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Open Access
Diagnosis and Management of Lower Urinary Tract Affections in Dogs
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-31) H B, Vinay; Katoch, Ajay
The present investigation was aimed to study the Diagnosis and Management of Lower Urinary Tract Affections in dogs. A total of 2276 dogs presented to the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. G C Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Palampur were screened for lower urinary tract affections. On the basis of history and clinical signs, haematological examination, biochemical analysis, urine examination, radiographic, ultrasonographic and endoluminal imaging studies, 86 cases suffering from lower urinary tract affections were included in the present study representing an incidence of 3.78%. Amongst 86 dogs, 42 dogs were affected with cystitis, 20 dogs with urolithiasis, 6 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and 18 dogs with prostate affections. Incidence of lower urinary tract affections was highest in age group >8 years (34.88%). The incidence of cystitis was highest in the age group >8 years (28.57%), urolithiasis was highest in the age group >8 years (30%), whereas transitional cell carcinoma incidence was highest in 2 months - 2 year and >8 years age group (33.33%) each and prostate affections incidence was highest in the age group >8 years (55.56%). Labrador Retriever, Mongrel, Pug and German Shepherd were the most common affected dog breeds. Haematuria, dribbling of urine and pollakiuria were the most common clinical signs associated with cystitis and urolithiasis, whereas haematuria, dysuria and pollakiuria were commonly observed in dogs suffering from transitional cell carcinoma. Pollakiuria, stranguria, dysuria and rectal tenesmus/tapered stools were the common clinical signs associated with prostate affections. Leucocytosis was observed in all the groups whereas thrombocytopenia was observed in urolithiasis and prostate affections. BUN and Creatinine were significantly increased in urolithiasis with no significant change in cystitis, whereas BUN value was increased significantly in TCC and Prostate affected dogs. The phosphorus value was significantly increased in cystitis, calcium and phosphorus were increased in urolithiasis affected dogs, whereas phosphorus value was increased in prostate affections. Upon urinalysis, the urine pH and urine specific gravity were increased in cystitis, urolithiasis and prostate affections, whereas urine specific gravity was increased in TCC. Radiographically, out of 20 uroliths, multiple cystoliths were detected in 15 cases and in 5 cases stones were present in the urethra whereas in prostate affections, distended urinary bladder along with enlarged prostate was evident in 2 cases and enlarged prostate alone was evident in 11 cases. Ultrasonographically, in cystitis, distended bladder was reported in 35 cases, where the mean urinary bladder wall thickness was 4.47 ± 0.28 mm. In urolithiasis, there was thickened urinary bladder with hyperechoic foci which casted clear one or multiple acoustic shadows, whereas TCC was evident as urinary bladder thickening with lobular mass protruding into the lumen of the bladder. In prostate affections, ultrasound detected 18 cases with prostate affections, out of which 6 cases were prostatic cysts, 7 cases had enlarged prostate, 4 cases had prostate abscess and one case was prostatic neoplasia. In 4 cases, urethroscopy diagnosed stones located in the lumen of the urethra. Venous acid base status of renal failure dogs concurrent with lower urinary tract affections revealed significantly decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3) which were indicative of metabolic acidosis. The ratio of uALP: uCreatinine and uGGT: uCreatinine were 0.05 ± 0.091 and 0.24 ± 0.088. On antibiogram, the bacterial isolates were most sensitive to Meropenem (70%, 28/40), followed by Marbofloxacin (60%, 24/40), Nitrofurantoin (50%, 20/40), Enrofloxacin (47.5%, 19/40), whereas Metronidazole (67.5%) and Oxytetracycline (55%) showed maximum resistance. The survivability rate was 83.33% (35/42) in cystitis, 85% (17/20) in urolithiasis, 33.33% (2/6) in transitional cell carcinoma and 77.77% (14/18) in prostate affections. The overall survivability rate was 79.07% (68/86).
