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End date: 2015 × Start date: 2010 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENE ACTION FOR YIELD AND RELATED TRAITS IN SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS INVOLVING WILD SPECIES
    (CSKHPKV Palampur, 2014-12) INDU BALA; Jai Dev
    The present investigation entitled “Gene action for yield and related traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and development of interspecific hybrids involving wild species” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur to gather information on genetic architecture for seed yield and component traits in soybean and to introgress desirable genes from wild species to cultivated ones. The experimental material comprised of 54 triple test cross progenies derived by mating 18 lines with three testers, namely, Hara Soya (L1), Him Soya (L2) and their F1 (L3). This genetic material was evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications during kharif 2013. Epistasis was found to be an integral part of genetic variation for majority of the traits. Epistatic interaction for many traits was ‘j+l’ type except days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, reproductive phase, petiole length, seed per pod, harvest index and 100 seed weight, whereas plant height, internode length, pods per plant and biological yield per plant carried ‘i’ type epistasis alongwith ‘j+l’ type. Additive component (D) was more pronounced than dominance component (H) for most of the traits. Both additive and dominance components were of almost equal magnitude for pod length indicating the importance of both additive and dominance type of gene action, whereas partial degree of dominance was noticed for majority of traits. The kind of genetic variance revealed from triple test cross can be exploited by intermating selected individuals in early segregating generations with delayed selection in later generations, diallel selective mating/ biparental mating or recurrent selection followed by pedigree method to exploit both additive and non-additive components alongwith epistasis. Lines Bragg, Shivalik and P9-2-2 were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. The cross combinations, Bragg x Hara Soya, PK- 472 x Him Soya, DS-1213 x Hara Soya, H-330 x Hara Soya and H-330 x Him soya showed high per se performance, SCA effects, heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis for seed yield per plant and were rated as potential crosses for further improvement. Cross H-330 x Him Soya showed resistance against brown spot and bacterial pustule diseases. The interspecific hybrids developed involving Glycine max x G. soja, were true to type based on confirmation at the morphological, molecular and cytological level. Sufficient variability was found for all the traits studied in wide hybrids. Seed yield per plant showed significantly positive correlation with reproductive phase, pods per plant, pod length, petiole length, harvest index and 100-seed weight.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PRENATAL STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER OF GADDI SHEEP
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-10-15) Razvi, Raheeqa; Rajput, Rajesh
    ABSTRACT Gross morphological, histological and histochemical studies were done on prenatal liver of Gaddi sheep. Total sixty samples were used for gross morphological study and from this twenty four samples were used for histological and histochemical studies. The prenatal liver samples were divided into four groups viz. group-I (1-60 days), group-II (61-90 days) and group-III (91- 120 days) and group-IV (121- full term) having 15 embryos/foeti in each group for gross morphological study and 6 samples in each group for histological and histochemical study. The prenatal liver consisted of two surfaces (visceral and parietal surface), two extremities (cranial and caudal) and two borders (lateral and medial border). Till full term, the liver was not completely oriented towards the right side of abdominal cavity. The mean body weight of sheep foetii increased significantly from group-I to group-IV. Liver accounted 9.07%, 8.45%, 6.15% and 5.49% of the total body weight in group-I, II, III and IV respectively. All biometrical parameters showed an increasing trend with the advancement of age except relative weight of liver and shape index. The right lobe of liver was largest followed by left and caudate lobe. First appearance of portal triad was observed at 76 days of gestation. Right lobe had maximum capsular thickness. Varying concentration of sudanophillic lipids and mucopolysaccharides were observed in different components of liver. In haemopoietic cells and hepatocytes the neutral mucopolysacchariders were present. The presence of bile pigments and glycogen was visible from 57 days of