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Open Access
Assessment of genetic diversity among elite maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes adapted to North Western Himalayas
(palampur, 2019-07-31) Jyoti; Jyoti; Lata, Swaran; Lata, Swaran
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of genetic diversity among elite maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes adapted to North Western Himalayas” was undertaken to assess the genetic diversity in maize genotypes using morpho-molecular markers and identification of potential genotypes for yield, its components and nutritional traits. The experimental material comprised of 40 maize genotypes along with four diverse checks. These genotypes were raised in alpha RBD design replicated twice during kharif 2018. Data were recorded on grain yield per plant and various morphometric traits along with reaction to prevalent diseases. Genetic diversity among different genotypes was studied on the basis of morphological traits using Mahalanobis D 2 -statistic and PCA. The analysis was done as per the standard statistical procedures and molecular analysis was done using NTSYS-pc (version 2.02) software. Analysis of variance revealed significant mean sum of squares due to genotypes for all the traits suggesting ample amount of variability among them. High PCV, GCV was observed for grain yield per plant with moderate h 2 bs and genetic advance indicated the presence of additive and non additive gene action which provided the scope for improvement through hybridization and selection. On the basis of D 2 analysis three genotypes viz., CML 435, CML 551 Y and CML 295BBB showed superiority over the best check for grain yield and its related traits and almost similar grouping pattern in SSR diversity analysis. Overall, it can be concluded that CML 334 and CML 452 was observed as best genotypes for yield, its related traits and also resistant to bacterial stalk rot whereas moderately resistant to banded leaf and sheath blight. So these potential genotypes can be used as donor parents after further evaluation in the future breeding programme
Open Access
An appraisal of cultural weed management practices on weed dynamics, productivity and profitability in organically managed maize – pea cropping system
(palampur, 2019-09-28) Hetta, Gaytri; Rana, S.S.
The study was carried out in a continuing experiment under AICRP-WM (All India Coordinated Research Project on Weed Management) during 2018-19 (rabi) to 2019 (kharif) at Palampur. Ten weed control treatments based on hoeing (T1), stale seed bed + hoeing (T2), raised stale seed bed + hoeing (T3), mulch (T4), stale seed bed + mulch (T5), raised stale seed bed + mulch (T6), intercropping (T7), crop rotation (T8), intensive cropping (T9) and chemical check (T10). Twenty two weed species were found to infest the pea crop, whereas 13 weed species were found in maize crop. Stellaria media (14%), Phalaris minor (13%), Vicia sativa (12%), Tulipa asiatica (9%), Vicia hirsuta (6%), Avena ludoviciana (7%), Poa annua (6%), Anagallis arvensis (6%) and Ranunculus arvensis (4%) were the major weeds during rabi 2018-19. The dominant weed species in pea crop were Stellaria media and Phalaris minor with SDR values of 10.6 and 10.3, respectively. Shannon Weiner index accounting for order or abundance of a species within a sample plot was highest under RSSB + hoeing treatment (T3) followed by intensive cropping (T9). Lowest values of this index were obtained under intercropping (T7) followed by hoeing (T1). Echinochloa colona (24%) was the most dominated weed followed by Cyperus sp (22%), Commelina benghalensis (17%), Polygonum alatum (11%), Galinsoga parviflora (11%) and Digitaria sanguinalis (5%) during kharif 2019. The dominant weed species in maize crop were found to be Echinochloa colona, Cyperus sp. (C. iria and C.esculentus) and Commelina benghalensis with SDR values of 18.8, 17.9 and 14.6, respectively. Shannon Weiner index accounting for the order or abundance of a species within a community was highest for the RSSB + hoeing treatment (T3) followed by SSB + hoeing (T2), intercropping (T7) and chemical check (T10). It was lowest under RSSB + mulch (T6) followed by hoeing treatment (T1). The pod yield in plot with intensive cropping (T9) was maximum followed by chemical check (T10) in rabi 2018-19. Chemical check treatment (T10) gave highest maize green cob yield (10323 kg/ha). However, RSSB + hoeing with 9208 kg/ha of green cobs was statistically equal to the chemical check. Higher productivity (maize equivalent yield) of 11420 kg/ha was obtained under the chemical check (T10) treatment being at par with RSSB + hoeing (T3) (10160 kg/ha). The B:C followed the trend of intensive cropping > intercropping > chemical check > RSSB + hoeing > RSSB + mulch. Significantly higher energy use efficiency (12.3%) was recorded with crop rotation treatment (T8) followed by RSSB + hoeing (T3).
