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2019 - 201922020 - 20232
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Subject: Veterinary Public Health × Start date: 2019 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Incidence of antimicrobial resistant pathogenic Escherichia coli in poultry reared under intensive and backyard production systems
    (CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-01-06) Soodan, Maansi; Dev, Sidharath
    The present study investigated the incidence of antimicrobial resistant pathogenic Escherichia coli in poultry reared under intensive and backyard production systems. E. coli isolates were characterized by culture and biochemical methods and were confirmed by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the recovered isolates was determined for 15 antibiotics from eight classes of antibiotics by disc diffusion method. Virulence factors and plasmid mediated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants were ascertained by PCR based methods. A total of 141 samples including cloacal swabs (n=109) and environmental samples [n=32; water samples (n=16) and litter samples (n=16)] were collected for the isolation and identification of E. coli. Out of the 141 samples, 64 (45.4%, 56 cloacal swabs, 4 water samples and 4 litter samples) samples were from the university poultry farm, CSKHPKV, Palampur and 77 (54.6%, 53 cloacal swabs, 12 water samples and 12 litter samples) were from the backyard poultry units. Overall, E. coli isolations were 90.1 per cent (127/141). 93.8 per cent (60/64) samples from organized rearing system and 87 per cent (67/77) from backyard system were positive for E. coli. 21.3 per cent (27/127) of the tested isolates were detected resistant in this study. AMR was observed for only 3 classes of antibiotics i.e., penicillins (9.4%, 12/127), fluoroquinolones (11%, 14/127) and phenicols (0.8%, 1/127). All (n=127) the isolates from this study were susceptible to aminoglycoside, carbapenem, monobactam and polymyxin classes of antibiotics. Incidence of AMR was significantly higher in E. coli isolates from organized rearing system (30.0%, 18/60) compared to those from backyard units (13.4%, 9/67). No multidrug resistant isolate was detected in this study. None of the tested isolates (n=53) carried stx1 (encoding shiga toxin 1) while, 98.1 per cent (52/53) of the analyzed isolates were positive for stx2 (encoding shiga toxin 2). On analysis of plasmid mediated penicillin resistance, all (n=12) the isolates resistant to penicillin class of antibiotics were positive for blaSHV and two isolates co-expressed blaOXA-1with blaSHV. None of the isolates resistant to penicillin class of antibiotics carried TEM or CTX-M group-1 β-lactamases. 21.4 per cent (3/14) fluoroquinolone resistant isolates were positive for plasmid mediated aac (6’)-Ib (encoding aminoglycoside acetyl transferase). In this study, none of the fluoroquinolone resistant isolates was found to carry qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qepA and blaCTX-M-1. We recorded significantly higher AMR in E. coli isolates from organized rearing systems compared to backyard systems. Overall, low levels of AMR were recorded. Higher levels of stx2 detection in E. coli isolates indicates a significant public health threat.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on occurrence of antibiotic residues in migratory goat milk and its public health significance
    (CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-01-05) Sharma, Abhishek; Kumar, Atul
    The present study was designed with the aim to evaluate physicochemical parameters, bacteriological quality, detection of antibiotic residues in migratory goat milk and their public health significance. The Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) of nomadic pastoralists toward usage of antibiotics was assessed using a cross-sectional survey. A total of 223 raw migratory goat milk samples were collected from various migratory routes of nomadic pastoralists. The samples were analysed for their physical and chemical composition. The physical parameters evaluated were colour and odour. All of the samples had acceptable white colour and were without off-odour. The samples were analysed for chemical composition viz. fat %, solids-not-fat %, total solids %, lactose % and protein % and the mean values were 6.95 ± 2.49 %, 8.63 ± 1.85 %, 15.58 ± 3.22 %, 4.53 ± 0.96 % and 3.71 ± 0.78 %, respectively. In bacteriological examination of samples, 16.14 % (36/223) samples were found to be exceeding established limits. Coliforms were found in 5.8 % (13/223) samples, while 2.24 % (5/223) were found positive for E. coli on the basis of cultural, morphological, and biochemical characterization. For detection of antibiotics in milk samples using the High performance liquid chromatography – Diode Array Detection, the methods were optimised and validated as per European commission decision EC/657/2002. Using QuEChERS methodology, oxytetracycline and tetracycline were extracted from goat milk and were found in 6.73 % (15/223) and 1.35 % (3/223) samples, respectively. Using SPE approach, the antibiotics targeted were amoxicillin, penicillin-G and enrofloxacin. It was noticed that 0.89 % (2/223), 2.24 % (5/223) and 1.79 % (4/223) samples were found to contain amoxicillin, penicillin-G and enrofloxacin, respectively. Overall 13.0 % (29/223) samples were found containing antibiotic residues while 7.6 % (17/223) samples contained antibiotic residues above maximum residual limits. The health risk assessment of detected antibiotics in milk revealed that hazard index is < 1. This indicates consumption of milk containing antibiotic residues has minimum health risk to consumers in Himachal Pradesh. A total of 171 nomadic pastoralists participated in the survey. As per KAP survey, 25.2 % of respondents were having good knowledge, 50.8 % were found to be having average knowledge and 23.9 % respondents had poor knowledge about antibiotic use in animal husbandry practices. KAP study also revealed that 19.3 % respondents had good attitude, 71.9 % had moderate and 8.8 % had poor attitude towards antibiotic use. The respondents with good, average, and poor practices related to antibiotic use were 11.7 %, 70.2 % and 18.1 %, respectively. The overall result of present study indicates the fairly good practices by nomadic pastoralists for production of milk and limited use of antibiotics in animals, indicating better quality of migratory goat milk produced in Himachal Pradesh. However, there is a need to continuously monitor the antibiotic residue in animal sourced food to safeguard human health along with regular education on antibiotics for nomadic pastoralists to increase their awareness on food safety aspects.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Detection of Yersinia spp. in ready-to-eat foods of animal origin.
