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ThesisItem Open Access ESTIMATION OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS IN MADHYA PRADESH(ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, 2020) AGRAWAL, ADITI; Raju, R.Indian dairy is unique in its own way and has found a prominent place on the world dairy map. The country stands as the world’s largest milk producer since last 22 years. Despite impressive growth in the dairy development in the country, milk productivity is still less than one-fourth of the productivity being realized in many developed countries. There is considerable progress in the overall production in the dairy sector, but without proper marketing the country would not attain the expected rate of growth in dairy farming. Madhya Pradesh stands third in total milk production with 15.91 million tonnes (8.5 per cent) and the per capita milk availability of 538 g/day (NDDB, 2018-19). The state has highest population of indigenous cattle but their productivity was found to be very low. State government has taken many initiatives for the development of dairy farming like Nandi Shala Yojana to improve the productivity of indigenous cattle, establishment of new veterinary dispensaries and hospitals, establishment of dairy co-operatives for marketing of milk etc. In the milieu, the present study entitled “Estimation of Production and Marketing of Milk and Milk Products in Madhya Pradesh” has been undertaken with the specific objectives: (i) To analyze the production and utilization pattern of milk and milk products in Madhya Pradesh, (ii) To assess the cost and returns of milk production in study area, (iii) To estimate the Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) on milk and milk products and (iv) To determine the marketed surplus of milk and marketing efficiency of various milk marketing channels. The state has 11 Agro-Climatic Zones, among which two zones, namely, Malwa (Western) and Kymore (Eastern) were purposively selected. One district from each zone was selected randomly, while one block from each district and two villages from each block were randomly selected. A predetermined sample of 80 milk producer-cum-consumers, 50 consumers, 10 milk vendors, 08 creameries, 05 halwais, 05 contractors and 07 Non Profit Institution Serving Households (NPISHs) were drawn randomly from four villages. Buffaloes contributed highest (35.79 per cent) in total milk production in the study area followed by indigenous cattle (34.57 per cent) and crossbred cows (29.64 per cent). Overall per capita per day milk availability and milk consumption were 1.49 and 0.37 litres, respectively, which increase with the increase in herd size across household category. Rural consumers consumed 53.78 per cent and urban consumers consumed 46.54 per cent of their retained milk in fluid form. Overall cost per litre of milk production was highest for buffalo (`31.85) followed by indigenous cattle (`30.74) and crossbreds cows (`25.94). On an average, per litre returns from milk production was highest in case of buffalo (`10.53) followed by crossbred (`7.33) and indigenous cow (`2.43). Annual total milk consumption in the state by all resident households and NPISHs together was estimated to be 10.58 million tons, which is 66.50 per cent of state’s total milk production. Private final consumption expenditure on milk and milk products in the state was `528.9 billion per year, out of which nearly 50 per cent of the total PFCE was incurred on liquid milk. Overall marketed surplus of milk was found to be 74.77 per cent and was highest for large category households (81.50 per cent). Nearly 80 per cent of the milk was disposed off through unorganized channel and only 20 per cent is available to organized channel in the study area. Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee as well as marketing efficiency was highest when milk is disposed off through halwais after direct channel, i.e., Producer- Consumer.ThesisItem Open Access Status and Functioning of Gaushalas in select Districts of Telangana state: An Economic Analysis(ICAR-SRS NDRI, 2020) ROHITH, S.; Sivaram, M.India is blessed with rich livestock diversity. As of 2019 the total cattle population in India has reached to 192.49 million from 190.90 million in 2012. On the other hand, the proportion of indigenous cattle is decreasing. It fell from 93 per cent in 1992 to 74 per cent in 2019 whereas the crossbred cattle population has increased from 7 per cent in 1992 to 26 per cent in 2019. With the increasing cattle population, the number of stray cattle has also increasing significantly. Major reasons for this increasing stray cattle are strict antislaughter laws prevalent in most states and unaffordability to maintain unproductive cattle. The alternative solution for maintaining these unproductive cattle is Gaushalas which are non-profit organizations who mostly depend on private donations and grants from government. These institutes need to be sustainable in a long run to shelter