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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on induced genetic variation for yield, disease resistance and quality traits in hard and soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-24) Sharma, Rohit Kumar; Rana, VijayPresent study was undertaken with the objectives to assess the efficacy of physical mutagens, chemical mutagens and their combinations and to estimate induced genetic variation and identify putative mutants for yield, yellow rust, powdery mildew resistance and quality traits. Experiment was conducted at the Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan during Rabi 2021-22. Experimental material comprised of two promising cultivars of bread wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)] viz. HPW 89 (soft) and HPW 251 (hard). Experimental materials also included a total of ninety M2 mutant lines of wheat varieties HPW 251 and HPW 89. For working out mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency, both wheat varieties were subjected to mutagenesis by using EMS (0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9%), gamma-rays (250 Gy, 300 Gy and 350 Gy) and their combinations. HPW 89 exhibited higher reduction in germination percentage under lab conditions in comparison to HPW 251 across all the mutagen doses and their combinations. For shoot length, HPW 251 showed more reduction as compared to HPW 89 at lower dose. It may be attributed to the difference in shoot length of the parent (control) varieties. In both wheat varieties, root: shoot ratio decreased when the concentrations of gamma rays, EMS and their combinations increased. In case of EMS and gamma rays, HPW 251 exhibited more reduction in SVI (seedling vigour index). However, in combination HPW 89 showed the highest reduction in SVI. Under field conditions also more reduction in germination percentage was observed in HPW 89. HPW 251 have higher survival rates at the heading and maturity stages. Mutagenic frequency was found to be higher for the combination treatment 0.9% EMS +350Gy. Highest mutagenic effectiveness of EMS was observed at dose of 0.3% in both the varieties. The results regarding mutagenic efficiency in general showed a decline when the concentrations of gamma rays, EMS and their combinations increased. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among wheat mutant lines for all the agro-morphological traits except tillers/ plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for biological yield/plant, harvest index, peduncle length and flag leaf length. Days to 75% maturity, spike length, harvest index, grains/spike and 1000-grain weight showed significant positive correlation with grain yield/plant. Biological yield showed highest direct effect followed by harvest index. For grain hardness mutant Mt21 was found to be significantly superior than the best check, while other 10 mutant lines were statistically at par with this best check. Two mutants (Mt 62 and Mt63) were found to be yellow rust resistant,24 wheat mutants were found resistant to powdery mildew. One mutant line Mt23 was found to be superior for grain yield and grain hardness. Based on overall disease screening data Mt45, Mt53 and Mt87 were resistant to both powdery mildew and yellow rust. Preliminary findings on the differential response of soft and hard wheat lines to the mutagens and their combination treatments could be further studied by working out mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency on more parameters of biological damage. High yielding, disease resistant, hard grained and early flowering mutant progenies may further be subjected to rigorous evaluation by growing larger populations for isolation of superior mutants in M3.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic diversity analysis for agro-morphological traits and disease resistance under rainfed conditions in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-17) Sharma, Priya; Rana, VijayThe present investigation entitled ‘Genetic diversity analysis for agro-morphological traits and disease resistance under rainfed conditions in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)’ was conducted at Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan and the Molecular Cytogenetics & Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSK HPKV, Palampur.The objectives were to assess the diversity amongst wheat genotypes using various agro morphological traits and molecular markers, and screening of genotypes for disease resistance at seedling (yellow rust and brown rust) and adult plant (yellow rust and powdery mildew) stage. The experimental material comprised of 36 wheat genotypes along with four checks viz., HPW 368 (Him Palam Gehun 2), HS 562, Agra Local and LWH (Local Wheat Hango) were evaluated for different agro-morphological traits in α-Randomized Block Design with three replications during rabi 2021-22. Sufficient genetic variability was observed for all the traits viz.,days to 50% flowering, flag leaf area, peduncle length, plant height, tillers per