Open Access
Genetic variability and interrelationship among horticultural traits in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)
(palampur, 2017-06-30) Sharma, Simran; Singh, Yudhvir
The present investigation entitled, “Genetic variability and interrelationship among horticultural traits in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)” was undertaken at the Research Farm of the „Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture‟, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur during winter season 2015-16. The experimental material comprising of thirty five genotypes of faba bean including one check namely, „Vikrant-B‟ were evaluated in randomized block design over three replications to assess the nature of genetic variability, association among various traits, and their direct and indirect effects on pod yield per plant for effective selection. Data were recorded on nineteen characters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, node at which first flower appears, branches per plant, pods per node, nodes per plant, plant height (cm), days to maturity, pod length (cm), pods per plant, pod yield per plant (g), seeds per pod, seed yield per plant (g), seed size (cm), 100-seed weight (g), harvest index ( per cent), total soluble solids (oBrix), dry matter ( per cent), ascorbic acid (mg/100g) and protein content ( per cent). In addition, morphological characterization for seed colour was also recorded visually. The observations were recorded on ten competitive plants which were randomly selected in each entry over the replications. On the basis of mean performance, „Local-1-C‟ was the top ranking genotype for pod yield per plant which significantly outperformed all the genotypes with an increase in yield of 44.58 per cent over check „Vikrant-B‟. In addition, fifteen genotypes produced pod yield similar to that of „Vikrant-B‟. HB-123-B (54.00g), HB-123-C (51.00g), HB-511-C (48.00g), PRT-7-B (46.87g), HB-40-A (46.67g) and HB-193-A (45.33g) were the top performing genotypes among them. The superior performance of these genotypes for fresh pod yield per plant was mainly attributed to their superior/comparable performance for pods per node, nodes per plant, pod length, pods per plant, branches per plant, seed yield per plant, 100-seed weight to that of best performing check „Vikrant-B‟. High heritability along with high genetic advance was observed for node at which first flower appears, pods per plant, harvest index, protein content and pod yield per plant indicating the inheritance of these characters under the control of additive gene action and selection would be more effective for their improvement. Based on correlation and path coefficient analysis, nodes per plant, pods per plant, branches per plant, seed yield per plant, seed size, 100-seed weight, harvest index and protein content could be considered as the best selection parameters for evolving high yielding genotypes.
