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Open Access
Minimally invasive osteosynthesis for management of radius/ulna and tibial fractures in dogs.
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-03-23) Kaur, Ashmeet; Kumar, Amit
The present study was done for diagnosis and classification of long bone fractures in dogs and application of minimally invasive osteosynthesis (Supracutaneous bone plating) for management of radius/ulna and tibial fractures in dogs. Out of total 139 cases of long bone fractures, 127 cases had singular fracture whereas 12 cases had multiple fractures. The overall incidence of long bone fractures was 10.15 per cent among all cases of dogs. The incidence and distribution of long bone was found more in male dogs and in juvenile age-group. The majority cases were of non-descript dogs and automobile accident was recorded as major singular cause of long bone fractures. Femur was the most affected long bone with fracture (46.10 %). According to AO/ASIF classification: 12A3 (Diaphyseal simple transverse fracture) was the most common type of fracture in humerus (40%), 22A3 (Diaphyseal simple fracture of both radius and ulna) was the most common type of fracture in radius/ulna (51.52%) and 32A3 (Diaphyseal simple transverse fracture (< 30°) was the most common type of fractures found in femur (38.03%) and 42A3 (Diaphyseal simple transverse fracture) was the most common type of fracture found in tibia/fibula (43.24%). Management of radius/ulna fractures and tibia/fibula fractures was done in two phases. First, the standardization was done on dog cadaver and then on osteomized bones. Then clinical application was done in nine fracture cases: two radius ulna and seven tibia-fibula fractures in dogs. Supracutaneous bone plating technique was used with Locking head - limited contact-dynamic compression plate and self-tapping locking head cortical screws. Status of fracture reduction and fracture fixation was fair to good (2-3) and all dogs had full weight-bearing during standing as well as during walking phase at final reappraisal day. The supracutaneous plate was tolerated well by all dogs. There was no implant related complication other than loosening of single screw in two cases. Supracutaneous bone plating provided rigid fixation resulting in to minimum amount of callus formation at the fracture site. The implant removal was done under sedation without the need of general anaesthesia.
Open Access
Clinical adaptation of Tiletamine and Zolazepam drug combination for conducting different diagnostic and surgical procedures in dogs
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-06) K, Vijaya Mahantesh S; Kumar, Amit
The study was conducted for the clinical evaluation of Tiletamine-zolazepam when used alone and in combination with inj. atropine, inj. butorphanol and either xylazine or dexmedetomidine in 26 client owned dogs divided into 3 groups group 1 (n=8), group 2 (n=8) and in group 3 (n=10). Dogs presented for various minor and non invasive surgical manipulation were placed in group 1 and for ovariohysterectomy were placed in groups 2 and 3. The drug regime for group 1 (n=8) involved administration of tiletamine-zolazepam at the dose rate of 7.0 mg/kg alone whereas inj. butorphanol @ 0.2 mg/kg and inj. atropine @ 0.04 mg/kg were used in for group 2 and 3 followed by inj. xylazine @ 1.0 mg/kg along with tiletamine-zolazepam @ 3.3 mg/kg in group 2 and dexmedetomidine @ 10 µg/kg along with tiletamine-zolazepam @ 4.5 mg/kg in group 3 were used. These doses were standardized after pilot trails. All the animals received 100 per cent oxygen throughout the study period. Parameters under investigation included intra-operative behaviour and sedation parameters in group 1 and analgo-clinical observations, cardiovascular parameters, pulmonary parameters, haemato-biochemistry, electrolytes and recovery parameters. Animals in all the three groups showed smooth induction with adequate muscle relaxation and analgesia. Significant decrease in rectal temperature was noticed in all the three groups which improved during recovery. ECG parameters did not show significant difference from physiological values in majority of animals. Significant increase in heart rate was noticed after induction in all the three groups which came back to normal value at the end of the study period. Non-invasive blood pressure showed non-significant increase in all the three groups initially and later decreased lesser than the baseline value. SpO2, EtCO2 and FiCO2 values remained within the normal range throughout the procedure. Significant decrease in respiration rate was noticed in group 2 and group 3 with no incidence of apnea. Hematological parameters reduced non-significantly at the end of the study period when compared with baseline value in group 2 and 3. Biochemical parameters and electrolytes did not vary significantly throughout the study period except for glucose which showed a significant increase throughout the study period in both the groups. Recovery period was longer in group 3. Post-operative vocalization, paddling, curling of tongue and nystagmus was noticed in animals of group 1 and vocalization with ataxia and head bobbing was noticed in some animals of group 2 and group 3 which abolished after recovery without any adverse consequences. The above protocol used in the study provided safe and adequate anaesthesia for different surgical manipulations that can be performed under 60 minutes in dogs.