Open Access
Investigations on gastrointestinal parasitism in migratory sheep and goat of Himachal Pradesh
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-14) Singh, Jagvir; Wadhwa, Des Raj
The present investigation was carried out to study the incidence of gastrointestinal parasitism in migratory sheep and goats. The study was conducted in 3 migratory flocks. The incidence of gastrointestinal parasitism along with haematobiochemical alteration at different altitudes was studied. A total of 220 faecal samples of goats and 200 faecal samples of sheep were collected. The overall incidence of GI parasitism was 94.09 percent in goats and 86.5 percent in sheep. The mean EPG was 1357±125.30 in goats and 1523.25 ± 98.50 in sheep indicating severe parasitism. In flock 1 Strongyle was the major GIT parasite in both sheep and goats at high altitudes. At mid-hill altitude, mixed infection was more prevalent in goats and strongyle was the major GIT parasite in sheep. At low altitudes, Strongyle was the major parasite in both sheep and goats. Mean EPG at high, mid and low hill altitudes was 758.82±60.34,1190±110.30,1762.42±140.38 in sheep and 1036±80.24, 1653.33±140.36 and 1300±110.20 in goats respectively. Haematologically values of TEC, PCV, Hb and MCV were high at high hill altitude than mid and low hills altitude both in sheep and goats. Biochemically calcium and phosphorus were high at low hill altitude than at high and mid hills altitude both in sheep and goats. The concentration of Iron and glucose were high at high hill altitude both in sheep and goats. A negative correlation was found between Famacha and haemoglobin levels in goats which was significant at mid-hills. A negative correlation was also observed in Body condition score and EPG in goats. The incidence of gastrointestinal parasitism and haematobiochemical profile was carried out in two other flocks (flock II and III) at mid hills altitude. In flock II (goat) 80% of the sample was positive for GIT parasitism in goats and the mean EPG was 1656.67±136.40. In flock III (sheep) 93.33% of samples were positive for GIT parasitism in sheep and the mean EPG was 1470±92.08. Haematologically, animals of both the flocks showed decreased haemoglobin than normal. Biochemically mean values of calcium, phosphorus, albumin, globulin and magnesium were below the normal in both the flocks. Theurepeutic trials were conducted on 90 sheep and 90 goats using closantel, ivermectin and fentas plus in standard doses. The efficacy of ivermectin, closantel and fentas plus was 85.30%, 82.91%, and 73.10% respectively in sheep. In goats efficacy was 81.55%, 85.50% and 70.40% respectively indicating that ivermectin was most effective drug in sheep and closantel was most effective drug in goats against single or mixed parasitic infections.
Open Access
Electrolyte and Acid Base Imbalances in Common Clinical Disorders in Dogs
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-20) Bhawani, Ishani; Katoch, Ajay
The present investigation was aimed to study the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of Electrolyte and acid base imbalances in common clinical disorders in dogs. The study was conducted on 2276 dogs presented in the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Palampur. On the basis of history, clinical examination, haemato-biochemical profile, electrolyte profile, acid base imbalances and imaging studies, a total of 328 dogs (14.41%: 328/2276) with electrolyte disorders were found. The overall prevalence from the total dogs presented in the clinics were 5.79% (132/2276) in Renal failure dogs, 3.60% (82/2276) in Canine Parvoviral enteritis dogs, 2.72% (62/2276) in Canine Distemper dogs and 2.28% (52/2276) in dogs with Ascites of hepatic origin. Based upon preliminary screening and final diagnosis, 328 cases of Electrolyte disorders were found. Out of these 328 cases, 132 (40.24%, 132/328) suffered from Renal failure, 82 (25.01%, 82/328) from Parvoviral Enteritis, 62 (18.90 %, 62/328) from Canine Distemper and 52 (15.85%, 52/328) from Ascites of hepatic origin. The prevalence of different Electrolyte imbalances in Renal Failure dogs revealed Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia and Hypochloremia in 50.75% (67/132), 36.36% (48/132) and 19.69% (26/132) cases, , respectively whereas Canine Parvoviral Enteritis revealed Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia and Hypochloremia in 65.85% (54/82), 36.58% (30/82) and 24.39% (20/82) cases, respectively. The prevalenceof different Electrolyte imbalances in Canine Distemper dogs