Open Access
Yield maximization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties at varying fertility level in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh
(palampur, 2019-08-30) Kumar, Nitesh; Mankotia, B. S
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2018 at CSKHPKV, Rice and Wheat Research Centre (RWRC), Malan with the objective of fine-tuning fertility levels for maximizing yield of rice varieties in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh. The experiment consisted of 5 main-plot treatments comprising different fertility levels {50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 100% RDF (90:40:40), 150% RDF, 50% RDF + Azolla and 100% RDF + Azolla} and 4 varieties as sub-plot treatments {Vivekdhan 65, HPR 2143, HPR 2720 (red rice) and AZ 6508 (hybrid)}. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and sufficient in available zinc and iron. Azolla was applied @ 20-25 g m -2 at 10 DAT, which was allowed to multiply in-situ for about 2-3 weeks and subsequently trampled twice. The increase in fertility level and Azolla application increased the growth, yield attributes and yield of rice. Application of Azolla increased the rice productivity significantly both at 50 and 100% RDF by 399 and 481 kg ha -1 , respectively. Application of 100% RDF + Azolla recorded productivity (5319 kg ha -1 ) and profitability (INR 79,490 ha -1 ) which was at par with productivity and profitability achieved with 150% RDF (5192 kg ha -1 , INR 75,738 ha -1 ). Similarly, 50% RDF + Azolla recorded productivity and profitability which was at par with 100% RDF thus revealing a saving of 50% RDF with the use of Azolla. Hybrid „AZ 6508‟ recorded maximum grain yield of 6924 kg ha -1 followed by Vivekdhan 65 (4822 kg ha -1 ), red rice „HPR 2720‟ (3924 kg ha -1 ) and HPR 2143 (3740 kg ha -1 ). The maximum net return (INR 93,924 ha -1 ) and B:C ratio (2.13) were recorded by the hybrid AZ 6508. Though the productivity of Vivekdhan 65 was more than red rice „HPR 2720‟, but due to higher price of red rice it fetched more net return (INR 76,248 ha -1 ) and B:C ratio (1.94). Interaction effect revealed that the application of 100% RDF + Azolla to the hybrid AZ 6508 produced grain yield of 7430 kg ha -1 with net return of INR 101,630 ha -1 and B:C ratio of 2.23. Thus, farmers of mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh can maximize the rice productivity by growing hybrid AZ 6508 and applying 100% RDF + Azolla @ 20-25 g m -2 10 DAT. Next to hybrid, red rice HPR 2720 is the most profitable choice.
Open Access
Economic analysis of hybrid paddy production in Poanta Sahib block of district Sirmaur (H.P.)
(palampur, 2019-07-23) Thakur, Narender; Gupta, Manoj
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a cereal crop and is the staple food for more than 60 per cent of world‘s populace. About 90 per cent of all rice grown in the world is produced and consumed in the Asian region. In India, rice accounts for 32.7% and 41.5% of the acreage and production of food grains respectively. The present study was undertaken on hybrid paddy in Poanta Sahib block of Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh. A survey of 60 hybrid paddy growers was conducted in Poanta Sahib block. Out of 60 farmers, 24 hybrid paddy growers were small and 36 growers were large. The major findings revealed that the average area under hybrid paddy cultivation was 1.14 ha on small farms, 1.94 ha on large farms with an average of 1.62 ha. The major component of cost was found to be hired labour estimated at Rs. 20592 per ha on overall farms. Value of seed was another major cost component as the cost of seed was estimated at Rs. 6346 per ha on overall farms. The productivity of hybrid paddy came out to be 67.14 q/ha on overall farms. The returns over total cost were Rs. 31802/ha on overall farms. The highest output-input ratio was on small farms (1.47:1) as compared to large farms (1.16:1) and it was 1.34:1 at overall farms. Maximum technological gap in hybrid paddy cultivation was in fertilizers use as excess amounts of chemical fertilizers were used. Number of irrigations was also higher than recommended rate on overall farm situations. The hybrid paddy production was found to be 108.84 q per farm on overall farms and 99.85 per cent of which was meant for sale in the market. The hybrid paddy growers followed three major marketing channels, out which channel-I (Producer- Govt. procurement agency-Miller-Govt. agency-fair prices shops-Consumer) was found to be major marketing channel disposing 64.38 per cent of total marketed surplus. The low efficiency index in channel-II was reported due to many market functionaries involved between producer and consumer. Non-availability of proper market and lack of milling facilities and labour shortage, high wage rate and tractor charges were the main problems reported by growers in the study area.
Open Access
Efficacy of bioformulations against cutworm, Agrotis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
(palampur, 2019-07-15) Joshi, Manish kumar; Verma, K. S.
