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Open Access
Molecular diversity analysis and genetics of some morpho physiological and biochemical traits associated with moisture-stress tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-03-25) Anubhav, Shubhanshu; Rana, Vijay
The present investigation entitled ‘Molecular diversity analysis and genetics of some morpho-physiological and biochemical traits associated with moisture-stress-tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)’ was conducted to identify morpho-physiological and biochemical traits associated with moisture-stress tolerance and analyze genetic diversity at morphological and molecular level. Experimental material for diversity studies comprised of 56 genetically diverse wheat genotypes; including some high yielding, drought tolerant lines, synthetics, local collections, recombinant inbred lines of a drought tolerant cultivar C 306. Experimental lines were evaluated for different traits in alpha-RBD design with three replications under irrigated (E1) and moisture-stress (E2) field conditions during Rabi 2017-18. A modified TTC analysis comprising 48 progenies; 16 lines and 3 testers was conducted under controlled irrigated (E1) and moisture-stress (E2) conditions during Rabi 2018-19. Significant genetic variability was observed for days to 50% flowering, flag leaf area (FLA), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLW), relative water content (RWC), grain growth rate I (GGR-I), grain growth rate II (GGR-II), stem reserve mobilisation (SRM), tillers/ plant, grains/ spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield/ plant, dry matter accumulation (DMA), grain yield/ plant, harvest index and proline content. High phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) along with high heritability and moderate genetic advance were recorded for proline content under E1 and E2. Grain yield/plant showed significant positive correlation with tillers/plant, 1000-grain weight, biological yield/plant, DMA and harvest index. Biological yield/ plant and harvest index appeared to be the best selection indices for increasing grain yield owing to high direct and indirect effects of these traits in path analysis. Under E1 first six principal components revealed 72.40 % and under E2 first five components explained 71.6 % of total variability. Variation for proline content contributed the maximum to the observed genetic divergence under both conditions. Congruence between morpho-phyiological and SSR data was observed under both the environments. Forty-six out of 56 test genotypes were common among molecular and morphological clusters under moisture-stress, whereas 39 genotypes were common under irrigated conditions. Genotypes SYN 105, IC 36737, HS 562, IC 594376 and VL 907 under irrigated conditions and genotypes viz. IC 322025, HS 490, VHC 6081, VHC 6127, SYN 103, VL 892, VHC 6413, C 306, VL 907, HPW 236 and SYN 117 under moisture-stress conditions were most diverse. STRUCTURE divided the experimental lines into two major populations. Modified TTC analysis was used to detect epistasis and estimates of additive and dominance components of variance for observed phenotypes, which indicated that mean squares due to epistasis were significant for all the traits except SLW and relative water content under irrigated conditions (E1) and FLA under (E2). Additive × Additive (i) type interactions were significant for GGR-I and tillers/ plant under E1 and E2 conditions while j+l type interactions were significant for all the traits except SLW and RWC under irrigated conditions (E1) and RWC under E2. The average degree of dominance (H/D)1/2 revealed similar gene action for 1000-grain weight and GGR-II under both E1 and E2. The comparison of estimates of genetic parameters using Line × Tester and Triple test cross indicated the role of overdominance in genetic control of traits namely, grains/spike, grain growth rate I and proline content under both the environments E1 and E2. Combining ability analysis revealed VHC 6413, HS 562, NIAW 1415, WH 1105 as good general combiners for FLA, GGR- II, grains/ spike, 1000-grain weight; Syntehtic 107 and NIAW 1415 for SRM; VHC 6081 and VHC 6127 for tillers/plant; HS 490,VHC 6127 and HS 507 for DMA; VHC 6127, HS 490, NIAW 1415 and NI 5439 for grain yield/plant; HS 562 and Synthetic 107 for harvest index; HS 507, Synthetic 107, Synthetic 112 and NIAW 1415 for proline content under both E1 and E2. HPW 89 x VL 907 recorded positive significant SCA effects for GGR- II; HPW 349 × VL 907 and HS 562 × HPW 368 for stem reserve mobilisation and VHC 6127 × HPW 368 for grains/spike and dry matter accumulation. These crosses were found promising and could be utilized for developing high yielding drought tolerant lines.
