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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the estrus synchronization protocols and sonographic evaluation of early embryonic development in Gaddi sheep.(palampur, 2021-09-01) Jamwal, Kirti; Sharma, Amit KumarThe present study was conducted in Gaddi sheep to compare different estrus synchronization protocols during conventional non-breeding (April to June 2020; NB) and breeding (November-January 2021; B) season at Livestock Farm Complex, CSKHPKV, Palampur at 32.6° N, 76.3° E, altitude of 1290.8 m. Gaddi ewes were assigned to three different groups viz. progesterone-based protocol (ProEP), ovulation synchronization protocol (GPG) and control (Con) including six ewes in each group during both the seasons. Different estrus behavior signs were observed and compared during B and NB season along with vaginal electrical resistance, temperature, pH and vaginal cytology. Significantly higher (p<0.05) frequency of tail wagging (3.0±0.6) was observed at <24 hr in ProEP treated Gaddi ewes than other groups. ProEP treated ewes exhibited earlier onset (28.8±1.8 hr) along with extended estrus duration (40.2±5.5 hr) irrespective of season. Performance of ProEP treated Gaddi ewes was better in terms of higher rates of estrus response (83.3%), conception (90.0%), pregnancy (75.0%), fecundity (83.3%) and prolificacy (1.0±0.0). Vaginal electrical resistance and cytological examinations could also be used for diagnosing standing estrus in Gaddi ewes. Serum progesterone estimation were also carried out in ProEP treated Gaddi ewes at different interval. Significantly higher serum progesterone concentration in ProEP treated pregnant Gaddi ewes was observed on Day 0 (2.72± 1.71 ng/ml) as well as on Day 17 (3.94±0.4 ng/ml) after mating. Sequential transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) examinations with linear rectal probe (5.5–7.5 MHz) were carried out to study embryonic biometry parameters, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value. TRUS was efficiently used for studying the embryonic development as well as losses between Days 14-35. Day 28 was regarded as best time to perform TRUS with maximum precision, higher accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and increased proportion of ewes having positive and negative predictive values. Predictive equations for calculation of gestation age during embryonic phase in Gaddi ewes were also established.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology of Ixodid ticks in cattle and detection of resistance against synthetic pyrethroids in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Mid hill zone of Himachal Pradesh(Palampur, 2021-11-05) Sharma, Romita; Sharma, DevinaThe current study was conducted to determine the epidemiology of ixodid ticks in cattle along with assessment of associated risk factors in Mid hill zone of Himachal Pradesh. The study was conducted from October, 2020 to September, 2021. A total of 749 animals were screened for tick infestation from five districts of Himachal Pradesh viz.Kullu, Mandi, Shimla, Kangra and Chamba. The overall tick prevalence rate was recorded to be 68.62%. Three species of ticks were recorded viz. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, R. (B.) annulatus and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum with the prevalence rate of 64.56, 32.91 and 2.53%, respectively. Ticks were most prevalent in rainy season (76.2%) followed by summer (65.1%) and in winter season (63.9%) (P1 year of age group (78.9%), followed by >6months-1 year age (44.1%) and least in young animals (25.6%) (P0.05) when the acaricidal application was done both on body of animals and shed after period of every three months. In order to determine the resistance against synthetic pyrethroids viz. deltamethrin and cypermethrin in R. (B.) microplus, in vitro Larval Packet Test bioassay was performed. The results revealed that R. (B.) microplus field isolates collected from districts Kangra and Kullu were found to be having level I resistance whereas isolates collected from districts Mandi, Shimla and Chamba were having level II resistance against deltamethrin. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was found to be susceptible against cypermethrin in all the five districts of mid hill zone of Himachal Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Zebu cow urine supplementation on the growth performance of commercial broilers(Palampur, 2021-12-28) Sharma, Gunjan; Upadhyay, Sanjiv Kumar180 day-old commercial broiler chicks were purchased and randomly assigned to six different nutritional regimens with eighteen subgroups, each treatment had three replicates, and each replicate had ten chicks. The experimental trial was conducted upto 6 weeks. The metabolic trial was conducted on 28th day of experiment for five consecutive days. 2 broiler experimental diets were prepared according to ICAR (2013) standards for all