The present investigation entitled “Efficacy of bioformulations against cutworm, Agrotis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)” was undertaken during 2018-2019 in the Department of Entomology, CSK HPKV, Palampur to assess the intrinsic toxicity of different bioformulations viz., Dashparni ark, Neemastra, Agniastra, Brahmastra and garlic+ ginger+ mint mixture at concentration ranges from 2.5 to 40 per cent against the first, second and third instar larvae of A. ipsilon by leaf dip methods of bioassay. Based on LC50 values, the order of toxicity of bioformulations against first, second and third instar was observed as: Dashparni ark (8.28, 9.82, 11.69%) > Brahmastra (10.38, 11.58, 15.08%) > Agniastra (11.19, 13.21, 17.32%) > Neemastra (14.53, 15.43, 20.40%) > garlic + ginger + mint mixture (16.66, 19.01, 23.04%, respectively). The feeding inhibition (FI) studies of different bioformulations concentration ranges from 1.5 to 24 per cent were evaluated against the fourth, fifth and sixth instar larvae of A. ipsilon. Based on FI50 values, the order of feeding inhibition of bioformulations tested against the fourth, fifth and sixth instar larvae was observed as: Dashparni ark (5.11, 5.53, 7.08%) > Brahmastra (5.54, 5.76, 7.29%) > Agniastra (5.76, 6.17, 7.46%) > Neemastra (6.29, 6.67, 7.85%) > garlic + ginger + mint mixture (6.90, 7.39, 8.89%, respectively). Laboratory studies revealed that at recommended concentration (10%) of different bioformulations used against fourth instar larvae impaired the normal development of A. ipsilon by prolonging the larval period of fourth, fifth and sixth instar i.e. 3.55, 5.50 and 8.65 days in Dashparni ark as compared to control 2.45, 4.50 and 7.65 days, respectively. In Dashparni ark, there was 7.84 per cent increase in pupal period over control, reducing male and female longeivity, shortening the oviposition period and reducing the fecundity by 13.3 per cent in Dashparni ark i.e. 1085 eggs as compared to 1250 eggs in control. Evaluation of bioformulations against A. ipsilon in pot experiment under laboratory conditions revealed that the application of bioformulations (10%) in the potato seedling tray reduced the plant cut by fourth instar larvae to 69.24 per cent in Dashparni ark followed by Brahmastra (61.53%), Agniastra (49.24%), Neemastra (41.53%) and garlic + ginger + mint mixture (29.24%) over control. Based on the outcome of the present study, it was concluded that organic products have potential in causing mortality in the early stages of larval development besides impairing growth and development of later instar larvae. Among five organic products, Dashparni ark was observed to be the most effective treatment against the test insect.
Open Access
Economic analysis of tomato under protected and open environment in Kangra District, H.P.
(palampur, 2017-07-15) Mehta, Kanika; Guleria, J.S.
The present study pertained to economic analysis of tomato under protected and open environment in Kangra District, H.P. This study is based upon the data collected for the Agricultural Year 2015-16 from 60 tomato (30 open-field and 30 polyhouse) growers, selected through proportional allocation method from Baijnath and Bhedu Mahadev blocks of Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh. The study reveals that under open-field/ natural conditions, among vegetables, the average yield of tomato crop was found to be the highest in the study area. Under protected conditions, the maximum cropped area was found to be under tomato (52.59%) followed by capsicum (21.04%) and cucumber (14.83%). Human labour was found to be the most important component of tomato cultivation under both open-field and protected conditions, accounting for 73.43 per cent and 82.68 per cent of the total variable cost, respectively. Under open-field conditions, the net returns over variable cost was Rs. 2,32,282/ha and output-input ratio stood at 1.50:1. Under protected conditions, it was found that all types of costs viz. variable, fixed and total costs declined with the size of the holding, mainly due to economies of scale. Further, it was found that the returns over total cost and variable cost were higher on small farms in comparison to large farms. The output-input ratio stood at 1.15:1, on overall basis. Protected cultivation contributed 10.68 per cent in the total annual gross household income of the polyhouse growers, at overall level. Large polyhouse category earned higher proportion (14.52%) as compared to small category (7.02%). The income variability of polyhouse growers was found to be less in comparison to the open-field growers. Unavailability of improved varieties at the time of sowing, the high cost of improved varieties, lack of awareness regarding the high yielding and resistant varieties, lack of storage facilities, etc. were the major problems faced by open-field growers in the study area. In case of polyhouse growers, the lack of knowledge about site, orientation, material etc., non-serious approach of construction companies, problem of repairs/spare parts, lack of technical knowhow and training, inadequate extension and advisory services, etc. were the major problems. The study has suggested that efforts are required for creating cold storage facilities to increase the shelf life of tomato. Aside from prolonging the shelf life of the crop, product diversification through processing may enhance the income of tomato growers in the study area. There is a dire need to bring polyhouses under insurance cover to make the scheme more sustainable in future.