Open Access
Structure of farm credit in Himachal Pradesh and role in agricultural development
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-03-21) Mehta, Kanika; Thakur, Rajesh Kumar
Credit plays a vital role in capitalizing the farmers to enhance farm productivity by increasing investment in quality inputs and efficient technologies. With the commercialization and modernization of agricultural practices, the credit needs in Himachal Pradesh are increasing. Therefore, the present study was conducted to comprehend the trends in the allocation of agricultural credit, extent of financial inclusion and its impact on farm investment, productivity and income levels of the farmers in Himachal Pradesh. Two-stage random sampling design was used to select two blocks from each district in the first stage and a total sample of 200 loanee farmers in the second stage of sampling by proportional allocation method. The farmers were then classified into small (n=109) and large (n=91) categories based on the total land holding size. Both primary and secondary data were collected in accordance with the objectives of the study. The state's dependency on Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and co operative banks for agricultural credit disbursement (through bank branch network position and ATMs) was high, particularly in rural areas. However, over the years, growth in these rural financial institutions was substantially lower than in the private sector banks. The amount sanctioned for the agricultural term loan, agricultural infrastructure and agricultural ancillary activities had declined over the years and was considerably lower (21.53%) than the short-term crop loan (78.47%). The overall PCA score of the Financial Inclusion Index was 0.41, reflecting a medium-level of financial inclusion in the study area. The geographical penetration, affordability, usage, financial literacy and quality of financial products and services provided by formal institutions were in the medium range of PCA scores. However, the accessibility and ease components of the Financial Inclusion Index were observed at a lower range of PCA scores in the study area. The cultivated land on overall farms was significantly increased by 1.12 per cent due to the diversion of credit towards the increase in leased-in land holdings (4.49%) in the study area. The financial aid led to a significant shift from cereal and fodder crops to vegetable cultivation. The use of hybrid seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and hired labour increased after the financial aid. Due to this, the total cost of cultivation (Cost C3 ) for all the Kharif and Rabi season crops was substantially increased. The increase in the use of quality inputs led to an increase in the productivity levels of all the major crops in the study area. The gross farm income on overall farms was significantly increased by about 40 per cent after availing the farm credit. The income from vegetable cultivation increased by the highest proportion on both the small and large farms, constituting an overall increase of 73.74 per cent. The scale of the amount sanctioned to the sample farms varied positively with the land holding size, while the repayment of credit was lower on small farms than the large farms. Most sample farmers attained credit from the scheduled banks through KCC, followed by the private moneylenders and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS). With the increase in the size of cultivated land holdings and dependency on agriculture as the primary source of income, the probability of credit acquisition from private moneylenders increased on sample farms. The asset status and the gross farm income of the farmers had a significantly negative impact on the odds of being a delinquent or a defaulter. The interest rates charged by the financial institutions reflected a positively significant relationship with the probability of being a defaulter or a delinquent in the study area. The lack of collateral security, insufficient credit limit offered by banks and fear of losing agricultural land were major problems for credit acquisition through institutional sources. Whereas, the increasing input costs and rising household expenditures negatively impacted the repayment and use of credit. Based on the findings, the panchayat-level identification of needy farmers was suggested as a measure to restrict the diversion of credit towards non-agricultural purposes.
Open Access
Studies on physio morphological attributes of crops and weeds as influenced by organic weed management practices in maize - pea cropping system
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-01-20) Kumar, Sarwan; Rana, S.S.
Studies were carried out in a long-term experiment in maize - peas cropping system under All India Coordinated Research Project on Weed Management (AICRP-WM) during October 2019 to September 2021 at Palampur. Ten weed control treatments based on T1-hoeing, T2-stale seed bed + hoeing, T3-raised stale seedbed + hoeing, T4- mulch 5t ha-1 , T5-stale seed bed + mulch, T6- raised stale seed bed + mulch, T7- intercropping of soybean in kharif and fenugreek in rabi, T8-crop rotation (alternating soybean - mustard with maize - peas), T9-intensive cropping (additional crops of mustard in autumn and buckwheat in summer) and T10-chemical check (pendimethalin in rabi and atrazine in kharif) were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications. The weed flora were comprising of 14 species in rabi 2019-20 and 11 in rabi 2020-21, 8 weed species during kharif 2020 and 15 in kharif 2021. There was considerable change in weed species composition during the second year as compared to the first year. Diversity and phytosociological analysis revealed diverse weed flora in the organic weed management treatments as compared to the chemical check. Phenological study revealed extended periods of germination/emergence, flowering and fruiting. Rabi weeds emerged during October to January and kharif during May to August, flowered and bore fruits/seeds during March (rabi) and September (kharif) and reached maturity in April (rabi) and September (kharif), respectively. Yield, net income and net energy were significantly higher under RSSB + Hoeing/HW followed by crop rotation, however, chemical check was at par to this treatment in the second year. Crop rotation also gave higher profitability over the check. The growth analysis parameter viz, CGR, AGR and RGR found to be significantly more in intercropping and crop rotation.
