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Open Access
Influence of organic vis-a-vis inorganic farming on quality parameters of adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi]
(Palampur, 2021-08-10) Kharwal, Neerja; Singh, Nageswer
In the present investigation entitled “Influence of organic vis-a-vis inorganic farming on quality parameters of adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi]” the fifteen genotypes of adzuki bean grown under inorganic, organic and Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) production system were procured during 2018-19 and 2019-20, from the Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK HPKV, Palampur were evaluated in triplicate for various biochemical constituents for quality significance and nutritional aspects by following standard procedures. Besides, the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant properties and anti-nutritional factors analysed in husk and de-husk mature seed samples. Differences among the adzuki bean genotypes grown under three different production systems were also apparent. The mean value of genotypes grown under ZBNF during the both the years of experimentation showed significant variation for crude protein (19.19-22.13 %), in vitro protein digestibility (79.43-90.48 %), methionine (0.76-1.38 g/100g protein), tryptophan (1.49 -1.87 g/100g protein), PPO activity (0.050-0.367 ΔOD/min), sodium (89.85-123.11 mg/100g), potassium (839.67-1574.72 mg/100g), calcium (253.33- 409.51 mg/100g), magnesium (116.11-178.86 mg/100g), copper (1.21-2.09 mg/100g), iron (3.99- 8.84 mg/100g), manganese (1.24-2.12 mg/100g), zinc (1.21 -2.09 mg/100g), total phenols (1074.23- 2011.78 mg/100g), simple phenols (637.68-944.42 mg/100g), flavonoids (18.18-24.46 mg/100g), total carotenoids (1.234-4.739 µg/g), antioxidant activity (0.520-1.776 μg/ml), trypsin inhibitor activity (8903-11055 TIA U/g), tannins (261.75-942.18), saponins (59.58-108.1 mg/100g) and phytic acid (187.77-257.39 mg/100g). Under ZBNF production system recorded significantly higher values for in vitro protein digestibility, limiting amino acids (methionine and tryptophan), PPO activity, protein fractionations and certain minerals (sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper), phytochemical constituents (total phenols, simple phenols, and flavonoids), antioxidant activity and some anti-nutritional factors like tannins, saponins, whereas for crude protein content, mineral (potassium), total carotenoids, anti-nutritional factor (phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity) content significantly higher values were recorded in adzuki bean genotypes grown under inorganic system as compare to ZBNF system. Multipurpose / versatile adzuki bean genotypes grown under inorganic, organic and ZBNF production system genotypes were identified based on genotypic rating under each production system as ADHP-6, ADHP-3 and LOCAL TOTRU ranked first, second and third respectively under inorganic system, In case of organic production system genotypes HPU-51, ADHP-9 and ADHP-3 occupied the first, second and third position, respectively. While, under ZBNF production system first rank occupied by genotype EC-340286 followed by ADHP-6 and ADHP-8, based on the cumulative grading for nutritional and phytochemical constituents. De-husking process of adzuki bean mature seeds revealed substantial decrease in phytochemical constituents i.e. total phenols, simple phenols, flavonoids, total carotenoids and anti-nutritional factors like saponins and tannins while increase in trypsin inhibitor activity and phytic acid. The potentially superior genotypes/varieties thus identified can be used for further developmental research by the plant breeders and cultivation on a large scale by the farmers of H.P and others.