three stages (pre-starter, starter, and finisher). Both diets were adequately balanced to meet the nutrient requirements in terms of calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals. Both diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Diet-1 (ICAR-2013 Standards) was offered to T0, T2, T3, T4, T5 treatment groups and Diet-2 having 0.05% antibiotic (Zn-bacitracin) was offered to treatment group T1. Treatment groups T0 and T1 were given tap water, whereas treatment T2, and T3 were given cow urine fresh (UF) @ 10ml/litre and 20ml/litre respectively and treatment groups T4 and T5 were given cow urine distillate (UD) @ 10ml/litre and 20 ml/litre respectively. The final body weights (g), gain in weights (g) and FCR were significantly (P<0.05) better @ 10ml/litre supplementation of UD (T4) and UF (T2). Similarly, the digestibility of CP was also significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 and T2 treatment groups, supplemented with UD and UF @ 10ml/litre respectively, whereas the retention of phosphorus was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 (@ 10ml/litre UD), T2 (@ 10ml/litre UF) and T5 (@ 20ml/litre UD) treatment groups in comparison to control and other treatment groups. Higher overall gross profit was observed in the treatment groups of broilers supplemented with 10% UF (T2) and 10% UD (T4) in comparison to negative control (T0). Results showed that supplementation of urine didn’t affect the blood biochemistry of the chicks. Overall results showed, improved growth rate and better FCR in birds supplemented with UD and UF at 10ml/litre inclusion. However, 10% UF was found to be more beneficial without exerting any effort and cost.ThesisItem Open Access Ultrasound guided nerve block anesthesia in animals(Palampur, 2021-10-14) Sharma, Pranjal; Kumar, AdarshThe aim of the study was to recognize the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the brachial plexus, sciatic and femoral nerves and perform the ultrasound-guided blockade of these nerves under monitoring by the electrical nerve stimulator. Sixteen calves/cattle and twenty canine patients presented for the various minor and major surgical procedure were selected for the study. Lignocaine 2% was used as an anesthetic agent and was infiltrated around the nerve of interest with the help of the echogenic needle. The spread of the local anesthetic was visualized in real time with the help of USG guidance. An electrical nerve stimulator was employed for the confirmation of the accurate needle position in relation to the nerve. Ultrasonographically, the brachial plexus of dogs and cattle appeared as a hyperechoic entity containing multiple hypoechoic structures of nerve trunks exiting from the plexus. The brachial plexus was easily identified and the axillary artery and vein served as useful landmarks for its identification. The blockade of the plexus provided analgesia distal to the elbow joint in all the patients. The sciatic nerve block was performed in conjunction with the femoral nerve block. Ultrasonographically, the sciatic and femoral nerve had a central hypoechoic to anechoic lumen surrounded by the hyperechoic connective tissue. Ultrasonographic identification of the femoral nerve was difficult in both cattle and dogs as the nerve does not lend readily to ultrasound visualization, primarily because of depth or connective tissue interference with ultrasound transmission. Ultrasoundguided nerve block anesthesia of the sciatic and femoral nerve helped in performing surgeries distal to the stifle joint, thus circumvent the need for any additional anesthesia.The effective application of ultrasonography reveals two-dimensional anatomy, optimal imaging of the nerves and anatomical structures, accurate real-time needle guidance, and precise local anesthetic delivery ensuring successful nerve block with improved patient safety. Use of a nerve stimulator during ultrasound-guided nerve block yields clinically relevant safety information pertaining to proximity of the nerve, optimal delivery and minimization of volume of local anesthetic to produce the nerve blocks. The inplane technique of needle insertion, hydrolocation and hydrodissection facilitated the identification of dThesisItem Open Access Clinical appraisal of condylar and supracondylar fracture management in dogs(Palampur, 2021-11-30) Zargar, Mohammad Iliyas; Tyagi, S.P.The present study was done to standardize the fracture fixation techniques, diagnose and manage, and record the regional occurrence of condylar and supracondylar fractures in dogs. Standardization was done on 20 cadaveric humerus and femoral bones. The fracture fixation techniques standardized included Rush and cross pinning, transcondylar lag screw, and anti-rotational pinning and bone plating. Also, femoral supracondylar bone plates were developed for fixation of supracondylar femoral fractures in dogs. The most suitable angles of insertion for Rush pinning was