gestation. Iron particles were visisble from 97 days of gestation and bile canaliculi at 53 days of gestation. The concentration (ppm) of Mn, Co, iron, Se and Mo increased with the progression of gestation age. The Zn concentration was maximum between 61-90 days of gestation.While, the concentration of Cu and Ca was maximum between 1-60 days of gestation. Electron microcopy revealed that chromatin material became concentrated and there was decrease in number of mitochondria in post natal hepatocytes than the prenatal ones. The hepatocytes were clearly binucleated. Gall bladder appeared at 46 days of gestation. At 60 days of gestation the tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa layers were clearly distinguishable. The thickness of tunica muscularis, tunica serosa and luminal diameter of gall bladder increased significantly with the advancement of gestational age. While, the thickness of tunica mucosa and submucosa was maximum in group-III. The presence of bile in gall bladder was observed from 53 days of gestation. Chenodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid and deoxycholic acid were three main bile acids identified in bile.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PRENATAL STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS OF GADDI SHEEP
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-10-19) Shukla, Parul; Rajput, Rajesh
    Abstract The present study was conducted on the testis and epididymis of 68 Gaddi sheep foetii to study gross anatomy, histogenesis, organogenesis and histochemistry in different stages of gestation. The biochemical analysis was done in the foetal fluid. The samples were divided into 4 stages: stage I (31-60 days), stage II (61-90 days), stage III (91-120 days) and stage IV (121 till term) based on their age in days obtained by the formula, Y = 2.74 x X + 30.15, where X is CRL in cm and Y is age in days. The testes were located under the mesonephric kidneys which started descending into the inguinal canal at around 83rd day of gestation and started entering into the scrotum at around 95th day of gestation and finally settled into the scrotum at around 140th day of gestation. All the gross biometrical parameters increased with the increase in age of the fetus. The differentiation of cortex and medulla in the indifferent gonad was observed on 37th day of gestation. The differentiation of tunica albuginea and seminiferous tubules containing large, small and sertoli cells was observed on 46th day of gestation. The differentiation of tunica albuginea into tunica fibrosa and tunica vasculosa was evident on 50th day of gestation. The connective tissue trabeculae divided the testicular parenchyma into lobules which contained developing sex cords on 60th day of gestation. The testicular capsule and connective tissue trabeculae contained abundant reticular and collagen fibers in stage IV of gestation. The diameter of seminiferous tubules, large, small, sertoli and leydig cells increased with the progression of gestation. The epididymal duct appeared grossly as a straight elongated tubular structure adjacent to the testis on 45th day of embryonic life. The epididymal duct was distinguishable into caput, corpus and cauda regions on 70th day of gestation. The gubernaculums appeared as a cylindrical gelatinous mass and was visible in the scrotum on 86th day of gestation and appeared as a regressed knob like structure on 99th day of gestation. The gross parameters increased with increase in age of Gaddi sheep foetii. The formation of the tunica albuginea in the epididymis was observed on 65th day of gestation and its differentiation into tunica fibrosa and tunica vasculosa was evident on 70th day of gestation. The connective tissue septae originated from the tunica albuginea and divided the epididymis into lobules at 115th day of gestation. Abundant reticular and collagen fibers were seen in the capsule on 137th day of gestation. The tubular and luminal diameter increased significantly from stage II to III and thereafter decreased at stage IV of gestation. The lining epithelium of epididymal tubules was tall cuboidal type. Histochemical reactions showed presence of glycogen, sulphated mucosubstances, lipids and proteins mainly in the capsule, seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue of the testis and in the capsule, peritubular connective tissue layer, basement membrane, lining epithelium and supra nuclear zone of the epididymis in these areas. Normal values of various macro and micro minerals, biochemicals and activity of various enzymes was analysed in foetal fluid of Gaddi sheep.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FEEDING SEABUCKTHORN CAKE (HIPPOPHAE L.) ON EGG PRODUCTION IN POULTRY AND GROWTH IN CALVES
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2011-11-16) MD., HASANUZZAMAN; Sharma, V.K.