plant, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant and harvest index except days to 75% maturity, suggesting the scope of selection for these traits. High phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) along with high heritability and high genetic advance were observed for grain yield per plant and peduncle length, indicating that selection would be effective for these traits. Grain yield per plant showed significant and positive correlation with flag leaf area, tillers per plant, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index. Also, biological yield per plant and harvest index were observed as the best selection indices for increasing grain yield owing to high direct and indirect effects of these traits in path analysis. Based on 11 agro-morphological characters, first four principal components revealed 73.96 % of total variability. D 2 analysis grouped genotypes into five clusters. The highest inter cluster distance was found between cluster II and V whereas the maximum contribution towards genetic divergence was made by 1000-grain weight. On the other hand, molecular markers analysis delineated the genotypes into three clusters. STRUCTURE divided the experimental lines into two major gene pools. On the basis of mean performance, five genotypes viz., HD 2967, TYRM 1, TYRM 2, SDN 37 and HPW 89 were found superior for grain yield per plant and related traits. Based on seedling resistance studies against predominant pathotypes of yellow rust (4) and brown rust (5), TYRM 2 and TYRM 3 expressed very high level of resistance, whereas PBW 677, Raj 4326, TAW 195, TYRM 1, TYRM 2, TYRM 3 and TYRM 4 appeared to be highly resistant for yellow rust and powdery mildew at adult plant stage. Conclusively, TYRM 2 and TYRM 3 were found to be highly resistant to yellow rust at both seedling and adult plant stage, and powdery mildew. These genotypes need further multilocation evaluation over the years or can be utilized in future hybridization programme.ThesisItem Open Access G × E interaction studies under different production systems in maize (Zea mays L.)(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-26) Sood, Raghav; Katna, GopalThe present investigation was carried out for G × E interaction analysis of twelve maize genotypes for fourteen traits at six environments during kharif, 2021 and 2022 under two different production systems (Subhash Palekar Natural Farming and inorganic production system) using randomized block design with three replications. The pooled analysis of variance across environments exhibited significant mean squares due to environments and genotypes, whereas for G × E interaction all the traits except kernel rows per cob and ear circumference were found significant. G × E interaction and stability analysis following AMMI model also exhibited significant variation due to genotypes and environments for all the traits indicating presence of sufficient variability among the genotypes and environments, whereas G × E interaction was significant for all the traits except for number of kernel rows per cob and ear circumference (cm). The contribution of environment was greater than 50% for all the traits except number of kernel rows per cob, ear circumference (cm), 100-grain weight (g), harvest index (%) and protein (%). The mean squares for the IPCA 1, IPCA 2 and IPCA 3 cumulatively contributed more than 80% of the total G × E interaction for all the traits. AMMI stability index (ASI) and AMMI stability value (ASV) revealed that Girija was stable for maximum number of traits viz., days to 50% tasseling, days to 75% maturity, plant height (cm), cob height (cm), grain yield per plant (g) and 100-grain weight (g) across all six environments followed by L-315 which was stable for days to 50% silking, grain yield per plant (g), number of kernels per row, ear length (cm) and protein (%) and L-316 was stable for days to 50% tasseling, days to 75% maturity and harvest index (%) and also had highest mean grain yield per plant across all environments. AMMI biplots revealed that the environment Palampur under the inorganic production system was most favourable for number of kernels per row, ear length (cm), grain yield per plant (g) and 100-grain weight (g). Girija was most stable for grain yield per plant followed by L-315, L-316 and L-318 under inorganic production system. Bajaura Makka followed by L-315 and L-316 were stable genotypes under Subhash Palekar Natural Farming production system with high grain yield per plant. L-315 and L-316 were found suitable for cultivation under both production systems.