Open Access
Genetic analysis of fruit yield, component and quality traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-03-05) Sharma, Shaina; Chadha, Sanjay
The present investigation entitled “Genetic analysis of fruit yield, component and quality traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSKHPKV Palampur with the objectives to study the nature and magnitude of gene action of fruit yield, component and quality traits of triple test cross progenies, and to identify the potential parents and cross combinations on the basis of combining ability and heterosis in tomato. The experimental material comprised of 24 triple test cross hybrids derived by mating 08 lines with three testers namely 12-1, Palam Pride and their single cross F1 (12-1× Palam Pride). 24 cross combinations, 11 parents along with standard check- 1 (Avtar) were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during summer-rainy season of 2021. Tester F1 i.e.12-1× Palam Pride was identified as promising cross combination at CSKHPKV, Palampur during the past years and was also used as standard check -2 for the estimation of standard heterosis. Susceptible checks (Punjab Chhuhara and Roma) were included at every 11th row alternatively to ensure the presence of uniform distribution of bacterial wilt disease inoculum. The observations were recorded on five competitive plants marked at random in each entry over the replications on different quantitative traits viz. plant survival on the basis of bacterial wilt disease incidence, days to 50 per cent flowering, days to first harvest, average fruit weight (g), fruit shape index, pericarp thickness (mm), total fruits/plant, marketable fruits/plant, marketable yield/plant (kg), total yield/plant (kg), locules/fruit, plant height (cm), duration of fruit harvest (days). Data were recorded on some visual traits fruit shape, fruit colour, fruit shape at pedicel area, fruit shape at blossom end and blossom end scar. Biometrical analysis was done for the characters TSS (0Brix), ascorbic acid (mg/100g), lycopene content (mg/100g), titrable acidity, dry matter content, pH content, moisture content, carotenoid content (mg/100g) and TSS- AR ratio. Epistasis was discovered to be a crucial component of genetic variation for majority of the traits including marketable fruit yield/ plant. Epistasis has been found to be invariably present for all the examined attributes except days to first harvest. Both (i) and (j+l) type of interactions were significant for days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, total fruits/ plant, gross yield/ plant, marketable fruits/ plant, marketable yield/ plant, locules per fruit, pericarp thickness, fruit length, fruit shape index, TSS, titrable acidity, carotenoid content, dry matter content, moisture content and TSS-AR ratio.Additive component was more pronounced than dominance component for all the traits except pericarp thickness, locules per fruit, dry matter content and moisture content. Degree of dominance was in the range of incomplete dominance for all the traits except pericarp thickness, locules per fruit, dry matter content and moisture content. Genetic variance revealed from triple test cross progenies can be exploited by intermating selected individuals in early segregating generations with delayed selection in later generations, diallel selective mating/biparental mating or recurrent selection followed by pedigree method to exploit both additive and non-additive components as well as epistasis. Line × tester analysis revealed the preponderance of non-additive gene effects for most of the traits viz. days to 50 per cent flowering, days to first harvest, duration of fruit harvest, plant height, fruit length, fruit width, fruit shape index, pericarp thickness, locules/fruit, total fruits/plant, marketable fruits/plant, total yield/plant, TSS, ascorbic acid content, titrable acidity, pH, carotenoid content, dry matter content, moisture content and TSS-AR ratio while additive gene effects for marketable yield per plant. Lines DPT 4 and DPT 1 were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. The cross-combinations DPT 1×12-1, DPT 1× Palam Pride, DPT 4×12-1 and 2015/TOINVAR-4×12-1 exhibited high heterosis, SCA and per se performance for majority of traits, therefore were rated as potential crosses. As a result, it would be helpful to exploit tomato hybrids, particularly those that showed high SCA in the current study for the development of hybrids.