the increasing number of stray cattle. With this in mind the present study was taken up with the specific objectives i) to comprehend the status of Gaushalas in Telangana state, ii) to analyse the costs and returns in the functioning of Gaushalas, and iii) to assess the constraints faced by Gaushalas. The study was conducted in fourteen Gaushalas across southern Telangana State. Both primary and secondary data were collected. The inflow of cattle into Gaushalas was found to be increasing. The major sources for cattle inflow are unproductive cattle left by the farmers, rescued animals from illegal slaughter houses etc. The death of cattle was the major reason for out flow. Adult female cattle constituted maximum percentage of total cattle population (46 per cent), followed by adult male (22 per cent) in Gaushalas. Average annual net income across all the Gaushalas was negative indicating their poor economic status. Operating ratio for all the Gaushalas was high (0.98). This indicates that a major part of Gaushalas income was spent only to meet operating expenses especially for feed and fodder (83 per cent). Income diversification was less for most of the Gaushalas as they were mainly depended on private donations which makes them less sustainable, So, there is a need to diversify income sources such as income from sale of milk, milk products and other by-products. To study the economic sustainability of Gaushalas, Economic Sustainability Index (ESI) was computed using five indicators viz., Net income per SAU, returns over variable cost, self-sufficiency, dependency and percentage of productive animals. Based on ESI values Gaushalas were grouped into low, moderate and high categories. The overall ESI value was 0.393. Two Gaushalas were under low sustainable category, rest twelve Gaushalas were under medium sustainable category. Lower sustainability of Gaushalas is mainly because of their higher dependence on donations, low percentage of productive animals etc. The major constraints faced by Gaushalas in Telangana state are lack of enough space in Gaushalas, high cost of concentrates, unavailability of trained inseminators, less availability of labour, lack of adequate market information to sell Gaushala products etc.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF GAUSHALAS IN SOUTHERN KARNATAKA(ICAR-SRS, NDRI, Karnal, 2020) PRADEEP, R; Sivaram, M.India has a rich and diverse livestock population. According to 20th livestock census India has around 193.46 million cattle population showing an increase of 1.3 per cent over previous census. India has about 5 million stray cattle. Out of this 77,075 is reported in Karnataka state. Gaushalas are considered to be the best alternative to manage the increasing stray cattle population. Since Gaushalas have to take care of unproductive animals, supported by charity, they need to be self-sustainable in long run. Thus, it is important to study the economics of Gaushalas. In this regard, the present study was undertaken with the following objectives: (i) to study profile of Gaushalas in Southern Karnataka (ii) to study the economic sustainability of Gaushalas and (iii) to identify and prioritize constraints faced by the Gaushalas. A sample of 18 Gaushalas spread over 13 districts of Southern Karnataka was covered for the study. Both the primary and secondary data were collected for five years from 2015 to 2019 and analyzed. The analytical techniques employed included ratio analysis, computation of income diversification index and Economic Sustainability Index (ESI) and Garret ranking technique to find out major constraints. The chief findings and conclusions of the study are as follows. • The cattle population varied from as low as 42 to as high as 3328 in sample Gaushalas. • The inflow of cattle into Gaushalas was found to be increasing. The major reasons for this trend were increase in unproductive cattle left by the farmers, rescued animals from illegal slaughterhouses etc. The death of cattle was the major reason for outflow. • Adult female cattle constituted maximum percentage of total cattle population (39 per cent), followed by adult male (21 per cent) in Gaushalas. • The major sources of income were donations (64 per cent) followed by government grants (23 per cent) and sales (11 per cent). This indicates that the major portion of income was from external sources. • The major expenditure items were feed and fodder costs (68 per cent) followed by labour expenses (18 per cent). • The net income varied from Rs 15436 per annum per animal to Rs -4030.49 per annum per animal. The net income was negative for some Gaushalas because of addition of fixed expense component in total expenses of Gaushalas but the average returns over variable cost was found positive for all Gaushalas. • The overall Income diversification index value was found to vary from 0.27 to 0.77. Gaushalas were largely depended on private donations and Government grants which makes them less sustainable, So, there is a need to diversify