Open Access
BIOACTIVE ATTRIBUTES OF HERBAL SUPPLEMENTED FERMENTED MILK FROM INDIGENOUS CATTLE
(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2020-10-01) KANIK; Gorakh Mal
Milk supplementation with aqueous extracts of herbal species increases the consistency of the dairy products. In the current study, the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-fermented indigenous hill cattle milk, pepsin-digested and overnight digested milk supplemented with aqueous herbal extracts (1%) of fruits of harad (Terminalia chebula), baheda (Terminalia bellirica), amla (Emblica officinalis) and bark of arjuna (Terminalia arjuna) were evaluated for antioxidative, antimicrobial and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities. Fermented milk was prepared by adding 10 ml of different aqueous herbal extracts to 85 ml of fresh boiled indigenous cattle milk and 5 g of LGG as starter culture. Total phenolic content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in fermented milk containing aqueous baheda extract in undigested (26.43±1.16 mgTAE/100ml), pepsin-digested (36.53±0.30 mgTAE/100ml) and overnight digested samples (33.98±0.26 mgTAE/100ml). Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in fermented milk containing aqueous extract of harad in undigested (247.46±1.38 mg FeSO4 equivalent/100ml), pepsin-digested (266.21±0.38 mg FeSO4 equivalent/100ml) and overnight digested samples (235.64±0.62 mg FeSO4 equivalent/100ml). DPPH activity was found to be highest in undigested and pepsin-digested samples of fermented milk containing aqueous baheda extract (26.40±0.94% and 39.66±0.44%). However, DPPH activity was found to be highest in overnight digested fermented milk containing aqueous amla extract (27.31±0.48%). Maximum ACE inhibitory activity was noted in fermented milk containing aqueous arjuna extract (19.70±0.58%). The overnight digested samples demonstrated higher ACE inhibitory activity in fermented milk containing aqueous baheda extract (49.79±0.23%). Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Rhodococcus equi was seen in fermented milk containing various aqueous herbal extracts. Prominent peptide bands were visible in milk samples prior to centrifugation, and no peptide bands were visible in centrifuged samples. It is inferred that herbal extracts fermented milk with probiotic LGG had better antioxidant, antimicrobial and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities.
Open Access
BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF ORGANICALLY GROWN WHEAT GENOTYPES
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Sunidhi; Sharma, Neelam
In the present investigation entitled “Biochemical evaluation of organically grown wheat genotypes” the grains of twenty-four selected genotypes of wheat each for organically and inorganically grown were evaluated for biochemical attributes of dietary significance and nutritional aspects. Statistically significant variations in wheat genotypes grown under organic production system were observed in moisture content (11.06 to 13.08%), ash (1.12 to 2.26%), crude protein (8.27 to 12.88%), fat content (1.15 to 3.27%), crude fibre content (1.02 to 2.4%), carbohydrates (69.06 to 74.40%), total soluble protein (0.33 to 0.68 mg/100g), lysine content (0.17 to 0.31 mg/100g) and in vitro protein digestibility (64.29 to 79.58%). Genotypes grown under inorganic production system varied significantly in moisture content (11.16 to 14.54 %), ash (1.15 to 2.27 %), crude protein (8.54 to 12.07%), fat (1.15 to 3.03%), crude fibre (1.2 to 2.8%), carbohydrates (67.74 to 75.12%), total soluble protein (0.48 to 0.66 mg/100g), lysine content (0.26 to 0.37 mg/100g) and in vitro protein digestibility (62.44 to 79.95%). The range of variation for minerals in organically grown wheat genotypes, viz., sodium, copper, iron, zinc and manganese were found to be in order of 25.75-40 mg/100g, 0.28-0.69 mg/100g, 6.24-6.63 mg/100g, 2.67-6.97 mg/100g and 1.02-1.84 mg/100g respectively. The trend in inorganically grown wheat genotypes for variability in sodium, copper, iron, zinc and manganese was found to be 28.55-44.25 mg/100g, 0.33-0.50 mg/100g, 6.24-6.37 mg/100g, 1.54-5.80 mg/100g and 1.23-1.99 mg/100g respectively. Amongst the organically grown wheat genotypes, the highest value was observed in HPW-972 for crude protein and ash; in HPW-973 for crude fat; in KANKU for carbohydrates; PW-1054 for in vitro protein digestibility. In case of inorganically grown wheat genotypes, highest value was observed in HPWO-4 for protein; in HPW-972 and HPW-155 for fat; in ML-1099 for carbohydrates; in PW-1054 for in vitro protein digestibility and ash. The information obtained from this study has been used for carrying out the cumulative grading of genotypes both grown under organic and inorganic production system for nutritionally desirable characters. On grading genotypes grown under different systems together, inorganically grown AB-1 genotype ranked first and organically grown genotype HPW-980 ranked second.
Open Access
NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF Chenopodium ambrosioides GROWN IN KANGRA VALLEY.
