National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal

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    Institutional PublicationsItemOpen Access
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    ArticleItemOpen Access
    The 3Ms of cattle management
    (1980) Verma, O S
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    ArticleItemOpen Access
    5-nucleotidase from buffalo milk fat globule membrane
    Bhavadasan, M. K.; Ganguli, N. C.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MILK VENDOR OPERATIONS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF UTTAR PRADESH: AN EXTENSION PERSPECTIVE
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2021) DIXIT, AWADHESH; PONNUSAMY, K
    Vendors play a proactive role in milk procurement from farmers and distribution to consumers in a time bound manner thus constituting a vital element in the informal dairy sector. Studying their role and significance would strengthen the sustainable dairying in India. In this context, a study titled, ‘A comparative study of milk vendor operations in different regions of Uttar Pradesh: An extension perspective’ was undertaken to ascertain the motivation of vendors, effectiveness of vendorship, the economics of venture and constraints in practising milk vendorship. The study was conducted in 2020-21 with 120 randomly chosen vendors at the rate of 30 from each of four regions viz., Eastern, Western, Central and Bundelkhand representing the whole state of Uttar Pradesh. The collected primary data were analysed using frequency, percentage, correlation, regression and Garratt ranking techniques. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents represented middle aged group (55.83 %) and marginal land holding (58.00%). They were also practising dairy farmers (83.33%) with a medium herd size (40.83%). Family tradition (75.83%) sustained them in this venture with full cooperation of family members (98.33%). Their limited social participation and no participation in any training programme made them outside the purview of formal capacity building in scientific dairying. Among the four regions of the study area, vendors in Western region exhibited higher annual income and marketing efficiency. An index developed to evaluate the level of vendorship effectiveness indicated that 40.00 per cent respondents obtained medium index value followed by 35.00 per cent in low and 25.00 per cent in high index value respectively. The vendors were also found to provide credit, inputs and other support as requested by their client farmers. Vendors enhanced the milk sale price by almost 25 per cent after procuring milk from farmers. Their average net return per day from milk sale was found to be Rs.411.70. Stiff competition from other market players, increasing operational expenditure, switching loyalty of customers and seasonal fluctuation in milk availability were perceived to be the major constraints of vendors. They expected support and encouragement from government agencies for their better future. The study calls for recognition of vendors in formal dairy sector through regular extension programmes, incentives for quality milk supply and credit support from banks.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON PERFORMANCE AND IMPACT OF DAIRY CO-OPERATIVES IN MAINLAND AND SAURASHTRA-KUTCH REGIONS OF GUJARAT
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) DARSHNABEN P MAHIDA; B.S. CHANDEL
    In the largely scattered milk production system of India, the institutional mechanism of dairy co-operatives is proven to be a potential tool for improving the livelihood of dairy farmers, especially for landless labourers, and small and marginal farmers. However, their performance and impact have varied regionally over the time period due to various reasons which are external and internal to the co-operatives. In this context, the present study entitled “A comparative study on performance and impact of dairy cooperatives in Mainland and Saurashtra-Kutch regions of Gujarat” was taken up to calculate a composite performance index (CPI) of dairy co-operative societies (DSCs), estimate the factors and decompose their contribution to the performance and finally analyze the impact of co-operatives on net returns and productivity of the dairy farmers. A random sample of a total of 120 registered DCS working since 2009 or before was selected from four selected milk unions (MUs), two each from the Mainland and Saurashtra-Kutch regions of the state using a probability proportionate to size approach. To analyze the impact of DCSs performance on farmers’ net income and productivity,30 dairy co-operatives members and 30 non-members from two best performing DCSs in four MUs each, forming a total sample of 240 dairy farmers were selected. The collected data were analysed by using Iyengar and Sudarshan approach for calculating composite index, logistic regression analysis, two-stage Heckman method, and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition approach