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ThesisItem Open Access THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION OF SEABUCKTHORN (HIPPOPHAE SALICIFOLIA) FOR GASTRIC ULCERATION AND EROSIONS IN DOGS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-08-10) Thakur, Bhuvnesh; Tyagi, S. P.The study was conducted in 2 phase on 16 healthy medium sized adult mongrel dogs divided into 4 equal groups. In phase 1, inj. Dexamethasone @1mg/kg, IV, bid was administered in all the animals until desired severity GUE indices were achieved. Thereafter, in Phase 2 animals were subjected to test treatments of seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia) seed oil @ 1ml/dog, Aloe vera @10ml/dog and rabeprazole 1mg/kg body weight (minimum 20mg/dog) p.o., b.i.d. in different groups till the complete healing of GUE lesions was observed endoscopically. One group was kept as untreated control. The progression of GUE was evaluated on the basis of gastro-endoscopic, clinical, hematological, faecal occult blood test and biochemical examinations at regular intervals. In phase 1, the gastro-endoscopic examinations revealed that by day 13, 62.5% dogs achieved the desired GUE index. Clinical parameters remains within the normal range with slight fluctuations but haematological parameter showed significant decrease in Hb, PCV, TEC, monocytes and lymphocytes whereas, TLC and granulocytes increased significantly. Body weight decreased in all the dogs. There was direct correlation between presence of gastric bleeding on endoscopic examination and positive fecal occult blood test. Subjective assessment revealed general lack of activities, reduced appetite and occasional vomiting (n=3/16). In phase 2, the mean healing period of GUE was shortest in group 4 at 8.25 days followed by group 2 at 9 days, group 1 at 9.75 days and group 3 at 13.50 days. Qualitatively, the gastric mucosa was distinctively shiny and healthier in animals treated with rabeprazole and seed oil of Hippophae salicifolia. Clinical and haematological parameters showed marked improvement towards the end of phase 2. Faecal occult blood test was positive in all animals till there was endoscopic evidence of bleeding from the gastric ulcers. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and creatinine remained within normal physiological limits throughout the study. It is concluded that Rabeprazole and seed oil of Hippophae salicifolia have therapeutic efficacies in management of dexamethasone-induced GUE in dogs and they also help in restoration of gastric mucus layer in a faster manner. Whereas, Aloe vera treatment actually delayed the healing period of GUE.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF COMBINATION OF PLANTS BASED EXTRACT AGAINST FOWL TYPHOID IN QUAIL(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-08-14) Karol, Ankit; Asrani, R.K.The present study was planned to study the effect of aqueous plant extract against experimental salmonellosis in Japanese quail. Four hundred Japanese quail chicks at day 21 were randomly divided into four groups and were fed chick mash alone (group PC), aqueous plant extract in the drinking water at the rate of 15 ml lts-1of drinking water (group GC), birds challenged with S. Gallinarum (2x103 cfu ml-1) orally (group PI) and the combination group containing both infection and aqueous extract (group GI). The plant extract was given in drinking water continuously from 18th day onwards up to 10 days post-infection. The S. Gallinarum infection was inoculated at day 21 through oral route. The birds in all groups were closely observed for the development of clinical signs, mortality, growth response, biochemical changes and pathological changes. Intestinal tissues of three randomly selected birds from each treatment group were subjected to scanning electron microscopic studies at different hours post infection. The clinical signs in both the infected groups included greenish diarrhea, anorexia, ruffling of feathers, labored breathing, huddling, restricted movement, dullness and depression, but the signs like dark greenish diarrhea, ruffled feathers etc. were comparatively less severe in the GI group. Mortality was 36% in the infected group kept on the plants extract added water in comparison to 58% in the group given Salmonella infection alone. ALT, AST, serum cholesterol and creatinine levels were found to be higher whereas total protein concentration was lower at the peak phase of infection in PI group as compared to the GI group. The gross lesions in liver and spleen chiefly comprised of enlargement, copper discoloration and necrotic foci in both the infected groups, though lesions in GI group were comparatively less severe up to 10 DPI, but increased afterwards when the extract water was stopped giving to the birds. The microscopic lesions in the PI group comprised of necrosis, heterophilic and mononuclear cell infiltration and vacuolar changes in the liver. The lesions were similar in nature in the GI group but were comparatively less severe in intensity. The lesions in the spleen in both the infected groups included RE cell hyperplasia, lymphoid depletion, necrosis and heterophilic and MN cell infiltration. In PI group, the scanning electron studies revealed significant damage to the intestine architecture. The birds showed destructed villous structure and necrosis. The normal shape was transformed to long finger like structures with tapering ends. There was sloughing of the villous epithelium and shedding of the mucosal shreds. The response in the GI group was found to be better than PI group. These results indicate that there was some level of protection provided by the aqueous plant extract against experimental salmonellosis.