Open Access
Evaluation of Rocuronium and its reversal by Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate combination in Propofol-Isoflurane anesthetized dogs.
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-04) Rana, Yudhvir; Kumar, Adarsh
This study was executed in the clinical setup to document the effects of Rocuronium and its reversal by Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate combination in Propofol-Isoflurane anaesthetized dogs. Rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade was applied to 21 clinical cases. Out of which 19 cases of orthopaedic surgeries and 2 cases of ovariohysterectomy were performed. Every animal included in this study was premedicated using Inj. Butorphanol tartrate at the dose rate of 0.2mg/kg b.wt I/M, then after a gap of 30 minutes Inj. Atropine sulphate was administered at the dose rate of 0.02mg/kg b.wt I/M, again after a gap of 10 minutes animal was premedicated with Inj. Diazepam at the dose rate of 0.5mg /kg b.wt. I/V and followed immediately by Inj. Propofol I/V(to the effect), for the induction of general anaesthesia. Soon after induction, the animal was maintained on a mixture of Isoflurane and oxygen. After the animal had stabilized, the relaxation of muscle was induced using Inj. Rocuronium at the dose rate of 0.5 mg /kgb.wt. I/V. Immediately IPPV was provided in volume control mode, with settings, a respiration rate of 15 breaths per minute, tidal volume at 10ml/kg body weight and inspiratory expiratory ratio as 1:2. Neuromuscular blockade was reversed at the first sign of asynchrony on the bellow and the multipara monitor. A single syringe combination drug Inj.Myopyrolate I/V having both Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate was administered at the dose rate of 0.05mg/kg b. wt. and 0.01mg/kg b.wt respectively. Rocuronium caused the centring of the ocular globe gradually within 30 seconds. The central position of the ocular globe facilitates many kinds of surgical interventions and examinations in the eyes. During orthopaedic surgeries, the reduction of fractured ends became effortless. Easy reduction of the fracture without tissue trauma was observed. In ovariohysterectomy surgeries, the appropriate level of abdominal muscle relaxation further helped in the easy exteriorization of the ovarian stump. The onset time for Rocuronium was 17.64±1.10 sec and it provided muscle relaxation for 27.82 ± 0.72 min. The use of Rocuronium along with IPPV caused minimal alteration of the physiological parameters with no consequences clinically and thus can be considered a complication-free anaesthetic protocol for interventions demanding muscle relaxation.
Open Access
Radiography of skull in dogs
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-05) Manish, Jain Shivani; Tyagi, SP
The present study was done with the objectives of standardization of skull radiography in dogs and the appraisal of the clinical conditions of skull in dogs. Standardization of skull radiography in dogs involved development of assorted positioning devices, formulation of a radiographic technique chart, establishing a standard operative protocol and the development of a ready reckoner atlas of skull radiology. Healthy dogs for either sex and variable age that were presented to the department for different elective procedures were utilized for formulating a kVp variable technique chart and for development of a ready-reckoner atlas of skull radiology in dogs. SOPs for radiography of skull in dogs was established during the standardization phase and was followed strictly during the entire study period. Standard protocol for sedation and general anaesthesia were followed. All the radiographs for formulation of technique chart and development of ready reckoner atlas were taken under general anaesthesia. Standard and ancillary radiographs of skull of healthy dogs were used to prepare the ready-reckoner atlas. The results of the study revealed that at least 16 mAs is required to produce diagnostic quality radiographs of skulls of dogs whereas the kVp obtained as per standard Sante’s rule is sufficient. No influence of skeletal density on requirement of different radiographic factors for skull radiography was found and hence, it was recommended that a uniform technique chart can be employed for both skeletally mature and immature dogs for such purposes. The use of general anaesthesia and assorted radiographic positioning devices was found essential for obtaining diagnostic quality radiographs in complex radiographic views of skull in dogs. Ancillary radiographic views of the skull aided in demonstration of specific structures of skull with less superimposition and hence, found useful in diagnosis of specific conditions. The radiographic details of the frontal sinus of dogs was better visualized in a specialized caudo-dorsal view. The regional occurrence of skull conditions in dogs was 2.83% with a higher distribution in adult dogs (49%). The most common condition of skull was fracture (30.18%) followed by neoplasia (16.98%).