revealed Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia and Hypochloremia in 77.41% (48/62), 51.61% (32/62) and 29.03% (18/62) cases, , respectively whereas Ascitic dogs revealed Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia and Hypochloremia in 75% (39/52), 30.76% (16/52) and 53.84% (28/52) cases, , respectively. Rest of the dogs were having normal levels of Sodium, Potassium and Chloride. The dogs suffering from Renal failure were anaemic with Hb and PCV as 8.89±0.91 g/dl and 27.26±2.49 %, respectively. The mean values of BUN and Creatinine were significantly higher (141.08±14.26 mg % and 6.50±0.49 mg%, respectively) than healthy animals. The mean values of Sodium, Potassium and Chloride were 147.56±1.18 mmol/L, 3.8±0.25 mmol/L and 105.67±1.16 mmol/L, respectively. The mean value of Sodium was significantly lower than healthy animals. Renal failure dogs were having hyperphosphatemia with mean Phosphorus level as 7.341±0.44 mg/dl. Venous blood gas and acid base status in 22 dogs of Chronic renal failure revealed the mean values of pCO2, HCO3, tCO2 and stHCO3were significantly decreased as compared to healthy dogs indicative of metabolic acidosis in affected dogs. In Canine parvoviral enteritis there was a significant decrease in Lymphocytes and significant increase in Monocyte values i.e. 18.55±1.46 % and 10.99±1.72%, respectively compared with healthy animals. These dogs were suffering from hypoproteinemia with mean Total Protein value as 4.56 ± 0.37g%. The mean values of Glucose increased significantly from 92.01±5.19 mg% after institution of treatment. The mean values of Sodium and Potassium were 141.84± 0.95mmol/L and 3.38±0.08mmol/L which increased non-significantly after the treatment. A significant decrease in mean value of Chloride was present i.e. 103.74± 0.82mmol/L as compared to healthy dogs which increased non-significantly after the treatment. The dog suffering from Canine Distemper had mean values of TEC and PCV as 5.50 ± 0.35 x 1012/L and 29.89 ± 2.46%, respectively which were significantly lower than healthy animals followed by non-significant gradual increase after treatment. The mean values of ALT were 40.14±14.40U/L and 72.39±5.19U/L, , respectively which were significantly higher than healthy animals. Similarly, mean value of Potassium was also significantly lower compared with healthy animals. The dogs suffering from Ascites were having mean values of Hb and TLC as 11.24±0.52g/dL and 12.67±0.49 x 109 /L, respectively. The mean values of ALT were 131.92±25.36 U/L and 98.59±6.10 U/L in pretreatment and posttreatment dogs which were significantly higher than healthy animals. The mean values of Sodium and Potassium were 139.81±1.45 mmol/L and 3.50±0.14mmol/L, respectively. The mean values of Sodium increased significantly after the treatment. A significant decrease in Chloride was observed compared to healthy animals which increased non-significantly after the treatment. Specific treatment of different diseases along with specific fluid therapy as per need resulted in significant recovery of diseased animals.
Open Access
Clinico-diagnostic and therapeutic management of canine cardiac diseases
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-01-05) Palahania, Ashish; Sharma, Pardeep
The present study was carried out on 3166 dogs presented at Department of Veterinary Medicine, DGCN, COVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur (H.P.) over a period from May 2021 to September 2022. Among these, fifteen dogs were diagnosed with different cardiac disorders grouped as dilated cardiomyopathy (n=8, 53.33%), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) (n=2, 13.33%), valvular diseases (n=3, 20.00%) and pericardial disease (n=2, 13.33%) indicating 0.47 % overall occurrence. Cardiac disorders were diagnosed based on signalment, medical history, clinical examination, electrocardiography, laboratory examination, radiography, cardiac troponin-I biomarker and echocardiography. Labrador (n=6, 40.00%) was the most affected breed followed by German Shephard and Shih tzu (n=2, 13.33% each) and then followed by Beagle, Pomeranian, Pug, Pointer and Spitz (n=1, 6.67% each). Males were predominantly affected (n=13, 86.67%) than females (n=2, 13.33%). The major clinical findings noted were exercise intolerance (n=14, 93.33%), dyspnea (n=13, 86.67%), coughing (n=9, 60%), inappetence (n=8, 53.33%), orthopnoea (n=7, 46.67%), syncope (n=6, 50%) and ascites (n=6, 50%). Increased area of auscultation (n=11, 73.33%), murmurs (n=10, 66.67%), tachycardia (n=8, 53.33%), gallop (n=7, 66.67 % and crackling (n=6, 40%) were