulin, sorbitol, isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO) and polydextrose were electrospun at 18 kV. FESEM micrographs revealed that only polydextrose and IMO formed smooth beadfree fibres with pullulan. Based on mean fibre diameter, IMO was selected as the prebiotic for encapsulation of L. plantarum by electrospinning. Also, lyoprotectants such as dextran, lactose and trehalose at 10, 20 and 30% concentrations were evaluated to improve the viability of L. plantarum during electrospinning, which was carried out at 18, 21 and 24 kV. FESEM and AFM confirmed the presence of L. plantarum encapsulated within the electrospun fibres. The mean fibre diameter ranged from 90.32 to 192.50 nm, while the length and width of encapsulated L. plantarum ranged from 2.34 to 5.45 μm and 0.41 to 0.88 μm, respectively. Lyoprotectants helped in preserving the membrane integrity during electrospinning, which was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. The highest survival rate of 91.51% was achieved at 18 kV with 20% trehalose. The electrospinning parameters were optimized using Taguchi orthogonal array design. Factorial analysis showed that voltage had the highest effect (p<0.05) on survival rate, followed by the type and concentration of lyoprotectants. The absence of characteristic peaks of proteins from the probiotic in the FTIR spectra confirmed its successful encapsulation. Also, the peak corresponding to the destruction of cell components of L. plantarum were absent in the DSC thermograms of electrospun fibres, which also indicated the successful encapsulation of probiotic within the electrospun fibres. The BET surface area of L. plantarum-loaded electrospun fibres was 3.81 m²/g, manifesting Type II adsorption isotherm. Electrospinning helped in maintaining the viability of L. plantarum above 8 log CFU/g under acid and bile salt conditions. The in-vitro digestion of electrospun L. plantarum showed the highest survival rate of 80.62% in 20% trehalose at 18 kV. After 60 days of storage at 4ºC, the viability reduced by 1.67 to 2.14 log CFU/g. L. plantarum was also spray-dried using pullulan and WPI in different ratios with IMO and thermal protectants at inlet and outlet temperatures of 170°C and 70°C. FESEM and AFM images revealed the fibrous structure of spraydried encapsulate with L. plantarum cells along the fibres. Pullulan and WPI combination with 30% IMO and 10% dextran provided the highest survival rate (p<005) of 89.30%. Similarly, L. plantarum was freeze-dried using pullulan with cryoprotectants at varying concentrations. The freeze-dried encapsulates were rough-textured with flaky and sheet structure. The randomly distributed encapsulated cells were seen as rod-shaped, and embedded in the wall material. Fluorescence microscopic images of spray- and freeze-dried L. plantarum had very high proportion of live probiotic. The freeze-dried encapsulates had the highest survival rate of 89.97% for L. plantarum with 30% lactose as cryoprotectant. The spray- and freeze-dried encapsulates were also characterized using FTIR, DSC and BET. The FTIR and DSC results of spray- and freeze-dried encapsulates were similar to that of electrospun fibres. As compared to electrospun encapsulates of L. plantarum, the BET surface area of spray- and freeze-dried encapsulates was much less at 1.49 m²/g and 0.23 m²/g, respectively, and exhibited Type I adsorption isotherm. The survival rate of L. plantarum in spray- and freeze-dried encapsulates after in-vitro digestion was also much less at 63 to 73% and 74 to 77%, respectively.
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    ThesisItemEmbargo
    ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MILK PRODUCTION IN NORTH-EASTERN STATES
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2023) POULAMI RAY; AJMER SINGH
    The Indian government intends to bring about a paradigm change in the long-term planning of the country by concentrating its efforts on less developed regions like the North-Eastern States to enhance the agriculture and livestock sectors. Therefore, the current study "Economic Analysis of Milk Production in North-Eastern States," was undertaken to assess the yield gaps in milk production and factors contributing to these, decompose the effect of crossbreeding technology in milk yield, examine the economic efficiency of dairy farms in milk production and to identify and prioritize the constraints in milk production. The N-E area consists of 8 states, of which Assam, Tripura, and Meghalaya were chosen based on the highest milk production. The sampling units (i.e., households) were chosen using a multistage sampling procedure. A total of 300 dairy households were chosen for this study. Both primary and secondary data were collected from respondents and research stations on a pre-tested schedule. The study employed a combination of tabular analysis and econometric techniques in order to effectively accomplish its objectives. The study revealed that the Yield Gap-II in milk production was higher than Yield Gap-I in the region. Among the states, Meghalaya’s Yield Gap-II percentage (35.60 %) was lower than Assam (51.70 %) and Tripura (48.87 %). The percentage of total yield gap with respect to actual farm yield worked out to be 69.96 per cent, comprising YG I as 24.98 per cent and YG II as 44.47 per cent in the region. Thus, the percentage of YG II accounted for two-thirds of the total increase in actual milk yield. It was found that the experience in dairy farming, size of the animal shed, feed and fodder price, distance to the research station, training, labour allotted for dairy, dairy cooperative membership, and access to information significantly influenced the milk Yield Gap-II. The adoption of new dairy technology, i.e., crossbred cattle in the place of existing dairy technology, i.e., indigenous cow led to higher per day milk yield (total percentage gain estimated was 87.36 %). Around 67 per cent of the total change in milk production was due to the difference in the levels of technological efficiency (both neutral and non-neutral) of crossbred cow vis-à-vis indigenous cow and the remaining (nearly one-third) has been contributed by increased level of input use (20.42 %). The percentage change in milk output due to new technology was found to be the lowest in Tripura (82.81 %). This study indicated that the small farms were found to be more technically and economically efficient than the large and medium category dairy farms. Even though medium-category farmers were not the most technically efficient, it was found that they were allocatively more efficient. Large farmers were found more input redundant in the study area making them less technically efficient. Socio-economic factors i.e., non-farm annual income, access to information, herd size and membership of dairy cooperative society, and experience, were significantly influencing farmers’ technical efficiency in milk production. Among all the significant variables, non-farm income, access to information and membership in dairy cooperative society had a positive influence, while the herd size had negative effect on efficiency of dairy farms. The estimated loss due to the major problems was relatively higher in Tripura (Rs. 2.80 million) than in Assam (Rs. 2.65 million) and Meghalaya (Rs. 2.52 million). Study revealed that economic loss due to repeat breeding (Rs. 1.8 million) and abortion (Rs. 3.1 million) was the single most important problem in the region. Total estimated loss due to the affected animals in surveyed farming households was Rs. 8 million annually. Feed & fodder related constraints were found to be the major problem in the region with scaling factor of 0.288.