    ABSTRACT Balanced and effective feeding are the most important prerequisites for economic production of livestock and poultry. So, minimization of feed cost would be a great achievement for livestock and poultry farmers if the unconventional but potential ingredient like Seabuckthorn (SBT) cake would be introduced as the replacer of major protein sources, as nutritionally, SBT cake is very rich in proteins, fat, amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Very little systematic and scientific work has been conducted to study the effects of feeding SBT cake to the livestock and poultry. Hence, the present study was envisaged to see the effect of replacement of CP of conventional feed of layers and calves, with that of SBT cake to evaluate biological performances, nutrient utilization, rumen metabolites and cost benefit ratio by feeding SBT cake. Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of SBT cake on layers and calves production. First trial was conducted in 360 BV-300 layer chicks which were offered conventional rations in control (S0) group and replacing 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 per cent CP by SBT cake CP. The second experiment was aimed to study the effect of SBT cake on growth of calves where 18 calves of 4-5 months age were divided in 3 treatment groups having 6 animals in each group. The conventional CGR was offered in control group (SBT0) and replacing 50 per cent and 75 per cent CP of the control group with the CP of SBT cake in SBT50 and SBT75 groups respectively. One more trial was conducted as a third experiment, aimed to observe the effect of SBT cake on rumen metabolites and rumen microbial population in adult cattle. Three adult cattle (fistulated) were maintained on three rations with a switch over design. The crude protein contents of the basal ration (T1) were replaced with SBT cake CP at 50 (T2) and 75 (T3) per cent CP in the adult cattle ration. The egg production, egg mass and body weight gain of layers were higher in S20 group where 20 per cent CP of conventional concentrate was replaced with the CP of the SBT cake. FCR in respect of egg mass as well as biological performance of the layer was found better in S20 treatment group. It was noticed that, as the level of SBT cake increased beyond 20 per cent, the biological performance of the layers declined though the quality traits of eggs were not affected by replacement of SBT cake at any level. It was revealed that replacement of CP of conventional layer feed with SBT cake CP up-to 20 per cent level was economic for layer production. Higher body weight gain and better balance of nutrient in calves was observed in SBT50 group where 50 per cent CP of the traditional CGR was replaced with the SBT cake CP. Better FCR of calves was found in SBT50 group, hence, can be considered as the highest dose of replacement with SBT cake CP in CGR. Higher microbial population in older calves was found in T2 group, where 50 per cent CP of the traditional adult calves ration was replaced with the CP of SBT cake. Better rumen metabolites were also found in the T2 group. Looking at the results of present investigations, it could be concluded that 20 per cent CP of the traditional concentrate ration could be replaced with the CP of SBT cake in layer birds for a viable and cost effective egg production, whereas, 50 per cent CP of the traditional calves ration could be replaced with the CP of SBT cake in young as well as older calves to improve the nutrient utilization efficiency for sustainable livestock production.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DISTRIBUTION AND BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES AGAINST SOME LEPIDOPTEROUS PESTS
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-01) Vashisth, Sumit; Chandel, Y.S.
    ABSTRACT Survey for entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) was conducted in ten districts of Himachal Pradesh during 2011-13. In all, 930 soil samples from 131 locations were analysed for the occurrence of the nematodes. The frequency of occurrence of these nematodes was very low (3.82%). The nematodes were found in five locations i.e. Sangla (Distt. Kinnaur), Kamand (Distt. Kullu), Rajgarh (Distt Sirmour), Rajour and Sutkar (Distt. Chamba). These localities are situated in mid hill/high hill zones of the state. The nematodes were recovered from fruit orchards only having lighter soils. The nematodes from all the locations were identified as Heterorhabditis. Nematode cultures from different locations were considered as isolates and were designated as Sangla isolate, Kamand isolate , Rajgarh isolate , Sutkar isolate and Rajour isolate . Former three isolates, along with one commercial isolate i.e. H. indica (procured from NBAII, Bangluru) were evaluated for their pathogenic effects against Spodoptera litura, Helicoverpa armigera, Plutella xylostella and Agrotis segetum in Petri plates/soil/screen house. All these three local isolates including the commercial isolate proved pathogenic variably to different insect-pests. In screen house testing on cabbage, Rajgarh isolate was found highly effective against S. litura, H. armigera and P. xylostella. The virulence of these isolates was considered of the medium level. The bacterium, Photorhabdus luminescence was associated with all the isolates and proved non pathogenic to Achroia grisella when tested alone. Besides, host invasion studies in A. grisella revealed maximum penetration through natural openings, other than mouth. For in vivo mass production of local EPNs, Corcyra cephalonica, A. grisella and Bombyx mori were used. The average yield of IJs/larva was minimum (23020-26030) in C. Cephalonica and maximum in B. mori (463080-546840) for different EPNs. For in vitro production, chicken offal medium was used. The yield was maximum for Rajgarh isolate (17.70 x 106 IJs/flask).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE FARMING PRACTICES ADAPTABLE TO THE CHANGING CLIMATE