income sources such as income from sale of milk, milk products and other by-products. • ESI values were computed by using 5 indicators viz., net income per animal, returns over variable cost, self-sufficiency, dependency and percentage of productive animals. Based on ESI values Gaushalas were grouped into low, moderate and high sustainable categories. The ESI value varied from 0.19 to 0.64. Out of 18 Gaushalas, 39 per cent were less sustainable, 55 per cent moderately sustainable and only 6 per cent were under high sustainable category. Low sustainable category Gaushalas should learn from Gaushalas which were managed sustainably. • The major overall constraints with the Gaushalas were high cost of medicines/ veterinary services (70.28), Irregular government grants (63.89), Less Space for shed (63.33), High cost of concentrates (62.50), Lack of improved equipment’s (62.28) and Inadequate value addition(62.22).ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS IN HARYANA: A VALUE CHAIN APPROACH(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2020) MOHAPATRA, SOUMYA SUBHASHREE; SENDHIL, RDairying in India involves a majority of vulnerable section of the society and provides continuous livelihood to the farm families by raising their socio-economic condition. Currently, India has attained the status of highest milk producer in the world with an annual production of 187.7 million tonnes, per capita availability of 374 gram per day and an estimated annual growth rate of around 6 per cent. Milk and milk products being perishable in nature, require an efficient channel for marketing. Dynamic production and consumption pattern of milk and milk products provides immense scope for analyzing the existing marketing and utilization system. Haryana, being one of the top ten milk producing states of India, has an annual contribution of 107.26 lakh tonnes of milk which is 5.4 per cent of country’s total annual milk production. In spite of high level of production, dairy farmers are facing constraints in marketing of milk and a major portion of the produced milk is marketed through unorganized sector. Dairying being a major source of income among the farmers of Haryana, analyzing its value chain management needs a special attention. In lieu of the above issues, ‘Economic analysis of milk and milk products in Haryana: A value chain approach’ has been undertaken with the specific objectives of estimation of input use and production system of milk and milk products, analysis of marketing pattern and determinants of households’ decision on milk selling and assessing the utilization pattern of milk and milk products by end users in the study region. A predetermined sample size of 120 dairy farmers, 10 creameries, 10 milk vendors, 10 halwais, 10 milk collection centres, 2 processing plants and 50 consumers were selected. The data were analyzed by tabular method, Garrett’s ranking technique, chain wide learning and Heckman’s binary probit model to address the set objectives. The socio-economic profile of sample households indicated that medium herd size comprises a major portion (45.83%), followed by small (40.83%) and large (13.34%) herd size with an average herd size of 2-8, 9-16 and 17-36 SAUs, respectively. Analysis of input utilization pattern showed that the overall feed intake was highest in the case of buffalo, followed by crossbred and indigenous cow. The overall net returns obtained in crossbred was found to be highest (₹3.29/litre), followed by buffalo (₹3.12/litre) and indigenous cow (₹1.28/litre). Distantly located semen collection centre was observed to be the major constraint faced by dairy farmers in the study region. The processing cost of full cream milk in the case of cooperative dairy plant (₹2.98/litre) was found to be higher than that of the private dairy plant (₹2.21/litre). Overall, the marketed surplus of milk was estimated to be 38.02 litres per day in the study area and found to be significantly influenced by the factors like herd size, price of milk, operational land holding and family size. Around 65 per cent of total marketed surplus of milk was disposed through informal sector. The marketing channels existing in formal sector were more efficient than the informal marketing channels. Provision of veterinary services, procurement price of milk and distance to milk collection centre were identified as important factors in determining the choice of marketing channel in disposal of milk. Overall, 15.40 per cent of total milk produced was retained by the farmers for household consumption, out of which highest quantity was being utilized for preparation of ghee (39.75%), followed by liquid milk (27.43%) and curd (18.12%). In the study region, consumers preferred liquid milk consumption, followed by curd and ghee. On an average, the daily expenditure incurred by a consumer household on milk and milk products was higher in urban area (₹118.93/day) than in rural area (₹93.47/day). Efforts must be taken to improve the productivity of indigenous