Open Access
Operative restoration dentistry in dogs
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-04) Thakur, Kalpna; Kumar, Adarsh
The present study was conducted on 111 client-owned canine patients presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, DGCN COVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India in a time span of 14 months. The objective of the study was the standardization of clinical operative restoration dentistry in dogs. The different orodental affections diagnosed and managed during the study were periodontal disease (54.34%), dental attrition and tooth fracture (10.14%), jaw fracture (8.69%), oral neoplasia (5.07%), mis-aligned and over-crowded tooth (5.07%), gingival hyperplasia (5.07%), pulpitis (4.34%), enamel loss (2.17%), dental caries (2.17%), osteodystrophy fibrosa (1.44%), and oral warts (1.44%). Dental scaling with polishing was found very efficacious to remove every bit of plaque and tartar deposited over the tooth surfaces. Oral tumour cases were managed advantageously by incorporating various methods including CO2 laser ablation, wide-margin excision and buccal or gingival flap technique. The jaw fractures were operated with the goal of maintaining normal occlusion and correct interdigitation of teeth which was obtained by a combination of various internal fixation and axillary stabilization with muzzle taping. Surgical extraction of teeth was carried out in the conditions of severe periodontal affections. The teeth with chronic periodontal disease were subjected to surgical extraction after the diagnosis of periodontal ligament breach with the aid of dental radiography. The multi-rooted teeth were sectioned through furcation into the single rooted tooth for unchallenging extraction. The conventional endodontic therapy which is root canal treatment, was carried out in the affections of tooth fractures. The procedure was performed in 4 steps: access preparation, canal debridement, canal obturation, and final obturation. The root canal treatment turned out to be a potential alternative to the extraction of the tooth and was a safer and aesthetically pleasing treatment that maintained the dentition of the dogs.
Open Access
Radiographic biometry of cardiovascular system of dogs
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-04) Sharma, Kapil; Tyagi, SP
The present study was done with the objectives of generation of cardiovascular biometry and correlating cardiovascular biometry with clinical conditions in dogs. For the generation of cardiovascular biometry 80 healthy dogs of different breeds, age-group and gender were subjected to thoracic radiography and biometrical parameters were recorded. The influence of breed, radiographic view, and gender on the assessment of biometrical parameters were evaluated. Cardiovascular biometry revealed no statistical difference between males and females for all the parameters. VHS range in the healthy dogs was 9.1-11.5. Labrador retrievers had the highest VHS among different breeds.VHS in RtL view was significantly greater than LeL view in all dogs. VLAS range was 1.6-2.5 with a mean value of 1.96±0.15 in RtL and 2.06±0.18 in LeL view. VLAS in LeL was significantly higher in the RtL view. The mean CTR was 0.54±0.03 with a range of 0.43-0.63 in healthy dogs. The mean value of CrLA/R9, CrLV/R9, CrLV/CrLA, CdLA/R9, CdLV/R9 and CdLV/CdLA were 0.76±0.23, 0.73±0.20 ,1.02±0.16 ,0.81±0.32, 0.87±0.13 and 0.98±0.16 respectively. Short, long and overall MHS were 2.17±0.31, 2.78±0.36 and 5.01±0.61 respectively. The regional incidence of cardiovascular in dogs was 0.8 per cent with a higher distribution in the senile age group and males. Labrador retriever (47%) was the most commonly affected breed with cardiovascular disease. Left-sided cardiomegaly was the most common disorder (47%). VHS, VLAS, CTR and MHSs were consistently measured in all the clinical cases. The radiographic cardiovascular biometrical parameters in the dogs with cardiovascular disease were significantly higher from the healthy dogs.
Open Access
Diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal injuries of hind limb in dogs
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-04) Kumar, Akshay; Kumar, Amit
The present study was done to diagnose and manage musculoskeletal injuries of hind limb in dogs. Among 82 cases of femur fracture and 37 cases of tibia/fibula fracture, the diaphyseal portion of the femur and tibia was most frequently affected with fracture. Distal simple extra-articular fracture (33A1) was the most common type of fracture found in femur and diaphyseal simple oblique fracture (42A2) in tibia. Gustilo Grade III was the most common type of open fracture and Salter-Harris type I (Transverse fracture through the growth plate) was the most common type of epiphyseal fracture. 82 cases of femur fracture (64 unilateral and 9 bilateral) in 73 dogs varied in age from 1.5 months to 7 years, and their weights ranged from 3 kg to 31 kg. The intramedullary pinning (End threaded positive profile Steinmann pin) was used in repairing 35 femur fractures, rush pinning in 12 cases, triple pinning in 2 cases, femoral head ostectomy in 7 cases and cage rest was advised in 5 cases. All the cases of femur fracture ranging from simple transverse to highly comminuted can be effectively managed by end-threaded positive profile Steinmann pinning with or without cerclage wiring. Rush pinning was effective and suitable technique for management of distal metaphyseal/supracondylar fractures of femur. Femoral head osteotomy and triple pinning was successfully used for the management of femoral head and neck fracture. Dogs with tibia fractures varied in age from 2 months to 10 years, and their weights ranged from 3 kg to 33 kg. External coaptation was used for management in 16 cases of tibia fracture followed by bone plating in 11 cases, supracutaneous plating in 3 cases, intramedullary pinning in 3 cases and tension band wiring in 1 case. Bone plating (sole bone plate or plate rod construct) and normograde intramedullary pinning provided good-excellent fracture reduction as well as fixation along with excellent clinical outcome in tibia/fibula fractures. Dogs with joint condition (10 cases) varied in age from 6 months to 11 years, and their weights ranged from 13 kg to 30 kg. Among 10 cases of joint conditions, 6 cases were of coxofemoral luxation (4 cases were managed by closed reduction and external coaptation and 2 cases were managed by toggle pinning) and 4 cases were of tibiotarsal luxation (3 cases were managed by closed reduction and external coaptation and one by pan-tarsal arthrodesis). All the acute cases of hip dislocation can be effectively managed by closed reduction and external coaptation and chronic cases of hip dislocation are managed by toggle pinning.