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-07) Ramesh; Negi, S.C
    ABSTRACT Diversification and intensification of existing maize-wheat cropping system on small, undulating and marginal field with suitable resource conserving practices is the key answer for increasing the profitability of hill farmers. Keeping in view, an experiment with two tillage methods viz., minimum/zero tillage and conventional tillage and three cropping systems viz., maize-wheat, baby corn+frenchbean-pea-summer squash and maize+soybean-gobhi sarson+toria in main plot and two mulch treatments viz., no mulch and crop residue mulch, and two fertilizer treatments viz., recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) and 75 per cent RDF+25 per cent N through FYM in sub-plot was conducted at Palampur, during kharif 2012– rabi 2014. The results showed that conventional tillage resulted in significantly higher maize grain equivalent yield {MGEY (11.2%)}, food availability round the year (13.9%), productivity of the system (11.2%), gross returns (10.6%), net returns (17.3%) and B: C ratio (12.4%) as compared to zero tillage. Among cropping systems, baby corn+frenchbean-pea-summer squash gave highest MGEY (190.7%), food availability round the year (182.1%), productivity of the system (190.5%), gross returns (121.0%), net return (176.4%) and B: C ratio (64.1%) over the traditional maize-wheat cropping system. Similarly, maize+soybean-gobhi sarson+toria recorded higher MGEY(28.6%), productivity of the system (28.5%), gross returns (14.1%), net return (18.8%) and B: C ratio (8.97%) over maize-wheat cropping system. Significantly higher MGEY (7.4%), food availability round the year (7.5%), productivity of the system (7.5%) and gross returns (6.1%) was recorded with application of crop residue mulch as comapred to no mulch. Similarly, integrated nutrient management recorded significantly higher MGEY (4.3%), food availability round the year (4.3%) and gross returns (4.4%) over recommended dose of fertilizers. Under zero tillage conditions, crop residue mulch produced MGEY which was significantly at par to conventional tillage with mulching. Again, zero tilled baby corn+frenchbean-pea-summer squash with mulch was as good as conventional tilled baby corn+frenchbean-pea-summer squash without mulch. This clearly indicates that mulching in case of zero tillage is good enough to save moisture for sowing and later in the season and conventional tillage under mulch conditions can be avoided.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY, PROFITABILITY AND SEED QUALITY IN OKRA-PEA CROPPING SYSTEM
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-07) Rana, Rachna; Badiyala, Dinesh
    ABSTRACT The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Department of Seed Science and Technology, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur during kharif, 2012 to rabi, 2013-14 to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on productivity, profitability and seed quality in okra-pea cropping system. Experiment consisted of seven integrated nitrogen treatments in okra viz; 25% nitrogen through FYM + 75% nitrogen through fertilizer; 25% nitrogen through fortified vermicompost + 75% nitrogen through fertilizer; 25% nitrogen through vermicompost + 75% nitrogen through fertilizer; 50% nitrogen through FYM + 50% nitrogen through fertilizer; 50% nitrogen through fortified vermicompost + 50% nitrogen through fertilizer; 50% nitrogen through vermicompost + 50% nitrogen through fertilizer and recommended dose of fertilizer. These seven treatments were tested in randomized block design with 3 replications in okra crop during kharif and three treatments viz; 50% RDF, 75% RDF and 100% RDF constituting 21 treatment combinations, following pea crop in rabi were evaluated in split plot design with 3 replications. Growth, yield attributes, seed yields of okra and pea increased significantly and consistently with combined application of 50% nitrogen through fortified vermicompost + 50% nitrogen through fertilizer as main effects in okra and residual effects in peas. Significantly, higher seed yield of okra (694.4 kg ha-1 and 745.4 kg ha-1 ) was obtained with the application of 50% nitrogen through fortified vermicompost + 50% nitrogen through fertilizer during both the years (2012 and 2013), respectively. Residual effect of 50% nitrogen applied through fortified vermicompost + 50% nitrogen through fertilizer applied in okra also resulted in significantly higher seed yield of peas (1550 kg ha-1 and 1584 kg ha-1 ) during both the years of experimentation. N, P, K uptake and available N, P, K was found significantly higher with the application of 50% N through fortified vermicompost + 50% N through fertilizer in both okra and pea crops. Further it was observed that application of 50% nitrogen through fortified vermicompost + 50% nitrogen through fertilizer resulted in significantly higher germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight, field emergence, seedling vigour and lowest electrical conductivity in okra and pea seeds after harvest indicating better seed quality. Among direct effects (fertility levels), 100% RDF also resulted in increased growth, development, yield attributes, seed yield and quality of peas. The okra equivalent yield (1112 kg ha-1 annum-1 ), net returns (₹ 263853 ha-1 annum-1 ) and net returns per rupee invested (₹ 3.79) were recorded significantly higher with the application of 50% N through fortified vermicompost + 50% N through fertilizers in okra-pea cropping system
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF SOME PLANTS FOR THEIR INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES AGAINST IMPORTANT LEPIDOPTEROUS PESTS
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-08) Singh, Kamal Deep; Mehta, P.K