Open Access
Line × tester analysis for fruit yield and component traits in okra (Abelmsochus esculentus (L.) Moench)
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-10-25) Shweta; Sood, Sonia
The present investigation entitled “Line × tester analysis for fruit yield and component traits in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK HPKV Palampur with the objective of gathering information on heterosis, combining ability and gene action by using line × tester mating design involving nine lines and three testers. Lines, testers, their 27 cross-combinations, along with standard check 1 ‘Samrat’ and standard check 2 ‘Shakti’ were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during Summer season 2020 (E1), Summer season 2021 (E2) and Rainy season 2021 (E3). The data were recorded on different phenological and structural traits, fruit yield and yield attributing traits, quality traits and disease incidence of Cercospora leaf spot. Sufficient genetic variability was recorded for all the traits in three environments. Significant genotype × environment interactions were recorded for all the characters indicated role of environment on the performance of genotypes and cross-combinations. The analysis of variance for line × tester design revealed significant differences due to females, males and female × male interaction for most of the traits in three environments and under pooled over environments indicating substantial diversity in the experimental material. A large variation in magnitude and direction of heterosis was observed for most of the traits studied. Hybrids ‘Palam Round × Hisar Unnat’, ‘Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat’, ‘VRO-4 × Hisar Unnat’ and Palam 5 ridged × Hisar Unnat’ were the most promising crosses exhibited significant desirable standard heterosis for fruit yield and related traits and displayed maximum reliability by retaining their ranking among top five crosses over the environments. Lines ‘Palam Round’, ‘Kashi Vibhuti’ and ‘VRO-4’, and tester ‘Hisar Unnat’ were recorded good general combiners for fruit yield per plant and related traits. ‘Palam Round × Hisar Unnat’, ‘Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat’, ‘9801 × P-8’, ‘Kashi Pragati × Palam Komal’ and ‘HPO-1 × P-8’ were the most promising cross-combinations on the basis of SCA effects for yield and component traits. The dominant component of variance was higher than additive component for most of the traits, indicated the preponderance of non-additive gene action. Based on per se performance, SCA effects and standard heterosis ‘Palam Round × Hisar Unnat’ and ‘Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat’ were the most promising cross -combinations for developing superior progenies. These cross-combinations had good amount of mucilage, ascorbic acid, produced green colour fruits with downy pubescence. Palam Round × Hisar Unnat was ridgeless, resistant to Cercospora abelmoschi and highly resistant to Cercospora malayensis whereas Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat had five ridges per fruit and resistant to both species of Cercospora leaf spot. These cross-combinations can be released as hybrids after further field testing and their exploitation in future breeding programmes. Single seed descent method, recurrent selection and bulk method can be the best breeding strategy to obtain maximum number of transgressive segregants with high fruit yield.
Open Access
Ecology and control of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb and Synedrella vialis (Less.) A. Gray
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-11-26) Bhalla, Tamanna; Kumar, Suresh
A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, CSK HPKV, Palampur during Kharif 2020 and 2021 to study the ecology and control of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb and Synedrella vialis (Less.) A. Gray. Eleven weed control treatments viz. glyphosate 1000 g/ha, paraquat 1000 g/ha, 2,4-D Na salt 1250 g/ha, 2,4-D ethyl ester 1000 g/ha, metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha, carfentrazone 25 g/ha, glufosinate ammonium 500 g/ha, bispyribac Na 20 g/ha, flumioxazin 200 g/ha, diuron 500 g/ha and weedy check (control) were tested in Randomized Block Design with three replications. To study the ecology of both the weeds, experiments were conducted at three locations i.e. Research Farm of Department of Agronomy (Palampur), KVK (Berthin, Bilaspur) and on farmer’s field (Kangra). Alternanthera philoxeroides recorded the highest shoot length (97.25 and 100.75 cm) and number of leaves per shoot (40 and 42) in the month of October and this weed did not flower throughout the duration of study at both the locations i.e. Palampur and Kangra. Whereas, Synedrella vialis exhibited a low growing, mat forming habit with maximum shoot height (13 to 15.50 cm) and number of leaves per shoot (12) in August and September. This weed propagated vegetatively (runner) as well as through seeds since flowering occurred throughout the growth period at all the three locations. Results of the weed control study revealed that the application of glyphosate 1000 g/ha and metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha behaving statistically alike were significantly effective in reducing the count (No./m2 ) and dry weight (g/m2 ) of Alternanthera philoxeroides and Synedrella vialis during both the years of study. The bioassay study indicated that all the herbicides used for the control of these weeds did not retain any residue in the soil and thus, can be considered safe for use.