cattle as well as to bridge the knowledge gap of especially small and medium farmers and enabling them to adopt better rearing practices by means of proper training programs. There should be establishment of new semen collection centres as well as making availability of concentrates at subsidized price channelized through Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs). Efforts should be taken to encourage the dairy farmers to actively participate in the dairy value chain for improving the livelihood security as well as upliftment of the socio-economic condition.ThesisItem Open Access INTER REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION PATTERN OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS IN RAJASTHAN(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2020) GOURAV; SINGH, AJMERAs we know globally India is a leading producer of milk, but there has been significant inter and intra-regional variations in milk production across the country, similarly the approach to dairy development varied accordingly from state to state and region to region in India. Hence, with this milieu present study entitled, “Inter regional differences in production and utilization pattern of milk and milk products in Rajasthan” was taken up with the following objectives. 1. To estimate inter regional difference in production of milk and milk products by different producing units. 2. To work out costs and returns of milk production over regions. 3. To analyse marketing and utilization pattern of milk and milk products by different end users. 4. To study the profile and scope of operations of dairy based export oriented units. Both primary and secondary data were collected to achieve the objectives. Primary data were collected from 120 milk producer, 12 halwaies and 12 creameries from three regions of Rajasthan namely; Northern and north western plains (N&N-W plains), Transitional and eastern plains (T&E plains) and Southern and south eastern plains (S&S-E plains). Secondary data comprises of the collection on agro climatic features, veterinary facility and infrastructure facility in state. Following the cumulative square root frequency method the households were classified into three categories small, medium and large based on herd size. The data were analysed by using tabular analysis. The information after analysis of data revealed that overall herd size was 7.17, while it was 6.07, 8.64, and 6.79 in N&N-W plains, T&E plains and S&S-E plains respectively. The operational land holding was highest under large category followed by medium and small category; while region wise it was 6.40, 3.68 and 4.1 hectares in N&N-W plains, T&E plains and S&S-E plains respectively. The overall milk production was highest from crossbred cow followed by buffalo and lowest from local cow. Category wise per day total milk production was 14.4, 28.68 and 50.32 for small, medium and large category, respectively; while across the regions it was 20.29,29.8 and 22.18 in N&N-W plains, T&E plains and S&S-E plains respectively. Generally, two milk products curd and ghee were produced by milk producers. In study area curd, paneer and ghee were mainly produced by creameries. The overall daily maintenance cost of milk production in indigenous cow was varying from `118.11 under small category to `120.95 under medium category. Across the regions it was highest in region T&E plains and lowest in S&S-E plains. The return per litre was highest under small category while over the region it was highest in S&S-E plains. In case of crossbred cow per animal maintenance cost was highest among medium category while across the regions it was highest in N&N-W plains and lowest in S&S-E plains. Per litre return from crossbred cow was highest under large category; while across regions in N&N-W plains. The overall daily net maintenance cost of milk production from buffalo was `148.41, `152.57 and `150.27 under small, medium and large category respectively. Per litre return was varied from `13.08 under large category to `15.55 under small category. Region wise daily net maintenance cost of milk production from buffalo was highest in region T&E plains while per litre return was highest in N&N-W plains. The overall marketed surplus was 73.43 per cent while inter category it was highest under large category while across the region in S&S-E plains. Milk producers generally use their milk in raw consumption and in curdling process and rest of milk were used for sale in market. Surplus milk produced was disposed off to various agencies through various channels. Generally milk producers opted to sale it directly to consumers, milk vendors, halwais, creameries and co-operatives. Co-operative dominated among all the categories. There were three milk based industries namely; Bikaji food international limited, Navhari food private limited and Sethia sweet products, involved in exporting Rasgulla and Gulabjamun. Major importing countries of these products were USA, UK, Canada and Arab countries. Thus we can