    (CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2019) Koundal, Shubham; Panda, A.K.
    The present study was designed with the aim to determine the incidence of Yersinia spp. in ready-to-eat foods of animal origin. A total of 220 samples; RTE milk products (n=161), RTE meat products (n=21), beverages (n=18) and raw meat samples (n=20) were collected from 13 different places of Himachal Pradesh. In addition, 25 stool samples from hospitalized patients were also screened. Yersinia spp. was not detected in any of the samples tested by culture method using CIN agar. However, 48 other bacterial isolates i.e. Serratia spp. (6.5%, 16/48), Pseudomonas spp. (6.5%, 16/48), Enterobacter spp. (5.7%, 14/48) and Klebsiella spp. (0.8%, 2/48) were recovered from the tested samples. Highest number of isolates were detected in beverages (33%) followed by dahi based products (30%), milk based sweets (21.5%) and paneer based products (13.6%). None of the RTE meat products showed bacterial contamination. All isolates were susceptible to amikacin, tobramycin and doripenem. High level of susceptibility was observed for levofloxacin (95.8%), gentamicin (95.8%), imipenem (93.7%), ciprofloxacin (93.7%), cefepime (89.5%) and ampicillin/sulbactum (81.2%). 5 (10.4%) isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. Three isolates were resistant to imipenem while two isolates were in intermediate susceptibility range for doripenem. 47.9% isolates tested were positive for ESBL and 52.0% isolates as ESBL negative. Only one isolate from raw pork was positive for blaCTX-M-1 gene by molecular testing. In the present study no Yersinia spp. could be detected. However, other bacterial spp. belonging to Enterobacteriaceae were detected and some of them were multidrug resistant strains. Isolates resistant to carbapenem class of antibiotics were also detected which possess serious public health concern.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY OF Escherichia coli FROM MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS.
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Vaishali; Khurana, S. K.
    In the present study, microbiological quality of milk and milk products was assessed by employing standard plate count and coliform count with special emphasis on Escherichia coli which is a food borne pathogen of public health importance. A total of 205 samples of milk and its products were screened for the presence of E. coli. Based on serotyping maximum prevalence was found in fermented milk products (22.86%), followed by cream based milk product (16.67%), paneer/ channa based product (13.64%), flavoured milk product (4.76%) and processed cheese products (2.70%). Among 17 isolates confirmed by serotyping, 15 isolates belonged to 9 different ‘O’ serogroups viz. O2, O7, O8, O26, O118, O121, O128, O145 and O157 while 2 were untypable strains. On the basis of PCR, out of 25 biochemically characterised isolates 23 were positive for E. coli. All the isolates were characterized in terms of antibiotic resistance/sensitivity. Antibiogram studies of the isolates revealed that 44% of the isolates were multidrug resistant with maximum isolates showing resistance to cefotaxime (88%), followed by cefuroxime (52%), amoxyclav and azithromycin (36%) while 96% sensitivity was observed against gentamycin. Due to ever increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, effect of both methanolic and aqueous extracts of pomegranate peels, rhododendron flowers and drumstick was evaluated against E. coli. The antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of pomegranate peels and rhododendron flowers was found to be effective against E. coli at the concentration of 10 per cent and 15 per cent.