to achieve the pre-determined objectives. The study found that the overall performance of DCSs has improved by 33.15 per cent from a CPI value of 0.253 (2011-12 to 2014-15) to 0.336 (2015-16 to 2018-19). The CPI was higher for the DCSs of Kaira (0.468) and Mehsana (0.448) MUs of the Mainland region than the DCSs of Surendranagar (0.282) and Junagadh (0.186) MUs in Saurashtra-Kutch region. Over time, milk union-wise the performance (CPI) of DCSs in Surendranagar MU (42.51%) have progressed the most followed by Kaira (33.42%) and, Mehsana (30.11%), MUs. The study observed that better physical performance augments the probability (0.278) of DCSs to have good financial performance and concludes that physical performance is a prelude to the financial performance of DCSs. The logistic regression results revealed that the probability of DCSs to have high-performance increases by 1.10 per cent, 62 per cent, and 12.90 per cent with the decrease in the proportion of poor households and with an increase in AI service coverage and annual bonus, respectively. The impact analysis showed that in Mainland, the net returns per SAU including bonus increase by ` 7.45 and ` 9.95 with a per unit increase in animal milk productivity and access to information, respectively. On the other hand, the co-operative membership (0.458) and access to information (0.469) had a significant positive impact on animal productivity. In the Saurashtra-Kutch region dairying experience, access to information, herd size, and animal milk productivity were the factors that significantly enhanced the net returns of the farmers. The decomposition results revealed that overall, the endowment gap explained 65.99 per cent of the total gap in the performance of both the regions. Thus, the endowment of DCSs must be enhanced by bringing in operational diversity and improving the germplasm of dairy animals through selection and crossbreeding programs.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON MANAGEMENT OF MASTITIS IN DAIRY ANIMALS IN KARNAL DISTRICT OF HARYANA
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) MEKALA PRATYUSHA; GOPAL SANKHALA
    Mastitis is a disease of major economic importance in dairy industry worldwide. Mastitis results in decreased milk production, impairment of milk consumption and quality, economic loss and public health significance. Mastitis may be attributed to deficient management, improper milking procedures, faulty milking equipment, inadequate housing and breeding for ever increasing milk yield. Mastitis is categorized into Subclinical and Clinical mastitis. Due to the lack of visible changes in the udder or milk, sub-clinical mastitis is challenging to identify. The farmer is typically unaware that his animals have this condition, which if left untreated could develop into clinical and chronic forms. However, sub-clinical cases of mastitis can be detected by using laboratory tests. Effectively controlling mastitis will help reverse the problems. So, a study was conducted regarding the existing mastitis management practices, the prevalence of mastitis and to assess management interventions advocated to address the constraints faced by the dairy farmers in management of mastitis. The seven adopted villages of NDRI under the Farmer First Programme namely Chand Samand, Dabkoli Khurd, Kamalpur Rodan, Nagala Rodan, Samora, Garhi Gujran, and Churni were selected, purposively for the study. From each selected village, 20 respondents who are involved in dairy farming for last five years and having at least one animal in lactation were selected randomly to constitute a total of 140 respondents for the study. Majority (56.43%) of the respondents followed mastitis management practices up to medium level, 24.29 percent up to high level and 19.29 percent up to low level. Testing the milk samples through strip test helped in the detection of mastitis in the early stages and timely treatment of the animals by farmers through which losses are reduced. Overall prevalence of subclinical and clinical mastitis in cows was found to be 45 percent (54/120) and 28.33 percent (34/120) on animal basis, respectively, whereas, overall prevalence of sub clinical mastitis and clinical mastitis in buffaloes was found to be 25 percent (5/20) and 20 percent (4/20) on animal basis, respectively. Inadequate knowledge of disease and their control measures (73.98%), Difficulty in diagnosis of mastitis (70.48%), High cost involved in treatment of mastitis (61.97%) were the major constraints perceived by the respondents. For addressing these constraints awareness is created among the farmers regarding management practices of mastitis and diagnosis of mastitis using the strip based technology developed at NDRI through posters and by conducting animal health camps.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON SUBSIDY IN CROP AND LIVESTOCK SECTOR WITH ITS IMPLICATIONS ON PUBLIC INVESTMENT AND FARM PRODUCTION
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2020) PRIYANKA LAL; CHANDEL, B.S.