    ABSTRACT Four different plants viz., Acorus calamus L., Vitex negundo L., Adhatoda vaisca L. and Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. were evaluated for their biological activities against Plutella xylostella (L.) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hub). Four different solvents viz., methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts were used for extraction. LC50 values for methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane extract of A. calamus, methanol extract of V. negundo and ethyl acetate extract of A. vasica were 2.0203, 2.2938, 2.8474, 3.4600 and 4.1709 per cent for IInd instar larvae of P. xylostella, respectively. For H. armigera, LC50 values were 1.7495, 2.3296, 3.0859, 3.7773 and 4.0296 per cent for methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane extract of A. calamus, methanol extract of A. vaisca and ethyl acetate extract of V. negundo for IInd instar larvae of H. armigera. Different plant extracts also exhibited ovicidal asctivity against P. xylostella and H. armigera and resulted in 12.62 to 79.39 and 12.74 to 53.61 per cent reduction in egg hatching, respectively. Plant extracts from polar solevents were found to be more effective in reducing the hatchability as compared to non-polar. Maximum antifeedant activity (74.63 and 80.95% feeding inhibition) was observed in hexane and methanol extract of A. calamus for P. xylostella and H. armigera, respectively. Repellent effects showed that maximum repellency was observed in methanol extract of A. calamus (51.33%) and ethyl acetate extract of V. negundo (56.89%) for P. xylostella and H. armigera, respectively. Influences of the exposure of immature stages of P. xylostella and H. armigera to sub-lethal concentartion of different plant extracts resulted in increased duration of total developmental period of P. xylostella and H. armigera as compred to untreated check. However, per cent survival upto adult formation was decreased considerably. Morphogentic abnormalities in different developmental stages such as lack of melanization in larval and pupal stages, pupal-adult intermediate, folded wing or wing less adults were also observed. Lower values for Total growth index (TGI) for P. xylostella were observed, which varied from 1.74 to 6.39 as compared to 7.16 to 13.42 in untreated check. Similar results indicating low TGI were obtained in H. armigera. Adults emerging from treated larvae in both test insects reflected reduction in fecundity as compared to those emerging from untreated larvae. However, there was non-significant effect on the fertility of the test insects. In free choice test for recording oviposition deterrent activity against P. xylostella and H. armigera, low to moderate level of deterrence was evident (13.00 to 38.22%) and (13.67 to 36.29%), respectively. Field efficacy of different plant extracts revealed that hexane extract of A. calamus was most effective against H. armigera and methanol extract of A. calamus against P. xylostella and resulted in 48.91 and 55.51 per cent reduction in population after second round of spray, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENE ACTION FOR YIELD AND RELATED TRAITS IN SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS INVOLVING WILD SPECIES
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-12) Bala, Indu; Dev, Jai
    ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled Gene action for yield and related traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and development of interspecific hybrids involving wild species was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur to gather information on genetic architecture for seed yield and component traits in soybean and to introgress desirable genes from wild species to cultivated ones. The experimental material comprised of 54 triple test cross progenies derived by mating 18 lines with three testers, namely, Hara Soya (L1), Him Soya (L2) and their F1 (L3). This genetic material was evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications during kharif 2013. Epistasis was found to be an integral part of genetic variation for majority of the traits. Epistatic interaction for many traits was j+l type except days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, reproductive phase, petiole length, seed per pod, harvest index and 100 seed weight, whereas plant height, internode length, pods per plant and biological yield per plant carried i type epistasis alongwith j+l type. Additive component (D) was more pronounced than dominance component (H) for most of the traits. Both additive and dominance components were of almost equal magnitude for pod length indicating the importance of both additive and dominance type of gene action, whereas partial degree of dominance was noticed for majority of traits. The kind of genetic variance revealed from triple test cross can be exploited by intermating selected individuals in early segregating generations with delayed selection in later generations, diallel selective mating/ biparental mating or recurrent selection followed by pedigree method to exploit both additive and non-additive components alongwith epistasis. Lines Bragg, Shivalik and P9-2-2 were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. The cross combinations, Bragg x Hara Soya, PK472 x Him Soya, DS-1213 x Hara Soya, H-330 x Hara Soya and H-330 x Him soya showed high per se performance, SCA effects, heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis for seed yield per plant and were rated as potential crosses for further improvement. Cross H-330 x Him Soya showed resistance against brown spot and bacterial pustule diseases. The interspecific hybrids developed involving Glycine max x G. soja, were true to type based on confirmation at the morphological, molecular and cytological level. Sufficient variability was found for all the traits studied in wide hybrids. Seed yield per plant showed significantly positive correlation with reproductive phase, pods per plant, pod length, petiole length, harvest index and 100-seed weight.