Theses (M.Sc.)
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ThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MILK VENDOR OPERATIONS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF UTTAR PRADESH: AN EXTENSION PERSPECTIVE(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2021) DIXIT, AWADHESH; PONNUSAMY, KVendors play a proactive role in milk procurement from farmers and distribution to consumers in a time bound manner thus constituting a vital element in the informal dairy sector. Studying their role and significance would strengthen the sustainable dairying in India. In this context, a study titled, ‘A comparative study of milk vendor operations in different regions of Uttar Pradesh: An extension perspective’ was undertaken to ascertain the motivation of vendors, effectiveness of vendorship, the economics of venture and constraints in practising milk vendorship. The study was conducted in 2020-21 with 120 randomly chosen vendors at the rate of 30 from each of four regions viz., Eastern, Western, Central and Bundelkhand representing the whole state of Uttar Pradesh. The collected primary data were analysed using frequency, percentage, correlation, regression and Garratt ranking techniques. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents represented middle aged group (55.83 %) and marginal land holding (58.00%). They were also practising dairy farmers (83.33%) with a medium herd size (40.83%). Family tradition (75.83%) sustained them in this venture with full cooperation of family members (98.33%). Their limited social participation and no participation in any training programme made them outside the purview of formal capacity building in scientific dairying. Among the four regions of the study area, vendors in Western region exhibited higher annual income and marketing efficiency. An index developed to evaluate the level of vendorship effectiveness indicated that 40.00 per cent respondents obtained medium index value followed by 35.00 per cent in low and 25.00 per cent in high index value respectively. The vendors were also found to provide credit, inputs and other support as requested by their client farmers. Vendors enhanced the milk sale price by almost 25 per cent after procuring milk from farmers. Their average net return per day from milk sale was found to be Rs.411.70. Stiff competition from other market players, increasing operational expenditure, switching loyalty of customers and seasonal fluctuation in milk availability were perceived to be the major constraints of vendors. They expected support and encouragement from government agencies for their better future. The study calls for recognition of vendors in formal dairy sector through regular extension programmes, incentives for quality milk supply and credit support from banks.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON MANAGEMENT OF MASTITIS IN DAIRY ANIMALS IN KARNAL DISTRICT OF HARYANA(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) MEKALA PRATYUSHA; GOPAL SANKHALAMastitis is a disease of major economic importance in dairy industry worldwide. Mastitis results in decreased milk production, impairment of milk consumption and quality, economic loss and public health significance. Mastitis may be attributed to deficient management, improper milking procedures, faulty milking equipment, inadequate housing and breeding for ever increasing milk yield. Mastitis is categorized into Subclinical and Clinical mastitis. Due to the lack of visible changes in the udder or milk, sub-clinical mastitis is challenging to identify. The farmer is typically unaware that his animals have this condition, which if left untreated could develop into clinical and chronic forms. However, sub-clinical cases of mastitis can be detected by using laboratory tests. Effectively controlling mastitis will help reverse the problems. So, a study was conducted regarding the existing mastitis management practices, the prevalence of mastitis and to assess management interventions advocated to address the constraints faced by the dairy farmers in management of mastitis. The seven adopted villages of NDRI under the Farmer First Programme namely Chand Samand, Dabkoli Khurd, Kamalpur Rodan, Nagala Rodan, Samora, Garhi Gujran, and Churni were selected, purposively for the study. From each selected village, 20 respondents who are involved in dairy farming for last five years and having at least one animal in lactation were selected randomly to constitute a total of 140 respondents for the study. Majority (56.43%) of the respondents followed mastitis management practices up to medium level, 24.29 percent up to high level and 19.29 percent up to low level. Testing the milk samples through strip test helped in the detection of mastitis in the early stages and timely treatment of the animals by farmers through which losses are reduced. Overall prevalence of subclinical and clinical mastitis in cows was found to be 45 percent (54/120) and 28.33 percent (34/120) on animal basis, respectively, whereas, overall prevalence of sub clinical mastitis and clinical mastitis in buffaloes was found to be 25 percent (5/20) and 20 percent (4/20) on animal basis, respectively. Inadequate knowledge of disease and their control measures (73.98%), Difficulty in diagnosis of mastitis (70.48%), High cost involved in treatment of mastitis (61.97%) were the major constraints perceived by the respondents. For addressing these constraints awareness is created among the farmers regarding management practices of mastitis and diagnosis of mastitis using the strip based technology developed at NDRI through posters and by conducting animal health camps.ThesisItem Open Access Absorption of amino acids by mammary glands(NDRI, KARNAL, 1992) Verma, N; Kansal, V KThesisItem Open Access Ace inhibitory peptides of milk origin and their role in proliferation and differentiation of bone cells in vitro.