Open Access
Stability analysis for yield traits and association mapping of quality traits in oat (Avena sativa L.)
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-03-09) Sanadya, Sanjay Kumar; Sood, V.K.
Population growth, hunger and climate change are the major problems in the world. Therefore, a paradigm shift in agriculture is required to explore neglected and underutilized crop species that possess agronomic, nutritional and climate-resilient traits. Harnessing diverse oat genetic resources and development of stable cultivars are the sustainable solution to overcome these problems to some extent. Therefore, experiment was carried out to identify yield stable oat genotypes in organically and conventionally managed fields in the North Western Himalayas using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis and facilitate genetic dissection of quality traits employing ddRAD based GWAS approach. Ninety-six diverse oat genotypes were tested in five environments (year-production system combinations) using 12×8 alpha lattice design with three replications. Pooled ANOVA showed significant genotypic, environmental and GEI effects, suggesting GEI can be assessed in this population. Conventional system had higher yield over organic system across years. Environment and GEI were the major source of variation for all traits except dry matter percentage. Seed yield per plant showed positive significant association with biological yield per plant and harvest index whereas green fodder yield per plant exhibited positive significant association with number of leaves per plant and dry matter yield per plant. Genotypes SKO-190, UPO-119, OS-92, HJ-8, Choripatti and EC-523890 for seed yield per plant and HFO-878, HFO-502 and PLP-14 for green fodder yield per plant were found to be widely adapted. On the basis of polygon view of the GGE biplot, two mega-environments (MEs) were identified with winning genotypes ADG-96 and IG-03-205 in ME-1 and SKO-190, EC-605837, PO-1 and KUE in ME-2 for seed yield per plant whereas JPO-38, IG-03-205 and UPO-119 in ME-1 and SKO 28, RO-19, UPO-102 and JHO-99-2 in ME-2 for green fodder yield per plant. Genome-wide 35,262 SNP markers were used for the identification of genomic loci associated with five grain and forage quality traits phenotyped in different production systems across years. Distribution of SNPs ranging from 998 (chromosome 6D) to 2945 (chromosome 1A) with SNP density ranged from 1.94 per Mb to 5.60 per Mb window size. Population structure and kinship matrix analysis divided population into three groups with some admixtures indicating sufficient genetic variation. Total 31 significant marker-trait associations were detected across twenty one chromosomes for five quality traits. Out of which 6, 3, 9, 9 and 4 were identified for ADF, NDF, β-glucan content, crude protein content and crude protein yield per plant, respectively and explained 0.18 to 17.87% of total phenotypic variation. Twenty putative genes were found to be associated with QTLs linked with quality traits (100 Kb either side). Out of 31 QTLs, 10 QTLs explained more than 10% of total phenotypic variation thus these can be considered as major QTLs indicating a potential for using these markers in genomic assisted oat breeding programme.