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07) Sharma, Shivani; Singh, Nageswer
In the present investigation entitled “Nutritional Status of Chenopodium ambrosioides grown in Kangra Valley” the leaf samples of Chenopodium ambrosioides collected from twelve locations of Kangra valley were evaluated for various biochemical and phytochemical constituents of quality significance. Significant variation in biochemical constituents among various Chenopodium ambrosioides collections was observed i.e. moisture (26.01 to 36.64 per cent), total ash (15.01 to 19.15 per cent), crude protein (23.18 to 31.20 per cent), crude fat (2.73 to 6.89 per cent), crude fibre (9.01 to 10.69 per cent), total carbohydrate (4.95 to 13.68 per cent), sodium (227.50 to 315.00 mg/100g), calcium (912.50 to 1025.00 mg/100g), potassium (982.50 to 1086.67 mg/100g), iron (0.64 to 0.69 mg/100g), zinc (0.11 to 0.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.05 to 0.11 mg/100g) and copper (0.13 to 0.45 mg/100g). Phytochemical constituents also showed considerable variation in the total phenols (326.33 to 489.56 mg/100g), tannins (75.16 to 195.06 mg/100g), total chlorophyll (0.87 to 1.68 mg/g), carotenoids (13.33 to 23.87 µg/g), ascorbic acid (7.25 to 17.29 mg/100g), PPO (polyphenol oxidase) activity (0.045 to 0.092 ΔOD/min), and antioxidant activity (4.53 to 9.18 µg/ml). Multi-purpose/versatile collections were identified based on cumulative rating as Dehra, Harchkiyan, Jaswan, Palampur and Daroh followed by Thural for proximate composition, mineral content and phytochemical constituents excelling in that order of preference.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN PROMISING SOYBEAN (Glycine max) GENOTYPES DEVELOPED IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-03-08) Devi, Ushma; Mohini, K.
The mature seeds of ten soybean genotypes were evaluated for biochemical constituents by following standard procedures. Significant statistical differences were observed for the biochemical constituents in the soybean genotypes. Variations were observed in the content of 100 seed weight (11.98 to 20.41g) moisture content (3.59 to 7.25 per cent), crude protein (34.84 to 41.17 per cent), fat (15.63 to 19.82 per cent), ash (4.04 to 5.70 per cent), crude fibre (2.44 to 4.66 per cent), carbohydrates (26.71 to 33.76 per cent), total phenols (287.55 to 626.00 mg/100g), total tannins (95.17 to 282.78 mg/100g) and in vitro protein digestibility (47.02 to 57.59 per cent). Amongst the genotypes studied the highest value was observed in Hara Soya for protein, ash and in vitro protein digestibility; in Himso 1685 for fat; in P50-2-1 for fibre; P12-2-1 in carbohydrate whereas lowest level of phenols and tannins was observed in P50-2-1 and P2-2-1, respectively. The various mineral elements estimated in the soybean genotypes showed significant differences for calcium (252.40 to 480.33 mg/100g), potassium (701.67 to 861.67 mg/100g), magnesium (89.69 to 100.7 mg/100g), nitrogen (5.95 to 7.21 mg/100g), iron (5.73 to 9.07 mg/100g), sodium (8.74 to 15.28 mg/100g)and zinc (1.05 to 1.93 mg/100g). The highest content was observed in Hara Soya for calcium, nitrogen, iron and magnesium. P2-1 for potassium, Palam Early Soya1 for sodium and P4-1 for zinc. The results from this study were utilized for carrying out the cumulative grading based on desirable quality parameters for identifying the best genotypes given below in the descending order:P41/P50-2-1 > Hara Soya > Himso 1685 > P2-2-1 > Palam Early Soya1 > P145-1-1 > P12-2-1 > P2-1 > P60- 2-1. The potentially superior genotypes i.e. P41 & P50-2-1 ranking first, followed by Hara Soya and Himso 1685 thus identified can be used for further developmental research by the plant breeder and cultivation on a large scale by the farmer of H.P and others. The information regarding the identification of bestgenotypes for nutritionally important individual quality parameter will prove beneficial for the consumers.
Open Access
SILENCING OF F-BOX KELCH GENE FOR VIRUS RESISTANCE STUDIES IN MODEL PLANT NICOTIANA BENTHAMIANA
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019) Garg, Shivanshu; Singh, Nageswer
In the present investigation entitled ―Silencing of F-Box kelch gene for virus resistance studies in model plant Nicotiana benthamiana‖, construct has been prepared for generating the silent lines of the mentioned plant. F-Box kelch is an important protein that associates with the viral proteins and that the protein is an important factor that helps in the establishment of viral infection. A conserved portion of the gene was amplified in sense and antisense orientation and in a sequential manner it was cloned into the silencing vector pSAT4. The construct development was ascertained with the help of restriction digestion and sequence determination. The construct is ready to be transformed into plants. For the biochemical analysis, purified Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was inoculated at their 3-4 leaf stage and infection was confined by symptom development. Both infected and healthy plants were subjected to biochemical analysis of the phenolic compounds (total phenols, simple phenols, Ortho-dihydric phenols and bound phenols), alkaloids and total chlorophyll and carotenoids. It was observed that the total phenol content was increased in the infected plant in comparison to the healthy leaves. However, total chlorophyll and carotenoids were reduced in infected plants as compared to healthy leaves. This is expected as virus infection leads to loss of chlorophyll as reflected by mosaic symptoms that the virus produces.