(2010) Behra, Parthasarathi; Kapila, SumanThesisItem Open Access Acoustic features of vocalization as a tool for estrus detection in murrah buffaloes..(NDRI, Karnal, 2013) , SinghPanjab; Lathwal., S.S.ThesisItem Open Access Acrosomal hydrolases of buffalo spermatozoa(NDRI, Karnal, 1974) Kaur, Simrat Pal; Anand, S.R.ThesisItem Open Access Activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase & gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase in the small inttestine of animals at different stages of growth(ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, 1982) Rani, Rashmi; Kansal, V.K.ThesisItem Open Access Activity of certain cheese starters in buffalo milk(NDRI, KARNAL, 1986) Srivastava, S; Tiwari, M PThesisItem Open Access Activity of certain starter cultures in cow and goat milk(ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, 1981) . ., Shabnam; Tiwari, M.P.ThesisItem Open Access Activity of certain starter cultures in cow and goat milk(NDRI, Karnal, 1981) Shabnam, Shabnam; Tiwari, M.P.ThesisItem Open Access Acylation of 8n-Glycerol 3-Phospahte in lactating goat mammary gland(ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, 1980) Jindal, Hitesh Kumar; Ray, Tapas K.ThesisItem Open Access ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE FOLLOWED BY THE FARMING COMMUNITY OF THE INDIAN SUNDERBANS(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2018) DUTTA, SUCHANDRA; Maiti, SanjitThesisItem Open Access Adaption to & utilization of biuert as NPN source for buffaloes(NDRI, Karnal, 1977) Lali, Dalip; Mudgal, V.D.ThesisItem Open Access ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE AMONG THE CHILIKA BUFFALO REARERS OF ODISHA(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2020) BEHERA, SUBHRAJYOTI; GARAI, SANCHITAClimate change combined with human activities poses significant risks to people’s livelihood especially in developing countries. Adaptation at the community level is of crucial in enabling them to respond to the direct and indirect effects of changes in climate. When, this adaptation planning is targeted towards a particular breed, then, it is very crucial to understand its existing rearing practices and how its rearers’ perceived its sensitivity towards changing climate scenario which will, further, help to assess the capacity of its rearers to combat with the adverse effect of the changing climatic scenario. The present study was purposively conducted at the Chilika lake region of Odisha as the breeding tract of Chilika buffalo. A total 150 Chilika buffalo rearers were selected randomly from the cluster villages of the adjacent districts of Chilika lake. Exiting Chilika buffalo rearing practices were documented through focused group discussion as well as observation method on the four components viz. exiting breeding practices, existing feeding practices, existing healthcare practices and existing management practices. Majority of the Chilika buffalo rearers (68%) preferring natural service as a breeding methods for their buffaloes. Majority of the respondents (50.66%) practiced both grazing and stall feeding method of feeding. Majority of the respondents (62%) did not feeding concentrates to their buffaloes. They were mainly depended on the natural vegetation of the Chilika lake for the feeding purposes. Chilika buffaloes were suffering from FMD (74%) followed by bovine viral disease (34.66%), fever (24.66%). Majority of the respondents (87.67%) consulted Government veterinarians for the treatment of their sick buffaloes. Majority of the respondents (87.33%) were milking their animals once a day and by full hand method. None of the respondents was having shelter of pucca floor with good sanitary condition for their buffaloes. They were mainly keeping their animals in an open area. To quantify the perceived sensitivity of the climate change on Chilika buffalo, Analytic Hierarchy Process was applied with the help of four components and 16 indicators. Among all the components, Chilika buffaloes rearers were prioritized feed and fodder availability and utilization was highly affected due to climate change followed by productive performance, reproductive performance and disease incidences and susceptibility. Lactation length and calving interval of the Chilika buffalo was mostly affected productive and reproductive performance, respectively, due to the changing climatic scenario as perceived by its rearers followed by dry period. Whereas, feed and fodder intake of the Chilika buffalo was reduced and incidences of heat stress/extreme climate events related illness and mortality was increased due to changing climatic scenario. Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) was used to develop Adaptive Capacity Assessment Index to measure the adaptive capacity of the Chilika buffalo rearers. They were having better physical capital (0.55) possession followed by social capital (0.48), financial capital (0.47), human capital (0.45) and natural capital (0.35). The average adaptive capacity of the Chilika buffalo rearers was found be as 0.46, which is quite unsatisfactory and majority of them (62.67%) were having a medium level of adaptive capacity to cope up with changing climatic scenario. Adaptive capacity of the Chilika buffalo rearers were having a strong and significant (p<0.01) relationship with its every components. To strengthen the adaptive capacity of the Chilka buffalo rearers, status of the each and every capital has to be improved significantly.ThesisItem Open Access Adherence of microorganisms to conventional milk containers(NDRI, KARNAL, 1986) Srivastava, A; Prasad, D NThesisItem Open Access Adipokines, Metabolic Hormones and Blood Metabolites in high and medium Body Condition Transient Crossbred Cows During Winter and Summer Seasons(NDRI, Karnal, 2015) Bikash, Debnath; Aggarwal, AnjaliThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION GAP IN IMPROVED DAIRY FARMING AND CROP PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN BURDWAN DISTRICT OF WEST BENGAL: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY(NDRI, Karnal, 2004) ROY, APARNA; SINGH, DALAURThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION OF CLEAN AND SAFE MILK PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN KERALA: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) ANEETTA V ANTONY; AJAY VERMAIndia is the world's largest milk producer, but the quality of milk it produces is often questioned. Clean milk can be defined as milk produced from healthy milch animal possessing normal flavour, devoid of dirt, and essentially free from adulterants, various toxins, abnormal residues, pollutants, and metabolites. In a study conducted by FSSAI in 2018, it was found that only 62.3 per cent of the milk sold in our country meets the standard. This is far below the global average. Milk of major milk brands were found to be contaminated with several contaminants like aflatoxin-M1, antibiotics and pesticides (FSSAI, 2018). Kerala was one among the three states with highest aflatoxin-M1 contamination. Also, studies have proven that there is a huge gap between the desired and achieved milk quality in Kerala (Thomas et al.,2021). The present study was an attempt to analyse the adoption behaviour of different clean and safe milk production practices by dairy farmers in Kerala. The present study entitled “Adoption of clean and safe milk production practices in Kerala: An economic analysis” has been proposed with the following objectives: (1) To estimate the adoption rate of different clean and safe milk production practices at the farm level, (2) To analyse the impact of adoption of clean and safe milk production practices on selected economic parameters, (3) To identify the constraints in the adoption of clean and safe milk production practices. Three districts, Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram, and Palakkad were randomly selected. 70 farmers from each district cumulating total of 210 farmers were selected for the study. The first objective attempted to develop Clean and Safe Milk Production Index (CSMPI) to study the adoption rate of the farmers, as well as factors affecting adoption was identified. The highest mean score of index was found for risk of contamination hazard related CSMPI. Storage related CSMPI values were identified to have highest standard deviation among all the indices. The adoption of CSMP (Clean and safe milk production) practices were also found to increase with total livestock number, education, experience in dairying and cost of compliance on CSMP. Complementary adoption was observed in the adoption of storage and milking environment and storage and risk of contamination hazard related practices, whereas substitutive adoption was observed between risk of contamination hazard and milking environment related practices. Negative spatial effect was observed in the adoption of storage related practices in Palakkad whereas positive spatial effect was observed in the adoption of milking environment related practices in Palakkad and risk of contamination hazard related practices in both Palakkad and Thiruvananthapuram. The second objective attempted to analyse the impact of adoption of CSMP practices on yield per animal per day and income from dairy was analysed using endogenous switching regression. Transitional heterogeneity was negative for both the parameters studied. Further, the constraints faced in adoption of CSMP was identified and ranked using Garette’s ranking technique. Lack of knowledge about CSMP was found to be the major constraint. It was also observed that, better institutional support to dairy farmers and increasing awareness through training programs will help in increasing the extent of clean and safe milk production in the state.