    In order to attain self-sufficiency in agricultural production, the dual strategies followed in the past were the input intensification and technology development. As a measure to support and incentivize large section of small and marginal farmers to adopt them, government started the schemes of subsidies. But the role of subsidies has changed from complementarities to competitive due to limited capital and resources where government had to draw a trade-off between invest in infrastructural development and subsidization. In context of this, present study was conducted with objectives as to estimate the allocation of crop and livestock subsidies, its trends with public investment and effects at farm household level. The study was conducted using both secondary and primary data. The subsidies in crop and livestock subsectors were estimated by considering both direct financial transfers under different schemes and services, and the indirect subsidy by way of unrecovered costs of providing inputs and services to the farmers. In order to study the spacio-temporal allocation of subsidy, the techniques used were growth rates and rank correlation. The relationship between public investment and subsidies was estimated using co-integration and panel data regression. The third objective was based on primary data collected from 300 farm households of three states Haryana, Rajasthan and Odisha selected randomly as per their agriculture development index. The effect of subsidy on production and demand of farm household was analyzed using separable Household (HH) model. The estimates of subsidies showed that there was Rs. 201791.39 crores of total agriculture subsidies in TE 2008-09 which increased to Rs. 202628.02 crores in TE 2016-17 registering a growth rate of 0.20 per cent on yearly basis. On an average, total subsidy per hectare of gross cropped areas was Rs. 10467 during TE 2016-17 with growth rate of 0.69 %. Crop sector accounted for major share (98 to 99%) in total allocation of subsidies while the livestock sector accounted for only one to two per cent of the total subsidy. In component-wise allocation fertilizer, irrigation and electricity subsidies has accounted for more the 80 per cent of the total subsidy while in livestock sector, veterinary and health services had the highest share and livestock insurance subsidies had least share. Relationship between subsidies and ADI of a state depicts that total and crop subsidies per hectare was found to be allocated in states which were having high index values while allocation of livestock subsidies was found to be high for states having low ADI scores. Cointegration analysis between GCF and subsidies revealed that there existed long run relationship between the two. In states, the results of panel regression between the capital expenditure as dependent variable and the subsidies exhibited that the amount of subsidy in a state positively influences its capital expenditure in agriculture. The total agriculture input subsidy received at farm household level was Rs. 37279 per year with per hectare allocation of Rs. 8730 and the amount of allocation increased with increase in land holdings. The consumption functions estimates shows that the one per cent change in price of agricultural commodities leads to less than one per cent change in demand of agricultural commodities. The HH model showed that the removal of subsidy on inputs and service is likely to decrease in demand of inputs like electricity, concentrate and irrigation to the extent of 80 per cent, 73 per cent and 70 per cent, respectively. The removal of subsidies on all inputs, there was more than 39 per cent decrease in production, consumption and marketed surplus of agricultural commodities while there was increase in labour supply in order to earn more. Removal of subsidies of farmers is likely to have serious implications not only on the production side but also consumption at farm household level. Thus, the subsidies in crop and livestock sub-sectors need to be phased out in stages and re-allocating the same either on area or product basis in order to avoid the adverse effects.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Absorption of amino acids by mammary glands
    (NDRI, KARNAL, 1992) Verma, N; Kansal, V K
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    Accelerated ripening of cheddar cheese from buffalo milk.
    (NDRI, Karnal, 1984) Jha, V.K.; Singh, S.
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    Acoustic features of vocalization as a tool for estrus detection in murrah buffaloes..
    (NDRI, Karnal, 2013) , SinghPanjab; Lathwal., S.S.
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    Acrosomal hydrolases of buffalo spermatozoa
    (NDRI, Karnal, 1974) Kaur, Simrat Pal; Anand, S.R.
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    Action of cell free preparations of micrococci on B casein.
    (Cornell University (NDRI, Karnal), 1969) Moreno, V.; Kosikowski, F.V.