the main auscultation findings in cardiac disorders. The radiographic findings such as cardiomegaly (n=13, 86.67%) followed by primary bronchus compression (n=11, 73.33%), tracheal elevation (n=11, 73.33%), left atrial enlargement (n=10, 66.67%), pulmonary edema (n=7, 46.67%) and pulmonary vessel dilatation (n=7, 46.67%) were also recorded. The ECG parameters such as P amplitude was significantly (p<0.01) increased in dogs suffering from HCM and valvular disease while P duration was significantly increased in DCM group. Other ECG findings seen in various arrhythmias were increased QRS amplitude (n=3, 20%), QRS duration (n=7, 46.67%), electrical alternans (n=5, 33.33%), ST depression (n=3, 20%), atrial fibrillation (n=3, 20%), P mitrale (n=3, 20%), low QRS complexes (n=2, 13.33%), VPCs (n=2, 13.33%), and deep Q wave (13.33%). The mean plasma cholesterol levels were significantly elevated in HCM group and total plasma protein levels were found significantly decreased in HCM and pericardial disease groups. Echocardiographic findings showed mitral regurgitation and thickened valves in valvular diseases and thinning of ventricular wall with dilated heart chambers were observed in DCM. The mean cardiac biomarker (cTnI) values were found significantly increased (p<0.05) in overall cardiac diseases (0.21 ± 0.02 ng/dL) and in valvular disease (0.21 ± 0.04 ng/dL). According to cardiac disease condition, combination treatment consisting of diuretics, cardiac glycoside, PDE III inhibitors, angiotensin receptor inhibitor, nutraceuticals, corticosteroids, and cardiac prescription diets was given. Pericardiocentesis successfully managed both the pericardial effusion cases. However, the highest mortality rate (n=5/8, 62.50%) was recorded in the DCM followed by HCM group (n=1/2, 50%).
Open Access
Clinico-therapeutic studies on canine endocrinopathies with special reference to diabetes mellitus
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-01-02) Bawa, Akash; Wadhwa, Des Raj
The present study was conducted on dogs presented at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, CSKHPKV, Palampur (H.P.) between July 2021 and June 2022 to identify prevalent endocrinopathies, their epidemiology and to study the therapeutic response. The overall prevalence of endocrine disorders was 0.7 per cent (16/2276) with 0.44 per cent (10/2276) dogs suffering from diabetes mellitus, followed by hypothyroidism in 0.26 per cent (6/2276) dogs. Maximum no. of cases of diabetes (6/10) were recorded in old dogs (>5 years) and in winter season (5/10). Diabetes mellitus was most commonly prevalent in Labrador retrievers. The prominent clinical signs observed in diabetic dogs were polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss and lethargy. The mean fasting blood glucose (FBG) in diabetic dogs at the time of diagnosis was 416.3±32.15 mg/dl. In diabetic dogs, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration was markedly high (11.15±0.87 %) as compared to healthy dogs (4.35±0.19%). Significant hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia along with significantly increased activities of alanine transferase and alkaline phosphatase were observed in diabetic dogs. Urine examination revealed hypersthenuria, glycosuria, variable ketonuria and leucocytes in urine samples of diabetic dogs. In diabetic dogs, Insulin treatment was given @0.5 IU/kg bwt s/c twice a day. Adjustments in the initial insulin dose were made in individual animals after generating serial blood glucose curve. Insulin treatment showed reduction in overt clinical signs of DM (polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss and lethargy), fall in FBG (50.54 percent) and improvement in haemato-biochemical parameters, at the end of 4 weeks treatment. Complications and concurrent disorders observed with diabetes included hypoglycaemia, Somogyi response, cataract, subclinical urinary tract infection, subclinical neuropathy and hepatic lipodosis. Insulin therapy along with dietary modification showed marked therapeutic efficacy and improvement in overall quality of life in diabetic dogs. The major manifestations in hypothyroid dogs were heat seeking, obesity, polydipsia, alopecia, dull coat, hyperpigmentation and myxedema. Significant low T3, T4 and high TSH levels along with hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia were major biochemical alterations in hypothyroid dogs. Therapy with levothyroxine @ 0.01 mg/kg bwt twice daily orally showed improvement in biochemical profile and clinical condition of hypothyroid dogs after 45 days of treatment.