Open Access
Reconstructive cutaneous surgery techniques in small animals
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-11) Cristopher, Ashish; Kumar, Adarsh
The present work involved standardization and clinical application of various types of reconstruction techniques applicable to small animals. The standardization phase of the study involved cadaveric studies carried out in 10 canine cadavers to standardize a total of 16 different reconstruction techniques coming under 3 different categories. The tension lines on the skin at various anatomical locations and their effect on the effective closure of cutaneous defects with the best clinical, functional and cosmetic outcomes were studied. In the clinical application phase of the study, 31 canine patients were surgically treated with the standardized techniques and the wound healing parameters were evaluated to find the technique and combination of surgical parameters required to obtain the best possible outcome out of cutaneous reconstruction. The linear reconstruction technique was found to be an easy and good technique for small defects and when wounds can be closed without the formation of dog ears. The fusiform technique of reconstruction was found to be best suited for the closure of circular defects with an adequate amount of free skin and with minimum dog-ear formation. The Combined V technique resulted in the least healthy skin loss and should preferably be applied when skin edge apposition causes dog ear formation and when there is little skin available for restoration around the defect. The transposition flap gave better clinical outcomes and faster healing on extremities compared to the bipedicle flap. The delay in wound healing and occurrence of profuse swelling was found to be more related to the tension at the time of closure than other parameters and was mainly observed when tension was severe. Reduction of pain in all 3 techniques (CST, Electrosurgery & Laser surgery) was good with no significant difference between each. The degree of swelling on 3rd day following surgery, degree of exudation and oedema on the 3rd day, and completeness of healing on the 14th day after surgery had only mild, non-significant differences between the three groups suggesting that all three techniques for the creation of skin incision are good alternatives of each other
Open Access
A clinical appraisal of thoracic disorders in dogs
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-06) Thakur, Dhruv; Tyagi, SP
The present study was done with the objectives of a clinical appraisal of the diagnosis and management of thoracic disorders in dogs and to record prevalence of thoracic disorders in dogs. The dogs suspected of thoracic disorders underwent detailed clinical, laboratory, and radiological examination and the disorders were categorized based upon their anatomical location into 4 types; disorders of the extra thoracic area, the parenchyma, the pleural space, and the mediastinum. Lung patterns which were associated with different thoracic disorders found in this study were; alveolar, interstitial, bronchial, vascular and mixed. Alveolar pattern was the most common lung pattern followed by interstitial and bronchial pattern. The air bronchograms were the most common radiographic feature identified in all cases of alveolar pattern (100%), followed by lobar sign (62.5%) and silhouette effect (79.1%). In the bronchial pattern ‘Dough nut’ sign was the most predominant radiographic feature and was present in all 10 cases (100%) while ‘tram lines’ was seen in only 3 cases (30%). Structured miliary interstitial pattern was observed in 3 (13.6%), nodular in 9 (40.9%), masses in 6 (27.7%), and cavitary lesion in 1(4.5%) dog. Disorders of lung parenchyma comprised 52.6% of overall thoracic disorders followed by mediastinum and pleural space The overall regional incidence of thoracic disorders in dog was 4.05% with higher incidence rate in males (4.14%) than females (3.8%). %). Majority of disorders were found in the senile group (52.7%) followed by adults (38.8%) and juvenile (13.1%) and lung tumours were the predominant thoracic disorder (23.6%) followed by pneumonia (18.42%), cardiomegaly (17.1), and pneumothorax and bronchitis (7.89% each).

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