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Subject: Animal Physiology ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SCROTAL INFRARED DIGITAL THERMOGRAPHY AS AN INDICATOR OF SEASONAL EFFECT ON SEMINAL ATTRIBUTES AND PHYSIO-BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THARPARKAR AND KARAN FRIES BULLS
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) JASKIRAN KAUR; SOHAN VIR SINGH
    In order to find out effect of scrotal temperature difference on semen quality and seminal biochemical parameters, five each of Tharparkar and Karan Fries bulls were selected from Artificial breeding research centre ICAR-NDRI, Karnal. All the experimental animal were maintained under standard conditions of feeding and management. The bulls were exercised in bull excerciser once a week to maintain sexual behavior and ensure quality semen production. The environmental variables in terms of minimum and maximum temperature, dry and wet temperature, relative humidity etc were recorded throughout experimental period for calculation of temperature humidity index (THI). Semen samples were collected from both the breeds of bulls at weekly interval during winter, spring and summer season. Just after collection semen sample were analyzed for Physical (semen volume, sperm concentration, mass motility, progressive motility, live sperm percent, HOST, acrosomal integrity and sperm abnormalities) and biochemical (seminal plasma malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species) parameters. Infrared thermography of different anatomical sites i.e. scrotum, ocular and muzzle temperature were recorded at weekly in both the breeds during different season. The physiological responses (RT and RR) of both the breeds were recorded at weekly interval during different season. Blood samples were collected at fortnight interval from both the breeds during different seasons. The plasma samples were analyzed for the levels of blood plasma testosterone and heat shock protein 70. The temperature gradient between proximal and distal pole of scrotum was significantly (P< 0.05) lower during summer season. The TG was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) higher in Tharparkar than Karan Fries bulls during summer season. No significant variation was found in the semen volume during summer season. The sperms mass motility, progressive motility, live sperm %, hypoosmotic swelling test and acrosomal integrity was found to be significantly (P< 0.05) higher during spring season than summer season in Karan Fries bulls. All these parameters showed significantly (P< 0.05) higher values in Tharparkar compared to Karan Fries bulls during winter, spring and summer season. Whereas, progressive motility was found to be significantly higher (P< 0.05) during spring season in Tharparkar bulls. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher sperm concentration was observed in Tharparkar than Karan Fries bulls during all three seasons. Whereas, reverse trend i.e. lower total sperm abnormalities was found in Tharparkar than Karan Fries bulls during different season. The seminal plasma MDA levels were observed to be significantly higher during summer season compared to spring and winter season in both the breeds. Further the levels of MDA showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower levels in Tharparkar than Karan Fries bulls during all three seasons. The ROS positive sperm cells were observed to be significantly (P < 0.05) lower during spring season compared to winter and summer in both the breeds. The ROS positive sperm cells are numerically higher in Karan Fries bulls than Tharparkar bulls during summer season. The rectal temperature and respiration rate were significantly (P < 0.05) higher during summer season in both the breeds. These values were found to be significantly higher in Karan Fries bulls than Tharparkar bulls during all the seasons. The blood plasma testosterone levels were found significantly (P < 0.05) higher during all the three seasons in Tharparkar compared to Karan Fries bulls. The blood plasma heat shock protein 70 showed significantly higher (P <0.05) levels during summer compared to spring and winter season. Among the breeds, the levels of HSP70 were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Karan Fries than Tharparkar bulls during different season. The scrotal temperature gradient showed significant (P<0.05) positive correlation with mass motility, progressive motility, live sperms %, HOST, acrosomal integrity and significant (P<0.05) negative correlation with sperm abnormality and level of testosterone. The THI was found to be inversely correlated with TG and positively correlated with testosterone and HSP 70. Based on the result obtained it can be concluded that lower scrotal temperature gradient in Karan Fries compared to Tharparkar bulls affected semen quality negatively and summer season was more stressful to Karan Fries than Tharparkar bulls. Since scrotal surface temperature gradient was less in Karan Fries bulls and correspondingly the semen quality was deteriorated and the level of stress markers (MDA, HSP70, ROS, RT, RR) was also higher indicating susceptibility of Karan Fries bulls to heat stress compared to Tharparkar bulls.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MILK SOMATIC CELL COUNTS OF DAIRY ANIMALS REARED UNDER FARM AND FIELD CONDITIONS