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON EXPRESSION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS IN BOVINE MILK(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-08) Chandel, Sumit; Singh, GeetanjaliAMPs are host defense molecules and important part of the innate immunity in animals. This study was carried out to investigate and compare the expression of AMPs particularly, cathelicidins viz CATHL1, CATHL2, CATHL3 and CATHL4 in the milk of Jersey crossbred and desi pahari cows and also to compare the expression with somatic cell count. For this, 40 milk samples of Jersey crossbred cows and 10 milk samples of desi pahari cows were collected and evaluated for somatic cell counts, MCMT, BTB pH indicator test and pH. Based primarily on varying somatic cell counts, milk samples were further selected for studying the expression of these AMPs. Liver and udder tissue samples of Jersey crossbred cow were also collected for studying the expression of these AMPs. gDNA was isolated from liver tissue sample of Jersey crossbred cow. Pairs of CathL primers viz CathL1, CathL2, CathL3 and CathL4 were tested initially on gDNA. Total RNA was isolated from the liver and udder tissue samples of Jersey crossbred cow and the selected milk samples of Jersey crossbred and desi pahari cows. cDNA was then prepared from total RNA for studying the expression of these AMPs. Expression of CATHL genes viz CATHL1, CATHL2 and CATHL3 was found in liver tissue sample of Jersey crossbred cow but no expression of CATHL4 gene was detected in liver tissue sample of same Jersey crossbred cow. Expression of CATHL2 gene was found in udder tissue sample of Jersey crossbred cow but expression of CATHL1, CATHL3 and CATHL4 genes was not found in udder tissue sample of same Jersey crossbred cow. Expression of CATHL1, CATHL2, CATHL3 and CATHL4 genes was not found in the selected milk samples of Jersey crossbred and desi pahari cows. The non-expression of these AMPs might be due to either insufficient amount of mRNA specific to these proteins or alternative splicing.ThesisItem Open Access MICROSATELLITE BASED MOLECULAR GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CHEGU–PASHMINA GOAT BREED(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015) SHARMA, ASHISH; Thakur, Y.P.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF MALORI (Rumex hastatus) LEAF EXTRACT ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BROILERS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-04-18) Soney, Priya; Rani, DaisyThe ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters had focused the research on the use of alternative growth promoters. It has been shown that Rumex hastatus (RH) had a great pharmacological and antioxidant potential. No work has been done to explore the effect of its extract on growth performance of broilers. Thus, this study was designed with the aim to supplement the methanolic extract of dried leaves of RH (MERH) @ 0, 73, 146 and 292 g/q of feed and designated as M0, M200, M400 and M800, respectively. A total of 192 (No.) day-old broiler chicks of Vencobb strain were divided into 4 groups, with 48 chicks in each group. Growth characteristics, digestibility of nutrients, dressing percentage; weight of abdominal fat, liver, gall bladder, kidney and lymphoid organs; chemical composition of breast and thigh muscles, plasma biochemicals and minerals, histopathology of liver, micrometry of ileum and economics of broiler production were studied. The overall feed intake of M200 group was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of M400 group. The overall highest gain in weight (2123.41g) and the best feed conversion ratio was recorded in M400 group. The digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen free extract was significantly (P<0.05) higher in M400 group compared to that of M800 group. Total plasma cholesterol level in M400 group was significantly (P<0.05) lower than M200 and statistically equivalent to control and M800 group. The height of villi of ileum was significantly (P<0.05) the highest in M400 (586.41 μm) and significantly (P<0.05) the lowest in M800 (531.30 μm) group. The thigh muscles of M400 group broilers had higher contents of dry matter, fats, protein and minerals. M400 supplementation reduced the cost of feed per kg gain in weight by 1.21 per cent with respect to control. MERH did not have any effect on liver of healthy birds. It was concluded that M400 was the best supplementation level as it increased nutritional worth of meat and improved the economy of production.