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic assessment of mutagens induced variability for seed yield and component traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill](CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-18) Rana, Poonam; Kumari, VednaThe present investigation entitled “Genetic assessment of mutagens induced variability for seed yield and component traits in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)” was undertaken to estimate the extent of induced variations for seed yield and component traits and to identify potential mutants in soybean. The experimental material consisted of 35 M3 mutant lines of soybean parent variety Himso-1685 along with six checks viz., VLS 99, VLS-89, VLS-63, PS-1556, Hara Soya and Himso-1685 raised in randomized block design with three replications at the Experimental Farm of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSK HPKV, Palampur during kharif, 2021. Data were recorded for 14 morphological and yield components at appropriate stages of crop growth in soybean. Analysis of variance suggested the presence of sufficient genetic variability for seed yield and related traits which indicated the scope for the selection for all traits. The values of PCV were greater than the corresponding GCV values indicating the marked influence of environment in the expression of traits. High PCV along with high GCV values were obtained for harvest index whereas moderate values of PCV and GCV were obtained for plant height, pod insertion height, branches per plant, inter-node length, seeds per pods, pod length, 100-seed weight, biological yield per plant and seed yield per plant. Mean performance revealed that 12 mutants had higher seed yield per plant than the best check Himso-1685. None of the mutant lines were found to be significantly early in maturity than the best check VLS-99. High heritability along with high genetic advance was observed for inter-node length followed by 100-seed weight and harvest index indicating the predominance of additive gene action and additive × additive gene interaction in the inheritance of these characters. Hence, selection for these traits could be effective. Correlation analysis showed that seed yield per plant showed significant and positive association with days to 75% maturity, pod insertion height, branches per plant, nodes on main stem, inter-node length, pods per plant, seeds per pod, pod length, 100-seed weight and harvest index. On the other hand, plant height had significant and positive correlation with seed yield per plant at genotypic level. Hence, emphasis should be given on these traits for yield improvement in soybean. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the harvest index followed by biological yield per plant and nodes on main stem were found to be the best selection indices for soybean genetic improvement. Among 14 clusters, Cluster IV showed desirable mean values for plant height, pod insertion height, seed yield per plant and harvest index which suggested that the mutant lines P12(200Gy) and P4(300Gy) could be selected for these traits, cluster IX showed desirable mean values for nodes on main stem, inter-node length, seeds per pod and pod length which suggested that the mutant P4(100Gy) could be utilized for increasing seed yield and gene for earliness could be introgressed from the genotypes falling in cluster II. Out of 14 principal components (PCs), only five PCs exhibited more than 1.00 eigen value and showed about 74.63% variability. Six mutant lines viz., P4(100Gy), P13(100Gy), P12(200Gy), P7(300Gy), P4(0.5%) and P7(300Gy+1%) performed better for seed yield and component traits and exhibited highly resistant to resistant reaction against frogeye spot, pod blight, brown spot and bacterial pustules diseases. The promising mutants could be directly released as varieties after gene fixation or utilized in hybridization program in order to develop high yielding mutants coupled with earliness and disease resistance.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic evaluation of advanced breeding lines for seed yield and component traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill](CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-18) Pal, Anjali; Kumari, VednaThe present investigation entitled “Genetic evaluation of advanced breeding lines for seed yield and component traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]” was undertaken to assess genetic variability, diversity and association of other traits with seed yield and their direct and indirect effects in order to identify promising soybean genotypes. The experimental material comprised of 34 fixed advanced breeding lines of soybean and three checks viz., Hara Soya, Him Soya and Shivalik. The genotypes were raised in randomized block design with three replications under rainfed conditions at the Experimental Farm of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSK HPKV, Palampur during kharif, 2021. Data were recorded for 14 seed yield and component traits at appropriate stages of crop growth. Reaction to prevalent diseases was also recorded under natural field conditions. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of sufficient genetic variability for all the traits studied. The values of PCV were greater than their corresponding GCV values indicating the marked influence of environment in the expression of traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for pod insertion height, plant height, branches per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield per plant and pods per plant indicating the preponderance of additive gene action and selection for these traits could be effective. Correlation coefficient analysis showed the significant and positive association of plant height, nodes on main stem, inter-node length, pods per plant, seeds per pod, biological yield per plant and harvest index with seed yield per plant both at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Based on path coefficient analysis, harvest index and biological yield per plant could be considered as the direct selection indices for yield improvement in soybean. In genetic divergence studies, eight clusters were formed. The genotypes for earliness, higher pod length, biological yield per plant and seed yield per plant could be selected from cluster II. Genes for bold seeds and more pods per plant could be introgressed from genotype P101-16-1-2 falling under cluster IV into other genotypes. None of the genotypes appeared to be highly resistant against frogeye leaf spot, pod blight and bacterial pustules while two genotypes namely P99-1-7-3-1 and P101-20-2-1 showed highly resistant reaction against brown spot disease. Six genotypes viz., P3-10-1-2 (Hardee × JS 20-87), P5-1-1-1 (JS 97-52 × PS 1225), P120-9-1-3 (Hardee × Hara Soya), P108-14-2-6-2 (PS 1469 × Hara Soya), P101-18-2-2-1 (Pb 1 × Hara Soya) and P101-18-2-2 (Pb 1 × Hara Soya) performed better for seed yield and component traits and exhibited resistant to moderate resistant reaction against frogeye leaf spot, pod blight and brown spot diseases and were diverse. Hence, these genotypes could be tested further in different locations and used in hybridization programme in order to develop high yielding genotypes coupled with earliness and disease resistance.ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-molecular diversity analysis of wild species of rice (Oryza spp.) for yield traits and blast resistance(Palampur, 2022-12-02) Bharti, Uma; Basandrai, DaisyThe present investigation entitled “Morpho-molecular diversity analysis of wild species of rice (Oryza spp.) for yield traits and blast resistance” was conducted at CSK HPKV, Palampur (H.P.). Thirty accessions of wild rice (Oryza nivara, Oryza barthii, Oryza glaberrima and Oryza meridionalis) and cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) procured from School of Biotechnology, Punjab Agriculture University Ludhiana were grown in RBD with two replications to study morphological and molecular diversity in wild species for yield and yield contributing traits and to identify resistant sources for rice blast. Analysis of variance revealed sufficient variability among all the test accessions except for kernel length, kernel breadth and length breadth ratio. High PCV and GCV were observed for grain yield/plant followed by harvest index. Moderate PCV and GCV were observed for plant height, tillers/plant, number of branches/panicle, spikelets/panicle, spikelet fertility(%), biological yield/plant and 1000-grain weight. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for number of spikelets/panicle, harvest index and grain yield/plant. Grain yield/plant exhibited significant positive correlation with panicle length, number of branches/panicle, spikelets/panicle, spikelet fertility(%), biological yield/plant, 1000-grain weight, harvest index, kernel breadth, milling(%) and head rice recovery(%). Path analysis revealed that high positive direct effects were shown by harvest index followed by biological yield/plant. Genetic diversity studied using Mahalanobis D2 statistics, grouped 30 rice accessions into seven diverse clusters. Maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster VI and V followed by cluster V and III. Divergence studies indicated that the two accessions of O. nivara (W124, W234) and one accession each of O. glaberrima (W8) and O. sativa (HawaoM), respectively may be used as a suitable parents in future hybridization programme. At molecular level, 16 SSR primers amplified 41 polymorphic alleles with an average of 1.78 alleles/primers. Cluster analysis of SSR data grouped the accessions into six major clusters. Genetic diversity based on D2 statistics revealed that twenty accessions showed correspondence results with molecular diversity analysis. Disease reaction showed that one accession each of O. barthii (W53), O. meridionalis (W1001), O. sativa (HawaoM) and seven accessions of O. nivara (W116, W118, W144, W226, W234, W268, W308) were found resistant to all the three diseases (blast, false smut and brown spot) and field screening for blast resistance, two accessions of O. glaberrima namely, W2 and W8 showed resistance and exhibited resistant gene i.e., Pi9 195 and Nbs2 Pi9. O. nivara accessions showed desirable characteristics like early flowering, early maturity, high biological yield/plant, grain yield/plant, harvest index and long kernel length; O. glaberrima accessions showed early maturity, long flag leaf length, good spikelet fertility(%), 1000-grain weight, high harvest index and good kernel breadth; O. barthii accessions showed early maturity, long panicle length and good spikelet fertility(%) and O. meridionalis accessions had good biological yield/plant. Different accessions of wild species showed superiority for various test traits that directly and indirectly affects the grain yield. Thus, these accessions can be employed in pre-breeding programmes for rice breeding.