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) GORE PRATAP LAXMAN; AJAY KUMAR DANG
    The present study undertaken to study factors affecting the milk somatic cells of dairy animals reared under farm and field conditions. A total of 192 dairy animals were included from NDRI farm and adjoining villages (farm) of Karnal, Haryana and divided into 96 cows (48 Sahiwal and 48 KF), 48 buffaloes, 48 goats and further subdivided into 2 groups i.e. farm (n=24) and field (n=24). A proforma was prepared for survey on field which included different questionaries regarding managemental practices followed by farmers for clean milk production. Milk from different dairy animals was collected hygienically and evaluated for milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC). Changes in milk composition and somatic cell count were evaluated to observe the effect of different parity i.e., primiparous, and multiparous and different managemental practices. Milk somatic cell counts were significantly lower in primiparous as compared multiparous cows (Sahiwal and KF) in both farm and field conditions. While average range of milk somatic cell counts in Murrah buffaloes were significantly lower as compared to cows.Milk somatic cell counts in farm goats were higher than that of field.With increase in SCC there was no significant variation in fat percent of dairy animals. However, protein, EC and pH increased, whereas SNF and lactose decreased.Washing of animals, hands, udder and teats and collection vessels before milking were followed under field conditions, whereas washing of udder after milking, teat dipping and screening of udder for mastitis were not followed. This study indicated that milk SCC gets influenced by the different managemental practices that are being followed for lactating dairy animals. Further good health, hygiene and clean milking practices would help to maintain the quality of milk produced under farm and field conditions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF MILK METABOLOMICS AND PHYSIOBIOCHEMICAL PROFILES IN ZINC SUPPLEMENTED DAIRY GOATS DURING WINTER AND SUMMER SEASONS
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) POOJA ANAND; ANJALI AGGARWAL
    Present study was carried out on crossbred lactating goat (Capra hircus) to study the effect of zinc supplementation on milk metabolites and physio-biochemical changes during winter and summer seasons. Eighteen crossbred Alpine × Beetal (AB) goats were selected and divided into three groups, 6 animals each as Control (C: no zinc supplementation), Treatment 1 (T1: 30ppm of zinc supplementation) and Treatment 2 (T2: 50ppm of zinc supplementation) on DMI basis during winter and summer seasons. Milk and blood samples were collected at fortnight interval. The physiological, hematological, bio-chemical and hormonal parameters as well as milk yield, milk composition and milk minerals content in goat were investigated during both the seasons. The present study intended to investigate the changes in milk metabolites if any in zinc supplemented dairy goats. One-way ANOVA analysis revealed no significant difference between the metabolites in milk samples of control, T1 and T2 groups. However, PLS-DA analysis revealed twenty-five (25) metabolites found in control, T1 and T2 groups of milk samples were having VIP score ≥ 1. Based on -log10(p) and impact values, pathways such as alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid, TCA cycle, linoleic acid metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism were found to be differentially regulated in control, T1 and T2 groups and these were involved in carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism. No significant effect of zinc supplementation was observed on rectal temperature, respiration rate, pulse rate and skin temperature in control, T1 and T2 groups but significantly (p<0.05) higher values were observed during summer as compared to winter. No significant effect of zinc supplementation was observed on hematological parameters (Hb, PVC and TEC), milk yield and milk composition (fat, SNF, protein and lactose) but their values were significantly (p<0.05) higher in control, T1 and T2 groups