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ESTROUS BEHAVIOUR AND ESTROUS CYCLE RELATED ENDOCRINE PROFILE OF GADDI GOATS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-11-30) KUMAR, SUNIL; Sood, PankajABSTRACT Ten adult dry and non-pregnant Gaddi does were used in the present study for estrous behaviour and estrous cycle related endocrine profile. The study was conducted during short days under natural photoperiod from October, 2014 to February, 2015. All the does were induced by PG (Iall group), four of which were investigated in the subsequent spontaneous estrous cycle (S group). Information on the later set of goats during induced estrus (from the Iall group) was also used and categorized in a third group (I) to draw a comparison of estrous behaviour characteristics and endocrinology parameters between S, I and Iall. The endocrinology determinants were evaluated in peripheral blood plasma collected from estrus onset and every 3 hours thereafter till termination of estrus; in addition, day 7 and day 14 blood samples were also evaluated. A comparison of estrous behaviour characteristics was also made between confined (C) versus grazing (G) conditions. The average time interval from PG administration to estrous onset was 76.1±3.8 hours. Standing to be mounted, biting of estrus female, sniffing of vulva and tail flagging were most frequent signs characterizing onset of estrus, irrespective of PG injection or housing conditions. Unlike G condition, where all estrous signs peaked at 3 to 3.5 hours after estrous onset, all the other estrous behaviour signs attained peak frequency at 6 to 12.5 hours post estrous onset in S, I and Iall groups and C condition. Overall, estrous expression was better in S estrus and in C condition compared to their respective corresponding groups. There was no significant difference in estrous duration, estrous onset to ovulation and follicular diameter of S versus I versus Iall groups (28.4±1.4 versus 32.0±5.3 versus 30.6±4.1 h, 23.9±2.1 versus 28.5±2.7 versus 24.0±5.6 h and 9.8±0.6 versus 9.3±0.5 versus 9.5±0.5 mm, respectively). Double ovulation was present in one goat of the I group. There was no significant difference in ultrasonography assisted ovulatory and other associated endocrine determinants between the S, I and Iall groups. Estradiol17β, LH peak concentration, their timings from estrous onset, estradiol- 17β peak to ovulation interval and LH peak to ovulation interval did not differ significantly in all the three groups. The day 7 and day 14 plasma progesterone concentrations did not differ and the average values ranged from 6.5±1.1 to 7.2±1.9 ng/ml at day 7 and 10.9±2.6 to 12.4±2.1 ng/ml at day 14 in S, I and Iall groups. Genital discharge fern pattern differed with stage of estrus. Typical fern pattern coincided with peak frequency of estrous behaviour signs except under G condition, where the peak per se occurred much early. Induction of estrus did not affect ovulatory and endocrine characteristics.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT THERAPEUTIC REGIMENS ON RESTORING FERTILITY OF INFERTILE ABANDONED COWS MAINTAINED IN GOSHALAS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-08-07) SHARMA, ROHIT; Singh, MadhumeetABSTRACT Abandoned cows, reared in 18 Goshalas in different districts of Himachal Pradesh were examined clino-gynaecologically for reproductive status. Overall 321 abandoned cows diagnosed to be affected with 402 reproductive ailments (few of them with multifactor etiology) were taken for this study. These animals were treated as per the condition diagnosed. Uterine discharge samples of cows diagnosed as endometritis were subjected to culture sensitivity tests in Nutrient broth and Mueller Hinton agar. Blood samples were collected for estimation of minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn. Na, K and Cl), biochemicals (Total Proteins, Cholesterol, ALT, AST, ALP and GGT), and hormones (T3, T4, TSH, cortisol, progesterone, estradiol-17β and insulin). There was highest prevalence of endometritis (27.8%) followed by cervical disorders (14.43%) which included cervical fibrosis, cervicitis, non-patent cervix and kinked cervix etc. However management errors were detected in 38.80 per cent animals. The antibiogram of uterine discharges indicated highest sensitivity for fluoroquinolones derivatives and gentamicin followed by tetracycline. Whereas high resistance was recorded forMetronidazole, Penicillin,Cloxacillin andNitrofurantoin. All bacteria were resistant toCotrimoxazole. Copper concentration significantly increased in recovered abandoned cows suffering from endometritis and treated anestrus cows, irrespective of recovery. Inorganic phosphorus concentrations significantly increased only in recovered true anestrus animals. The post-treatment recovery could be followed in 220 cows with 280 reproductive problems. A good proportion of endometritic cows (21.69%) responded to treatment whereas only 2.17 percent of the animals affected with cervical problems conceived. High post treatment recovery was recorded in true anestrus (42.17%) and silent estrus (56.25%) cows. In all 37 (16.82%) abandoned cows conceived out of total 220 cows followed to evaluate post-treatment recovery. Principal contributor to reproductive problems in abandoned cows was technical errors committed by personals handling genitalia (50.00%) of which only 12.75 per cent were treatable. Whereas, much higher (44.45 %) post treatment recovery rate was recorded in cows (38.80 %) suspected to have managemental problems.