conclude that in order to have minimized the regional differences in production of milk, required increase the milk productivity of indigenous cow and strengthening the cooperative sector.ThesisItem Open Access VALUE CHAIN MAPPING AND UTILIZATION PATTERN OF MILK IN ANDHRA PRADESH(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2020) NARESHA, N; DIXIT, ANIL KUMARIndia now attained the status of largest milk producing nation with an annual milk production of 176.3 million tonnes. The cooperative movement coupled with favourable government policies have accelerated the growth of Indian dairy sector, but dairy farmers were often bypassed from this growth process. Therefore, a study on “Value chain mapping and utilization pattern of milk in Andhra Pradesh” was conducted with the objectives, to analyse the cost and return of milk production in the study area, to map the value chain of milk, to estimate production and marketed surplus of milk and to examine utilization pattern of milk and milk products by different consuming units. To achieve these objectives, a predetermined sample of 80 dairy farmers were drawn randomly from selected four villages of Chittoor and Vishakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh. In addition, two collection centres each from cooperative and private processing plants were studied for mapping of formal value chain. Agents/intermediaries involved in the informal milk value chain (10 milk vendors, 10 creameries and 50 consumers) were also interviewed. Dairy farmers were further post-stratified into three categories as Small (1-5 SAUs), Medium (6-9 SAUs) and Large (>9 SAUs) based on herd size by using cumulative square root frequency technique. The data were subjected to tabular analysis and linear regression analysis. Mapping of formal milk value chain was done with the help of system dynamics software Vensim. The data required at each stage of value chain, i.e., procurement cost, chilling cost and cost of processing were obtained from records maintained, personal observation and in discussion with the concerned supervisors of milk processing plants. The socio-economic profile of sample household revealed that the small herd size farmers forms major portion (45%) of the sample size, followed by medium (33.45%) and large farmers (21.25%). The per litre cost of milk production was highest for local cow (`32.54/litre) and least for crossbred (`22.64/litre). The net return from milk production was highest for buffalo (`4.62/litre) followed by crossbred cow (`3.19/litre) and local cow (`0.73/litre). The procurement cost of milk consists of cost of collection, transportation and reception. The procurement cost of milk for private dairy processing plant (`1.40/litre) was found to be higher than cooperative dairy processing plant (`1.37/litre). This was due to handling of less quantity of milk by the private dairy plant. However, the processing cost of standardized milk for cooperative dairy (`2.04/litre) was found higher than private dairy pant (`1.78/litre). The marketing efficiency was more for the private dairy plant (2.02) than the co-operative dairy plant (1.84). It was due to lower marketing cost and marketing margin for the private dairy plant than cooperative dairy plant. The share of marketed surplus in case of small, medium and large category farms was estimated to the tune of 88.17, 94.54 and 95.11 percent of total milk production, respectively. The majority of dairy farmers adopted organized channel, as 90 percent of milk produced sold through this channel and only small proportion through unorganized sector. Among the factors affecting marketed surplus of milk, average milk productivity, herd size were found to be the most encouraging and statistically significant factor (p<0.01), having positive impact on the marketed surplus. Marketing efficiency of channel-I (Producer-Consumer) was highest (36.62) followed by channel-II (Producer- Creameries -consumer) (4.81) as price spread was lowest and producer’s share in consumers rupee was highest in channel-I. Overall on farm utilization of milk was found to be highest in the form of liquid milk (61.72%), followed by curd (25.40%), ghee (12.88%), respectively. Similar type of milk consumption pattern was observed in case of rural and urban consumer households.ThesisItem Open Access PRODUCTION, MARKETING AND UTILIZATION OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS IN KARNATAKA – AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS(2020) REBASIDDANAVAR, REVAPPA M; VERMA, AJAYThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PERI-URBAN DAIRY FARMS IN EAST AND SOUTH-EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN ZONE OF ODISHA(ICAR-NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KARNAL, 2019) ACHARYA, KAMLESH KUMAR; Malhotra, RavinderThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTS IN HASSAN CO-OPERATIVE MILK PLANT (KARNATAKA(ICAR-NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KARNAL, 2019) DEV D, PRAPHUL; Chauhan, A K