Open Access
Studies on clinico-diagnostics of canine dermatological disorders and its management
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-20) Bansal, Abhishek; Sharma, Pardeep
The present study was carried out on 2,671 dogs presented at Department of Veterinary Medicine, DGCN COVAS, Palampur over a period of one year two months. Among these, 227 dogs were diagnosed with different dermatological disorders indicating 8.40 per cent overall hospital prevalence. Etiology-wise prevalence were bacterial 34 per cent, demodectic mange 18 per cent, fungal 17.62 per cent, flea 16 per cent, sarcoptic mange 3.52 per cent, atopic, cheyletiellosis, nutritional 2.6 per cent respectively and pemphigus 1.7 per cent. The maximum cases of dermatitis were recorded during the monsoon season (46.69%) followed by the winter season (22.46%). Sex-wise the males (75.33%) suffered more than females (24.66%). Overall age groups with the highest prevalence were those between 1 and 12 months (39.20%). Overall skin affections were more in Mongrels breed (34.36%) and German shepherd (13.22%). Majority of canines had pruritis (80.62%), followed by alopecia (75.33%). In the case of bacterial dermatitis maximum number of dogs confronts erythema (89.74%) and in sarcoptic mange, demodectic mange, fungal dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis was characterized by pruritis 100, 95.12, 75.00, 83.33 per cent respectively. The maximum distribution of overall lesion on dorsal surfaces was seen in lumbar 56 (24.67%) and ventral surfaces on paw 60 (26.43%). Haemoglobin and HCT values reduced significantly in demodectic and sarcoptic mange. Significant leucocytosis was observed in sarcoptic mange, demodectic mange, bacterial and fungal dermatitis and significant lymphopenia observed in sarcoptic mange and bacterial dermatitis and lymphocytosis in fungal dermatitis. Neutropenia was observed significantly in fungal dermatitis. Eosinophilia was observed significantly in bacterial and fungal dermatitis. ALT was significantly higher in demodectic mange, sarcoptic mange, and bacterial dermatitis. AST was significantly higher in bacterial, fungal dermatitis, demodectic and sarcoptic mange. Hyperproteinaemia was observed in demodectic mange, sarcoptic mange, and fungal dermatitis. Staphylococcus spp. was most isolated bacteria and Amoxicillin clavulanic acid, proved to be the most effective antibiotic in treatment of bacterial dermatitis with 57.14 per cent sensitivity on antibiogram followed by Clindamycin (42.86%). In treatment group-I (Ivermectin) on the 28th day, there was moderate erythema, alopecia, crust lesions, mild papular lesions, on the 56th day, there was mild alopecia and mild crust, and on the 84th day, there was complete recovery. All the dogs in treatment groups-II (Fluralaner), III(Sarolaner), IV(Afoxolaner) have severe erythema, alopecia, crust, and papule there was a reduction of clinical signs observed on day 28 there were mild erythema, alopecia, and crust lesions. Mild alopecia was observed on day 56. On day 84, all treatment groups had completely recovered. The mean mite count in group-I was significantly lower on the 28th day with the drug efficacy of 76.80 per cent and there was significant reduction of mean mite count was observed on 56th and 86th when compared with 28th day with the drug efficacy 99.68 per cent and 100 per cent respectively. In group-II, III and IV the mite count was significantly lower on 28th day when compared to the 0th day with the drug efficacy 98.90, 98.70 and 98.50 per cent respectively and non-significant reduction of mite count was observed on 56th day and 84th day in comparison to 28th day with a drug efficacy of 100 per cent. In sarcoptic mange infested dogs Fluralaner was administered @25mg/kg b.wt orally once to all dog. Complete resolution of signs was seen on 56th and 84th day. The mite count of Fluralaner treated dog was significantly lower on the 28th day with the drug efficacy 96.70 per cent.