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic amelioration of black cumin (Bunium persicum Bioss.) using biotechnological approach(Palampur, 2022-12-01) Kaushal, Ritesh; Sood, V.K.The present investigation entitled “Genetic amelioration of black cumin (Bunium persicum Bioss.) using biotechnological approach” had been undertaken to evaluate the effect of different growth regulators individually and in different combinations on seed germination and plant regeneration potential of black cumin in meristem culture. The growth regulators used in the present investigation were benzyl adenine, kinetin, polyethylene glycol, naphthalene acetic acid, indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid. The experimental material comprising seeds and explants of black cumin were collected from MAREC, Sangla, Kinnaur (HP). Two experiments were conducted; one for studying the effect of growth regulators on seed germination with total 30 different combinations and five replications and second for checking the plant regeneration potential of black cumin with total 32 different combinations of growth regulators with three replications for each treatment. The experiments were conducted in the Molecular Cytogenetics and Tissue Culture Lab of department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSK HPKV, Palampur during 2020-21 & 2021-22. Analysis of variance revealed sufficient variability among all the treatments in different combinations of growth regulators for all the germination related attributes, for callus induction and most of its related traits, except for days to shoot induction, days for root induction and plant survival rate. Based on mean performance, all the treatments of growth regulators showed significant superiority over the control for germination parameters. Treatment T30 [BA(3.375ppm) + GA3 (5.19ppm) + PEG (4.5x104 ppm) + IAA (2.625ppm) + Kinetin (3.225ppm)], T29 [IAA(2.625ppm)] and T16 [BA(2.25ppm) + GA3(3.46ppm)] outyielded traits namely days to root initiation (18 days), days to shoot initiation (41 days) and plant height (5.50cm), whereas treatment T23 [PEG (4.5x104 ppm)] and T15 [Kn (2.15ppm)] showed highest germination frequency (70%) and plant survival rate (59.10%) respectively. For callus induced parameters namely days to callus induction, callus diameter, callus height, root induction and shoot induction, T12 [NAA (2ppm) + Kn (2ppm)] observed to be the most common and significant treatment; T15 [NAA (2ppm) + IAA (0.2ppm)], T20 [NAA (2ppm) + BA (2ppm)], and T16 [NAA (2ppm) + IAA (2ppm)] (common in both) were significantly superior for callus maturity and callus induction frequency respectively whereas no response was observed in control for any of the traits. The callus induction was achieved in 7 days and callus maturity was observed in minimum15 days. Successful plant regeneration was achieved within 42 days using callus culture approach with a highest callus induction frequency of 73.33%. A total of 586 out of 1500 treated seeds reported germination whereas 271 plantlets survived than the control where 8 seeds germinated from 50 and further only three survived till 100 days after germination. Almost 322 explants responding successfully to callus induction (42 days), and further from 23 matured calli, ten regenerated shoots resulted in root induction, and four regenerated plantlets eventually survived suggesting further improvement and enhancement of black cumin by incorporating different conventional and biotechnological interventions.ThesisItem Open Access Agro-morphological and molecular characterization of red rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm of Himachal Pradesh(Palampur, 2022-11-23) Kapoor, Rishita; Bhardwaj, NeelamThe present investigation entitled “Agro-morphological and molecular characterization of red rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm of Himachal Pradesh” was undertaken to identify and characterize the rice genotypes by assessing the nature of variation and extent of genetic diversity among the genotypes using morphological and molecular markers. The experimental material comprising 43 genotypes including two checks were evaluated in Randomized Block Design during Kharif 2021 with three replications. Data was recorded on grain yield per plant and various morphological traits along with reaction to leaf blast and neck blast. Genetic diversity among different genotypes was studied on the basis of morphological traits using Mahalanobis D2 -statistics and molecular analysis. The morphological analysis was done as per the standard statistical procedures and molecular analysis was done using NTSYS-pc, DARwin and STRUCTURE softwares. Analysis of variance revealed that mean sum of squares due to genotypes were significant for all the agro-morphological traits except flag leaf width indicating ample amount of genetic variability in the material