Open Access
Long term effect of Integrated Nutrient Supply System in Rice-Wheat cropping system
(palampur, 2017-07-17) Rana, Jyotika; Negi, SC
The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of integrated nutrient supply system in rice-wheat cropping system during 2016-17 at Badhiarkhar Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSKHPKV, Palampur. The treatments comprising of T1 - Control (No fertilizer, no manure), T2 - 50% NPK to both rice and wheat, T3 - 50% NPK to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T4 - 75% NPK to both rice and wheat, T5 - 100% NPK to both rice and wheat, T6 - 50% NPK + 50% N (FYM) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T7 - 75% NPK + 25% N (FYM) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat, T8 - 50% NPK + 50% N (wheat cut straw) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T9 - 75% NPK + 25% N (wheat cut straw) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat, T10 - 50% NPK + 50% N (green manure) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T11 - 75% NPK + 25% N (green manure) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat and T12 -Farmers‟ Practice (40% NPK and FYM 5 t/ha to both the crops) were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. Soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, high in available nitrogen, and medium in available phosphorus and potassium. Significantly higher absolute growth rate and plant height, higher dry matter accumulation, number of shoots, CGR & RGR were recorded in T6 incase of rice. In case of wheat, initial plant stand at complete emergence, plant height, number of shoots and dry matter accumulation at different stages were also maximum in T6. The days taken to 50% flowering/earing as well as maturity were minimum in the treatment comprising of 50% NPK along with FYM in rice (T6).The study revealed that T6 resulted in higher tillers, panicles, grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, seed, straw & biological yield of rice. In case of wheat, higher number of spikes, number of grains per spike, length of spike, grain weight per spike, 1000 grain weight, seed, straw and biological yield were found in T6. Pooled data of 22 years from 1994-95 to 2016-17 showed that the maximum yield was recorded in T6. The net returns of the system was maximum in treatment T6 while the benefit cost ratio was maximum in treatment T5. The treatment comprising of 50% NPK + 50% N (FYM) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat (T6)was found to be the best treatment for getting higher productivity and profitability followed by T10 and T5.
Open Access
Elucidating the role of MYC2 transcription factor in Cucumber mosaic virus infection
(palampur, 2019-07-30) Eshwar, Jadhav; Hallan, Vipin
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) has the broadest host range among known plant viruses, infecting more than 1,200 species of plants from monocotyledons to dicotyledons. As the effects of CMV is very diverse in nature causing epidemics in diverse crops, it is important to understand the host- pathogen interactions in order to develop plants which can be resistant to plant virus infections. The expression of stress-responsive genes is intimately dependant on its transcriptional control which directly leads to plant response to various stresses. The MYC2 class of transcription factors has recently emerged as a master regulator of the signalling pathways of jasmonic acid (JA) and those of other phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellins (GAs), and auxin (IAA). Jasmonic acid is the plant hormone that regulates the plant growth, development and defense responses. The MYC2-3 mutant line of Arabidopsis thaliana was used for the analysis of the role MYC2 transcription factor in CMV virus infection. Characterization of MYC2-3 mutant line through jasmonic acid and abscisic acid treatments revealed that the wild type showed reduced root length as compare to MYC2-3 mutant. It was also revealed that the MYC2-3 mutant line has resistance to CMV virus as compared to the wild type plant. Also, SDS PAGE and MALDI-TOF analysis showed that the expression of enzymes and proteins involved in the photosynthetic pathway to be directly affected in the MYC2-3 mutant line on CMV infection. This study could be directly used for development of CMV resistant plant varieties through genome editing in future

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