during winter as compared to summer. No significant effect of zinc supplementation and seasonal variation was observed on milk mineral content of sodium, potassium and zinc but significantly (p<0.05) higher values of milk calcium were observed in control, T1 and T2 groups during winter as compared to summer. Plasma cortisol was found significantly (p<0.05) lower in T2 group during summer season, whereas plasma thyroxine was found significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 group during winter season. A significantly (p<0.05) higher level of plasma insulin was observed in control and treatment (T1 and T2) groups of AB goats during summer season, whereas no effect of zinc supplementation and seasonal variation was observed on plasma prolactin levels. No significant change in plasma glucose level was observed in control and supplemented groups (T1 and T2) but during winter season, significantly (p<0.05) higher plasma glucose levels (mg/dl) was observed. A significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma zinc levels in T2 group, during the IV and V fortnight intervals of experimental period during summer season was observed. A significantly (p<0.05) higher values of plasma copper level (ppm) in control group as compared to T2 group, whereas no significant variation between the supplemented groups (T1 and T2) was found during summer season. Based on present study, it can be concluded that supplementation of 50ppm of zinc was better in ameliorating effect of heat stress in goats.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ANALYSIS OF SEMEN QUALITY AND FERTILITY BIOMARKERS IN CROSSBRED MALE GOATS SUPPLEMENTED WITH ZINC DURING DIFFERENT SEASONS
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) RESHMA DEBBARMA; ANJALI AGGARWAL
    The health of livestock is significantly impacted by heat stress, metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and immunological suppression as a result of more frequent extreme weather events, including higher temperatures and extremely low temperatures. The present study was experimentally investigated (i) to study the effect of zinc supplementation on the semen parameters and fertility biomarkers in seminal plasma of crossbred male goats during different seasons (ii) to study the effect of zinc supplementation on haematological parameters, hormones and enzymes in blood of crossbred male goats during different seasons. To investigate, eighteen Alpine x beetle buck goats age (2-4 years) were selected and classified into three groups (n=6) as control, zinc supplemented group T1 @40ppm/Kg BW DMI and T2 @60ppm/Kg BW DMI on the basis of their average body weight. All bucks were housed in individual pens and fed in accordance with ICAR standards uniformly. In each season, semen samples and blood were collected and physiological parameters were observed fortnightly from mid December to June. The influence of season (winter, spring and summer) and effect of zinc supplementation on animal’s physiology, semen and blood parameters were studied. Season showed significant (p˂0.05) variations in semen parameters. Semen quality in the zinc supplemented group was improved as evidenced by a statistically significant (p˂0.05) increase in semen volume, progressive motility, individual motility, and acrosomal integrity. The activities of seminal plasma glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and MDA were all significantly (p˂0.05) varied during different seasons and were improved by zinc supplementation as well as MDA level reduced. There was a significant (p˂0.05) seasonal variation in heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, TEC, TLC, PCV, haemoglobin, ALT, AST and lactoferrin. The levels of blood plasma cortisol, thyroxine, zinc, testosterone, ALT and AST were significantly different (p˂ 0.05) in different seasons. Therefore this study concludes that seasonal variation affects the semen quality. Zinc supplementation improved the semen quality by reducing oxidative stress in crossbred male goats. Seminal attributes, testosterone hormone, enzymes such as glutathione peroxidise, catalase, malondialdehyde and seminal plasma protein lactoferrin can serve as potential fertility biomarkers.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CHANGES IN TOTAL AND DIFFERENTIAL MILK CELL COUNTS AND CERTAIN BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS COWS
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) PRIYANKA KUMARI; A. K. DANG
    Mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the mammary gland and is classified as clinical or subclinical depending on the visibility of the effects of inflammation of the mammary gland. The present study was undertaken to study the total and differential milk cell counts and certain biochemical parameters in subclinical mastitis cows. A total of 144 cows were selected from Livestock Research Center (LRC), ICAR- NDRI, Karnal and divided into two groups, 72 indigenous (Sahiwal) and 72 crossbred (Karan Fries) cows, and subdivided into three groups viz., healthy (n=24), subclinical (n=24) and clinical mastitis (n=24) according to their somatic cell count (SCC) and California mastitis test (CMT). Milk from each cow was collected hygienically and evaluated for milk composition, SCC, and DLC. Whey and cell pellet were separated for the quantification of enzymes and minerals. With an increasing milk SCC there was no variation in the fat percentage of Sahiwal (SW) and Karan Fries (KF) cows. However, protein, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH increased whereas, SNF and lactose decreased significantly (P<0.05). Macrophage and lymphocyte percentages decreased with increasing milk SCC while, neutrophil percentages increased during subclinical and clinical mastitis in both the breeds. The mean lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), N- acetyl β-D Glucosaminidase (NAGase), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) concentration kept on increasing with an elevation of milk SCC with maximum values observed in clinical mastitis cows. Sodium and chloride values increased whereas, potassium decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the subclinical and clinical mastitis groups of cows. There was a positive correlation between milk SCC and neutrophils (%) whereas macrophages (%) and lymphocytes (%) were negatively correlated with milk SCC in both Sahiwal and Karan Fries cows. A highly significant (P<0.001) and positive correlation of milk SCC with milk protein, EC, and pH was found. However, a significant (P<0.001) and negative correlation was observed in milk lactose with milk SCC in both Sahiwal and Karan Fries cows. Milk enzymes along with sodium and chloride showed a positive correlation with milk SCC whereas potassium was negatively correlated. This study indicated that milk EC, pH, protein, lactose along with changes in LDH and ALP observed in the milk of subclinical cows can be effectively used as the markers for early detection of mastitis.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DECIPHERING THE EFFECT OF COMBINED STRESSES ON METABOLIC REGULATION OF IMMUNITY IN CALVES
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2021) GUJJALKAR, PRASHANT RAJU; KUMAR, PARVEEN
    The present experimental study estimated the deciphering the effect of combined stress on metabolic regulation of immunity in calves. Twenty female Sahiwal (SW) and twenty female Karan Fries (KF) calves were used in the experiment. SW and KF were divided into four groups in both breed calves, namely, Control(C) (n=5), Heat stress (HS) (n=5), Nutrition stress (NS) (n=5) and Combined stress (CS) (n=5). The entire experiment lasted three months, from April to June, a total of 93 days. For 93 days, calves were exposed to heat stress, nutritional stress, and combined stress. During the animal trial period, the HS group had significantly (P < 0.05) greater Respiration and Pulse rates in KF calves in the morning and afternoon. In SW calves during the afternoon, the heat stress group significantly (P < 0.05) higher Respiration rate and Pulse rate. In KF and Sahiwal, HS and CS had significantly (P < 0.05) higher Rectal Temperature during the afternoon. In Karan Fries, the Heat stress (HS) group had significantly higher (P < 0.05) Body weight. Where as in Sahiwal, Heat stress and Control group had greater Body weight (P < 0.05). In Karan Fries and Sahiwal both breeds glucose level (mg/dl) in combined stress group significantly decreased (P < 0.05) comparing to Nutritional stress, Heat stress and Control groups. In KF and SW calves Haptoglobin concentration level significantly increased (P < 0.05) in CS group than the NS, HS and C group breeds. In Karan Fries and Sahiwal both breeds IL-6 level (ng/L) in combined stress group significantly increased (P < 0.05) comparing to Nutritional stress, Heat stress and Control groups. According to the findings, increased temperature, humidity, and scarcity of feed and fodder under a changing climate scenario pose a severe risk to calves by altering physiological, biochemical, and immunological related activities, negatively affecting their immune system, growth, disease resistance capacity, and impairing homeostasis in Combined stress.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECTS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAVES SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH, CERTAIN BLOOD METABOLITES AND HORMONES IN MURRAH BUFFALO HEIFERS
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2021) KOVE NATASHA SUNIL; ROY, A.K.