determined to be 20-350 and for cross pinning to be 30- 400 to the long axis of femoral bone. Transcondylar lag screw and anti-rotational pinning was found to provide good reduction and fixation of unicondylar humeral fractures. Reconstruction bone plates can be contoured to repair artificially created unicondylar and bicondylar humeral fractures and provided good reduction and fixation. Femoral supracondylar bone plates provided good fracture reduction and fixation without any need to contour the bone plate and also allowed for insertion of greater number of screws in the distal fracture fragment in osteotomized bones. A total of 18 condylar and supracondylar fractures of humerus and femur in dogs were presented. Of the 8 cases of humerus fractures, 5 were bicondylar, 2 were unicondylar and 1 supracondylar fracture. They were treated with transcondylar lag screw and anti-rotational pinning, bone plating and IM pinning/K-wires. 3 out of eight cases showed good outcome while the rest of the cases showed poor outcome. Complications seen included implant migration, screw loosening, and postoperative joint osteoarthritis. The humerus bicondylar fractures were technically most difficult fractures to treat. Of the 10 cases of femoral supracondylar fractures, Rush pinning was done in 7 cases, Rush pinning and Cross pinning was done in 1 case while bone plating and IM pinning was done in 1 case each. Out of 10 dogs, 7 dogs showed uneventful recovery with good to excellent outcome. Complications were seen in 2 cases, which included implant migration and quadriceps contracture while one dog died due to post anaesthetic complications. The overall incidence of condylar and supracondylar fractures in dogs was calculated to be 1.09 per cent. Such fractures form 50% of all humerus and 17% of the femoral fractures in dogs. Most of these fractures occurred in young dogs. The major cause of condylar and supracondylar fractures in humerus of dogs was fall from height and in femur, the automobile accidents.ThesisItem Open Access Study on effect of CIDR insertion during early postpartum phase on reproductive efficiency in dairy cows(Palampur, 2021-09-09) Kour, Popandeer; Singh, MadhumeetThe present study was conducted on dairy cows (N=20) reared at Institutional Livestock Farm Complex, CSKHPKV, Palampur, during the early post-partum phase i.e. day 35. The selected cows were randomly distributed among 3 groups, viz. two CIDR treatment groups and one control group. Treatment group 1 (CIDR+FTAI) consisted of 7 cows, each receiving Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) insert for 9 days only whereas treatment group 2 (CIDR-PGF2α+FTAI) comprised of 6 cows in which resynchronization with CIDR from day 18-26 during subsequent mid-luteal phase after CIDR removal and cows in the control group (n=7) did not receive any treatment. Transrectal ultrasonography was done to assess the effect of treatment on follicular growth on different days of synchronization protocol as well as assessment of ovarian functional status by using Color Doppler portable ultrasound at 7.5 MHz frequency. Cervical discharge samples in both treatment groups were taken for culture sensitivity test after onset of estrus (AI day). The objectives of the current study were to assess the efficacy of CIDR-based protocol applied during the early post-partum phase on induction of estrus and record the effect of protocol on ovulation and conception rate in dairy cows. In the present study, estrus could be induced successfully in all the cows following CIDR treatment during the early postpartum period, however, artificial insemination was not done in some cows due to turbid discharge (9/13). Standing heat and mounting were not the predominant signs of estrus following CIDR treatment during the early post-partum period as compared to the control group, whereas, vulvar edema and cervicovaginal mucus were the common signs. The mean diameter of the pre-ovulatory follicle was numerically higher (p>0.05) in both the treatment groups as compared to control group cows. Also, duration to first behavioural estrus was non-significantly lower (p>0.05) in CIDR treatment groups whereas the days open were numerically lower (p>0.05) in the CIDR+FTAI group only as compared to control group cows. The fluoroquinolones (Levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and Enrofloxacin) were recorded as the most sensitive as antThesisItem Open Access Relationship between sonographic characteristics of uterus and ovaries during estrus and subsequent fertility in dairy cows(Palampur, 2021-08-05) Khanoria, Neha; Singh, MadhumeetThe present study was conducted in clinically healthy, normal cyclic cows (N=20) with no history of reproductive abnormality at the Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics and Livestock Farm Complex, CSKHPKV, Palampur. All the cows were monitored for behavioural signs like mounting, standing to be mounted, bellowing, vulvar oedema, and cervicovaginal discharge at the time of estrus. The physical parameters of cervicovaginal discharge such as consistency, quantity, color, pH, spinnbarkeit, and fern pattern were recorded. Thereafter, trans-rectal B-mode and color Doppler sonography of the ovarian and uterine characteristics along with the middle uterine artery of cows was done. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the relationship between different ultrasonic characteristics of ovaries and uterus with conception rate and analysis of the blood flow through a middle uterine artery at estrus for prediction of ovulation time. Spinnbarkeit, the physical property of cervicovaginal discharge, was significantly higher (p0.05) for pH was recorded. The preovulatory follicle at estrus had a significantly higher (p0.05) was recorded for uterine characteristics i.e., intraluminal uterine fluid diameter and endometrial thickness. Similarly, the vascularity of mid cyclic corpus luteum was significantly higher (p0.05) in relation to pregnancy. The pulsatility index and mean blood flow volume were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the MUA ipsilateral to preovulatory follicle at estrus as compared to contralateral MUA. Also, the pulsatility and resistivity indices along with velocity (TAMAX) of blood flow to the uterus through MUA ipsilateral to preovulatory follicle at estrus were significantly higher (p<0.01-0.05) in cows ovulated within 24 hours of A.I. as compared to cows ovulated after 24 hours.ThesisItem Open Access Study on clinical application of exfoliative vaginal cytology in dog reproduction(Palampur, 2021-07-30) Sharma, Ananya; Singh, MadhumeetThe present study was conducted in she-dogs (N=30), belonging to different breeds and ages, presented to the Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (CSKHPKV), Palampur for determination of mating time and diagnosis of various reproductive disorders. Serum progesterone was estimatedfrom the blood sample collected in clot activator by cephalic venepuncture from she-dogs during different stages of the estrous cycle. The objectives of the study were to establish the usefulness of exfoliative vaginal cytology for the diagnosis of various reproductive stages and disorders in she-dogs and compare different staining techniques for vaginal cytology in canines. All the staining techniques provided diagnostic results, however, the Giemsa staining method proved to be the best followed by Leishman's method of staining. A significantly higher proportion (p0.05) for non- cornified cells (r= -0.7408 to -0.5807) during early estrus. Also, the percentage of keratinized cells and progesterone concentration were significantly lower (p<0.01-0.05) in she–dogs subsequently conceived after mating as compared to non-conceived.ThesisItem Open Access Investigation and management of infertility in cows reared in tribal areas of Himachal Pradesh(Palampur, 2021-09-09) Sharma, Ankita; Singh, MadhumeetThe present study was conducted on 664 cows affected with different forms of infertility and reared in tribal areas of Himachal Pradesh. Blood samples were collected from cows diagnosed reproductive abnormalities for minerals, hormones, biochemical estimation and DNA isolation and gene sequencing. In addition to that faecal and cervicovaginal discharge samples were collected to determine the endoparasitic load and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity of the cows, respectively. The objectives of current study were to document the infertility problems and evaluate the effect of various treatments for its management in cows of tribal areas of Himachal Pradesh. In present study, functional form of infertility had the highest prevalence in cows followed by infectious and anatomical causes. Forty seven per cent incidence of gastrointestinal infestation was recorded in faecal samples of cows. Among the different physiological and pathological conditions, anestrus cows had the highest incidence (22%) for parasitic load. After in vitro culture sensitivity test, fluoroquinolone group (Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, Ofloxacin and Levofloxacin) were recorded as the most sensitive antibiotics whereas metronidazole (91.2%) was most resistant. Also, blood plasma concentration of calcium in infertile cows of Kinnaur was significantly higher (p<0.01) as compared to other sampled tribal areas whereas the significantly higher (p<0.05) plasma concentration of phosphorus was recorded in Spiti region. Among the biochemicals, the blood plasma concentration of total protein was significantly lower (p<0.01) in infertile cows of Spiti region as compared to other sampled tribal areas. Overall 69.30 per cent cows conceived after treatment different reproductive ailments in infertility treatment camps. Following gene sequencing, the single nucleotide polymorphism was located 2175 bp upstream of the start codon of FOXP3 which could affect the fertility of cows and heifers.