Open Access
DIAGNOSTIC AND CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON HEPATIC DISORDERS IN ANIMALS
(palampur, 2022-05-13) SHARMA, ANKUR; Raj, Des
Open Access
INVESTIGATIONS ON ASCITES IN DOGS
(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2020-12-29) BHATTI, ABHINEET KAUR; Wadhwa, Des Raj
The present study was aimed to study the clinical, haemato-biochemical and therapeutic aspects of ascites in dogs. The study was conducted on 2063 dogs presented to TVCC, from October 2018 to March 2020. Based upon the history, clinical signs and laboratory findings and imaging techniques, 47 dogs were found to be positive for ascites, thus representing overall incidence of 2.27%. Out of the 47 dogs, 35 dogs suffered ascites due to liver disorders (74.46%), 6 dogs due to cardiac disorders (12.76%) and 6 dogs due to renal disorders (12.76%). The incidence of ascites was higher in younger age group (1-4 years of age, 48.93%), in male dogs (76.59%) and Labrador retriever (29.78%) was the most commonly affected breed. Abdominal distension, exercise intolerance, melena, vomiting, anorexia, pale mucous membrane, dullness and depression were the common clinical signs observed. Haematology revealed normocytic hypochromic anaemia and leucocytosis. Biochemically, hypoproteinemia, hypogylcemia, increased levels of ALT, AST and ALP was observed in all the ascitic dogs. An increased level of BUN and creatinine was observed in ascitic dogs with renal disorders. The ascitic fluid analysis revealed increased levels of total protein in all the dogs and Serum Ascitic Albumin Gradient was >1.1 g/dl in dogs with liver disorders. Radiographically, ground glass appearance was observed in majority of the cases and pleural effusion and increased vertebral heart size was observed in dogs with cardiac disorders. Increased echogenicity and size of liver, kidneys and spleen, presence of free fluid, round margins of the liver lobes were some of the common ultrasonographic findings. Echocardiography revealed pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, regurgitation of the blood, ventricular hypertrophy in ascitic dogs with cardiac disorders. Electrocardiography of ascitic dogs with cardiac disorders revealed ventricular arrthymia, ventricular hypertrophy and first degree heart block. The ascitic dogs with liver disorders were treated with diuretic (Frusemide + Spironolactone), Silymarine, liver safe antibiotic and liver supportive and 13 (37.14%) dogs showed signs of recovery. Diuretic (Frusemide+Spironolactone), digoxin, ACE inhibitor (Enalapril), antibiotic and liver supportive was used for the treatment of ascitic dogs with cardiac disorders and one dog showed signs of recovery. The ascitic dogs with renal disorders were treated with 8.4% sodium bicarbonate, fluid therapy, diuretic (Frusemide+ Spironolactone), antibiotic, liver supportive and one dog showed signs of recovery. It was concluded that silymarine along with liver safe antibiotic, diuretic and liver supplements was quite useful for the treatment of ascitic dogs with liver disorders.
Open Access
CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE DIABETES MELLITUS.
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Kapoor, Smriti; Wadhwa, Des Raj
The study was conducted on 12 diabetic dogs presented at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, CSKHPKV, Palampur (H.P.) between February 2018 and March 2019. On the basis of history, clinical examination and laboratory findings, dogs affected with diabetes were subjected to haemato-biochemical examinations. The overall incidence of the disease was 0.99% (12/1212) in the cases presented to College Veterinary Clinics. Maximum no. of cases (7/12) were recorded in old dogs (>5 years) and in winter season (8/12). The prominent clinical signs observed in diabetic dogs were polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss and lethargy. The mean fasting blood glucose (FBG) in diabetic dogs at the time of diagnosis was 403.08±31.99 mg/dl. Out of 12 dogs, 8 were having blood glucose level above 350 mg/dl and 4 dogs were having fasting blood glucose level below 350 mg/dl. The mean activities of aspartate amino transferase, alanine transferase and alkaline phosphatase were markedly higher in diabetic dogs. The mean cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, amylase and lipase level were markedly increased in diabetic dogs as compared to healthy dogs. Mineral and electrolyte profile revealed hypercalcaemia in diabetic dogs. Urine examination revealed hypersthenuria, glycosuria, variable ketonuria and leucocytes in urine samples of diabetic dogs. Anion gap was increased along with decreased blood pH and base excess which indicated metabolic acidosis. Oral hypoglycemics were not found to be effective in diabetes management in dogs. Insulin treatment was given @0.5 IU/kg bwt in dogs with mean fasting blood glucose >350 mg/dl (group I) and @0.25 IU/kg bwt in dogs with mean fasting blood glucose <350 mg/dl (group II) . Adjustments in the initial insulin dose were made in individual animals after generating serial blood glucose curve. Insulin treatment showed reduction in overt clinical signs of DM (polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss and lethargy), fall in FBG (63.32 percent in group I and 44.6 percent in group II) and improvement in haemato-biochemical parameters, at the end of 4 weeks treatment. Insulin therapy along with dietary modification showed marked therapeutic efficacy and improvement in overall quality of life in diabetic dogs.

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