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    DEVELOPMENT OF LACTOBIONIC ACID ENRICHED YOGHURT FOR ENHANCED CALCIUM ABSORPTION
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2023) SHAMIM HOSSAIN; YOGESH KHETRA
    The current research was aimed to produce lactobionic acid (LBA) enriched yoghurt using Acetobacter orientalis and lactose oxidase, comparison of the developed yoghurts with the control yoghurt and validate the calcium absorption enhancing capability of the LBA-enriched yoghurts using in-vitro and in-vivo rat model. The three different market yoghurt samples were analysed for the presence of the LBA, but no LBA was found in those samples. For the development of LBA-enriched yoghurt, initially, the inoculation level of Acetobacter orientalis (10, 15, 20%) and incubation temperature (27, 30, 33°C) were optimized and later, the lactose oxidase level (10, 20, 30U) and incubation temperature (37, 40, 42°C) were optimized based on the maximum LBA production and sensorial acceptability. Various parameters like pH, acidity, acidification rate, lactose, lactic acid, LBA concentration and microbial count were analysed during incubation. The final product was analysed for sensorial acceptability and whey syneresis. From the first stage, the yoghurt with 20% Acetobacter orientalis inoculation with incubation at 30°C/16h was optimized as this sample had desirable acidity (0.72 %LA), highest LBA concentration (3.62 mg/100g), best overall sensorial acceptability and least whey syneresis. Among the yoghurt with lactose oxidase, the yoghurt with 30U LactoYIELD® addition and incubation at 40°C/8h was optimized as it had highest LBA concentration (16.88 mg/100g), best overall acceptability and least whey syneresis. In the second stage, these two optimized yoghurts were compared with the control yoghurt. The physicochemical, microbiological, rheological, textural, sensorial and microstructure parameters were analysed. The developed samples were comparable to the control sample, except for the presence of sweetness in the LBA-enriched yoghurts and increased hardness for the yoghurt with lactose oxidase. All the yoghurts were acceptable for up to 15 days under refrigerated storage. The cost of developed yoghurts was slightly higher than the control yoghurt. From the in-vitro analysis, it could be seen that the calcium bioavailability of the LBA-enriched yoghurt was significantly higher than the control yoghurt. In-vivo studies showed that the groups with LBA-enriched yoghurt had a 10-12% higher apparent digestibility coefficient compared to the control feed groups. The apparent digestibility coefficient was highest (81.04%) for the yoghurt with lactose oxidase group. From the organ indices, it can be proven that consumption of LBA had no adverse effect on any organs. The bone parameters of the groups fed with LBA-enriched yoghurt were better than the control feed group. Hence based on the above results, it is concluded that LBAenriched yoghurt could be made using Acetobacter orientalis and lactose oxidase, with similar properties compared to the control yoghurt and can improve the calcium bioavailability and bone health upon regular ingestion.
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    SOLAR – ELECTRIC SYNERGY UNIT FOR PRODUCTION OF DAHI AND YOGURT
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2023) SHARANABASAVA; Chitranayak
    A low-cost batch fermentation unit for dahi and yogurt production was developed, utilizing renewable solar energy as the primary source of heating. The unit incorporated a hybrid system with an electric heater and phase change material (PCM) based heating. It consisted of a solar flat plate collector (FPC) with optional PCM containers, an electric heater and blower assembly, a fermentation cabinet with trays, and an evaporative cooling system. The system efficiently utilized outgoing hot air from the fermentation cabinet by connecting a recirculation pipe to the solar collector's air inlet. During sunshine hours, the collector absorbed heat, and the air passing through it was blown into the cabinet, maintaining a desired temperature. In the absence of sunlight, the hybrid heating system was employed. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to analyse temperature distribution and airflow inside the fermentation cabinet, validating the results against experimental data. The system's performance was evaluated through experiments, demonstrating its ability to produce quality dahi and yogurt. The trials were conducted at different air velocities, with faster temperature rise observed at higher velocities. The optimal electrical wattage for heating was determined, and paraffin wax served as the PCM for thermal energy storage. The developed system achieved effective cup pre-cooling with varying air velocities. During summer, a significant temperature drop of 16 ℃ was achieved, while in peak winter, cups were cooled to 5.5 ℃. Comparative analyses showed no significant differences in product quality between the developed system and the conventional method. Energy consumption was a crucial consideration, with the solar system exhibiting significantly lower power consumption compared to the conventional electrical unit. Overall, the developed fermentation unit utilizing solar energy as the primary heating source demonstrated efficient performance, cost-effectiveness, and excellent product quality to conventional methods.