    The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementations of 20% dried Moringa oleifera leaves in the diet of growing Murrah buffalo heifers. The experiment was conducted at Livestock Research Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana. The experiment was conducted on 14 growing Murrah buffalo heifers aged 13 to 20 months with an initial body weight of 169 kg and 170 kg respectively. The animals were divided into two groups on the basis of their body-weights and age. The control group was fed with the diet recommended by ICAR 2013 guidelines. The treatment groups was supplemented with 20% of DMI (400 g) of dried Moringa oleifera leaves in addition to the control diet. Body-weight and dry matter intake was recorded every fortnight. Blood samples were collected at monthly intervals and stored for the analysis of hormones and biochemical attributes. The body-weight and metabolic body-weights were higher (P<0.05) at the end of six months in the treatment group than control group. The DMI was higher in treatment group as compared to control group. The mean (ng/ml) values of T3 and T4 were higher (P<0.05) in the treatment than the control group. The mean cortisol (ng/ml) values in the plasma of treatment group was lower (P<0.05) than that of control group. The plasma levels of growth hormone, glucose level and estradiol-17beta showed no difference (P>0.05) between the control and treatment groups. The plasma levels of insulin like growth factor in treatment group was higher (P<0.05) than that of the control group. The total antioxidant capacity of buffalo heifers plasma in the treatment group was higher (P<0.05) in the treatment group as compared to the control group. The digestibility of DM, OM, CP, ADF, NDF were higher (P<0.05) in the treatment group than the control group. There was no difference (P>0.05) in the digestibility of ether extract. Ultrasound examination revealed the number of small (<3 mm), medium (3-8mm) and total number of follicles which were higher (P<0.05) in the treatment group than control group. There was no difference (P>0.05) in the large follicles (>8mm) of control and treatment groups. The supplementation of dried leaves of Moringa oleifera @ 20% of the total DMI in addition to the control diet improved body weight, feed intake, growth rate of Murrah buffalo heifers. It also improved the biochemical attributes, metabolic hormone levels and digestibility of nutrients.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of replacement of concentrate with moringa oleifera on physio-Biochemical Attributes of Barbari Goats During Different seasons
    (ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2021) Kruparam, Ukey Apeksha; SINGH, S.V.
    The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacement of 50% of concentrate with Moringa oliefera in Barbari goats during different season. Ten healthy Barbari goats were selected and divided into two groups of five animals each viz group I (control) and group II (Treatment i.e 50% replacement of concentrate with Moringa oliefera dried leaves including small stalks). Environmental parameter were recorded to calculate Temperature Humidity Index (THI). The recording of physiological responses, body weight and dry matter intake were carried out at fortnight interval throughout the experiment. The blood sampling were carried out prior to actual experiment, at fortnight after the start of each season and at the end of each season. The overall mean values of physiological response (RT and RR) were significantly (P<0.05) lower in treatment group compared to control group. The mean values of physiological responses (RT, RR and ST) were significantly (P<0.05) different during different seasons. The overall mean values of hematological parameters (Hb, RBC, PCV) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment group and during hot dry season compared to control and other seasons respectively. The overall mean values of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment group and during winter season compared to control and other seasons respectively. The overall mean values of plasma leptin was numerically higher in treatment group and significantly (P<0.05) higher during hot dry season compared to control and winter season respectively. The overall mean values of plasma cortisol were significantly (P<0.05) lower in treatment group whereas mean values of plasma catalase enzyme were significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment group than the control group. The mean values of plasma cortisol and catalase was significantly (P<0.05) higher during hot dry season compared to other seasons. The overall mean values of IL2 concentration in blood plasma was significantly (P<0.05) lower, whereas IL10 concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment group than control group. The mean values of IL2 concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in hot dry season whereas IL10 concentration was significantly (P<0.05) lower in hot dry season compared to other seasons respectively. The overall mean values of body weight and dry matter intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment group compared to control group. The mean values of body weight and dry matter intake was significantly (P<0.05) different during different seasons. The results of the present study clearly indicated that, 50% replacement of concentrate with Moringa oliefera is beneficial for amelioration of the adverse effect of thermal stress, reducing the stress markers, enhancing the metabolic hormones, immunity and growth performance of Barbari goats.