under study. High PCV, GCV and high heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for total tillers per plant, L:B ratio and grain yield per plant providing higher chance of selection for these traits. Grain yield per plant exhibited significant positive correlation with all the traits except flag leaf width and grain breadth. Path coefficient analysis revealed the high direct effect of biological yield per plant, harvest index, flag leaf length and spikelets per panicle on grain yield per plant. D2 -statistics grouped 43 rice genotypes into four clusters. Based on D2 statistics highest inter-cluster distance was recorded between cluster III (Sukara, Desidhan and Sukara red) and cluster IV (Kalijhini-2, HPR-2913, Phulpatas-21 and HPR 2795). Hence, it has been well established that the genotypes belonging to these clusters are genetically diverse. More the genetically diverse parents used in the hybridization program, greater will be the chances of obtaining high heterotic hybrids. Cluster III had the highest cluster mean values for most of the traits. Twenty one SSR primers amplified 53 polymorphic alleles with the mean of 2.52 alleles per primer. Furthermore, 35 genotypes were common between D2 analysis and molecular analysis showing the congruence of molecular markers with the morphological descriptors and hence, providing a powerful tool to characterize and identify the genotypes of rice. Three genotypes namely Desidhan, HPR-2913 and Sukara Red were found promising on the bases of their mean performance and resistance to leaf blast and neck blast, therefore, could be further used in rice breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic diversity analysis for yield and its related traits in tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn. )(Palampur, 2022-11-22) Sharma, Ira; Katna, GopalThe present investigation entitled "Genetic diversity analysis for yield and its related traits in tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn. )," was carried out during the Kharif, 2022 to evaluate the nature and extent of genetic variability, associations among various traits, including their direct and indirect effects on seed yield, as well as to identify potential donor parents among the forty genotypes including three checks for the use in successive breeding programmes. Data were recorded on morphology and seed yield per plant. The analysis was done with standard statistical procedures, Mahalanobis D2 statistics and principal component analysis were used for the morphological analysis. Molecular analysis was done using NTSYS-pc software. Analysis of variance revealed that there is adequate genetic variation for all traits under study. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation was observed for seed yield per plant. Moderate GCV and PCV was observed for plant height, number of primary branches per plant and 100-seed weight. While low GCV and PCV was observed for days to 50 % flowering, days to 80 % maturity, plant stand at harvest, crude protein and harvest index. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for seed yield per plant. High heritability with moderate genetic advance was observed for plant height, the number of primary branches per plant and 100-seed weight whereas, High heritability coupled with low genetic advance was observed for days to 50 % flowering, days to 80 % maturity, plant stand at harvest, crude protein and harvest index. Correlation analysis revealed that seed yield per plant had a significant positive correlation with days to 80 % maturity, plant stand at harvest, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, 100-seed weight and harvest index. Path analysis revealed that direct positive effects of plant stand at harvest followed by plant height, 100-seed weight and harvest index towards seed yield per plant hence, these traits can be considered for direct selection for high seed yield. Mahalanobis D2 statistics grouped forty-three tartary buckwheat genotypes into five clusters. Cluster I and cluster II contained seven and thirty-three genotypes respectively and the remaining clusters viz., III, IV and V were solitary, each containing a single genotype. On the basis of divergence studies, these following genotypes viz., IC-329393, IC-42418 and IC- 107605 may be used as suitable parents in future hybridization programmes. Based on the polymorphism displayed by SSR markers, a dendrogram was developed and forty-three genotypes were grouped into four clusters. Cluster A and cluster B consist of two and twelve genotypes, respectively. While cluster C and cluster D consist of twenty-four and five genotypes, respectively. Data for diversity from the morphological and molecular analysis were found to be similar. When comparing molecular clusters and morphometric clusters, a total of forty-three genotypes were found to be congruence between morphological and SSR data. On per se performance, the highest-yielding genotype was IC-42418. The genotype IC-318859, was found to be superior for most of the traits. The genotype IC-341591 had the highest crude protein content.