Open Access
Bioefficacy studies of biorational approaches against Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee on brinjal in Himachal Pradesh
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-01-16) Negi, Nitika; Sharma, Prem Chand
Studies were carried out to know the incidence of Leucinodes orbonalis on brinjal in agro-climatic zone I and II of Himachal Pradesh and data on the incidence of L. orbonalis were recorded at monthly interval during 2019 and 2021. The crop was found to be infested with L. orbonalis at all the locations during both the years. Incidence of L. orbonalis appeared early in the month of May and remained up to the end of the season. The peak incidence of L. orbonalis was recorded in the month of July and August on shoots and fruits of brinjal during both the years. Among all the locations, Una district had a maximum shoot and fruit infestation (25.33 and 28.83%, respectively) during 2019, while in 2021 the maximum shoot infestation was recorded in Hamirpur district (26.50%) and fruit infestation in Kangra district (28.64%). The intrinsic toxicity studies against neonate larvae of L. orbonalis revealed emamectin benzoate as most toxic with LC50 value of 0.0043 ppm followed by spinosad (0.0303 ppm), Bacillus thuringiensis (3.989 ppm), azadirachtin (8.847 ppm), Brahmastra (24203.194 ppm) and Agniastra (29795.95 ppm). The field experiments were undertaken during the kharif season of 2020 and 2021 at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Entomology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. For the management of L. orbonalis, different approaches were evaluated under three modules, cultural & mechanical methods (M1), natural products & biopesticides (M2) and insecticides (M3). In Module 1, amongst seven treatments, minimum mean shoot infestation (9.33%) and fruit infestation (number as well as weight basis i.e., 12.68 and 13.86%) was recorded in neem cake (NC) + clipping of shoots. In Module 2, out of nine treatments, application of Bt resulted in least mean shoot infestation (13.56%), whereas fruit infestation on the number basis was minimum in neem cake + Azadirachtin; on the weight basis, neem cake + Bt recorded lowest per cent fruit infestation (15.27%). In case of Module 3, shoot infestation was minimum (6.40 %) in emamectin benzoate followed by neem cake + emamectin benzoate (6.70%) and spinosad (6.87%). On the basis of fruit infestation (number and weight), neem cake + application of emamectin benzoate resulted in lowest fruit infestation (9.39 and 8.85%) followed by emamectin benzoate (9.61 and 8.88%). On the basis of incremental output input ratio of two years, emamectin benzoate (27.27) was the most economically viable treatment followed by spinosad (10.82). After two applications of insecticides, the average initial deposits of emamectin benzoate (@10 g a.i./ha) were 0.307 ppm, whereas the average initial deposits of spinosad (@75 g a.i./ha) were 0.489 ppm. A waiting period of 4 days for emamectin benzoate and 2 days for spinosad was suggested for safe consumption of brinjal fruits.
Open Access
Response of different varieties to diverse nutrient management practices in chilli-garden pea sequence
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-03-14) Noori, Rafiullah; Sharma, Akhilesh
The present investigation was undertaken to assess the response of different nutrient management practices on different varieties of garden pea and chilli. The field experiment comprised of 15 treatments which was conducted in chilli-garden pea sequence during two consecutive growing seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22 following split plot design, replicated thrice. The main plot treatments consisted of five nutrient management practices (75, 100 and 125% of recommended NPK, organic farming and natural farming) while sub-plot treatment comprised of three varieties each of chilli and garden pea. Different nutrient management practices and varieties significantly influenced yield and majority of its attributes in both the crops along with NPK uptake and available N, P and K content in soil. The interaction effects between nutrient management practices and varieties were also significant for yield (fresh/red ripe/dry in chilli and fresh/seed in pea), many important traits, N, P and K uptake, monitory gains in respective crops and chilli equivalent yield. Application of 20 tonnes/ha + 125% NPK resulted in significantly higher mean marketable green, red ripe and dry fruit yield of 254.22, 209.64 and 57.30 q/ha with net returns of Rs. 2.89, 3.27 and 6.62 lakhs/ha, respectively over years in chilli. Similarly, this treatment when applied in pea genotype DPP SP-6 also resulted in maximum average pod and seed yield of 166.64 and 27.25 q/ha along with net returns of Rs. 2.53 and 1.60 lakhs/ha, respectively in pooled data over years. Natural farming practice showed least performance for all the traits in both the crops while organic farming practice found better than natural farming. The maximum N, P and K uptake was recorded in treatment supplemented with 20 tonnes of farmyard manure + 125% of recommended NPK in both the crops. At the end of the experiments, treatment supplemented with 125% NPK increased available N, P and K levels in the soil by 55.96, 8.05 and 44.14 kg/ha over the initial status of the soil. Application of 125% NPK resulted in significantly highest chilli equivalent yield of 510.48 q/ha in Him Palam Mirch 2 mean over years with an increase of 8.3% over recommended practice of 100% NPK in the same variety. Therefore, it can be concluded that treatment supplemented with 125% NPK resulted in maximum yield advantage and economic returns in chilli-garden pea sequence while organic farming performed better than natural farming.

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