Open Access
ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF LECTINS FROM VIGNA SPECIES
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-07-13) Tripathi, Ankur; Katoch, Rajan
In the present investigation, seeds of five Vigna species were investigated for hemagglutinating activity against human and rabbit erythrocytes. The seed extracts of Vigna mungo and Vigna radiata showed agglutination activity with human as well as rabbit erythrocytes, whereas Vigna unguiculata, Vigna umbellata and Vigna angularis exhibited agglutination only with trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes. Among the various tested sugars, agglutination activity was best inhibited by D-galactose. Vigna radiata extract exhibited a higher level of agglutination with rabbit erythrocytes and was selected for isolation and purification of lectin. Lectin was purified by employing a protocol that entailed ion exchange, gel filtration and affinity chromatography with 192.47 fold purification and 73.14 (HU/mg) specific activity. Under reducing conditions purified lectin was found to be a monomer with 25.0kDa molecular weight. Maximum agglutination activity of purified lectin was observed at pH 5.0 with (98%) stability and maintained steadily between pH 6-9. Maximum agglutination activity was observed at 370C (68.76%) and minimum at 650C where agglutination activity was completely lost. Agglutination activity was readily inhibited by D-galactose at 3.12mM. Lectins, due to various biological properties have a potential in pest control and plant defense. Their high level expression can confer resistance to a wide range of insects and could be exploited for crop improvement.
Open Access
STUDIES ON THE LIGNIN BIOSYNTHETIC GENE OF TALL FESCUE (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-01-05) Sood, Surbhi; Katoch, Rajan
Tall fescue is one of the important forage crops of Himalayan region. The crop holds remarkable potential for high biomass production, but the poor palatability limits its efficient utilization in livestock feeding. Lignin is a major contributing factor responsible for low palatability and digestibility of Tall fescue. The present investigation entitled “Studies on the lignin biosynthetic gene of Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was carried out to clone and partially sequence the gene encoding Cinnamoyl-CoA-reductase (CCR) responsible for the catalyzation of the step committed to monolignol biosynthesis. Four Tall fescue varieties viz., Hima-1, Hima-4, Hima-5 and EC-178182 were evaluated for nutritional composition and digestibility. The grading of Tall fescue varieties revealed nutritional superiority of variety EC-178182 over others with 12.81 per cent CP, 8.01 per cent ash, 13.34 per cent total carbohydrates, low tannins (0.39%) and oxalates (1.26%) but with high lignin content (7.50%). The molecular study for gene cloning was carried out in variety EC-178182. An amplicon of approximately 207 bp of CCR gene was cloned and sequenced. The sequence analysis (BLASTn) revealed 96 per cent similarity of isolated gene fragment with perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne). In phylogenetic analysis, Tall fescue and ryegrass showed a very close evolutionary relationship by sharing same sub branch of monocotyledons clade. The sequencing of gene involved in lignin biosynthesis including CCR in Tall fescue would be helpful in designing strategies for altering the level of lignin in major forage species with advanced metabolic engineering approaches.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF QUALITY AND DIGESTIBILITY OF STOVER FROM MAIZE (Zea mays) GENOTYPES GROWN IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-01-05) Apoorva; Katoch, Rajan
In the present investigation, stover from 24 maize genotypes was evaluated for their nutritive value. Different treatments (physical, chemical and biological) were investigated for their effect on nutritional quality and digestibility. The crude protein content of maize stover revealed variations ranging from 7.00 to 9.80 per cent. The NDF content varied from 67.20 to 74.80 per cent. The ADL, silica and total phenolic content in stover of maize genotypes ranged from 3.70 to 7.20 per cent, 1.30 to 3.40 per cent and 9.12 to 12.58 mg/g, respectively. The IVDMD of maize stover varied from 52.10 to 59.40 per cent. Hot water treatment revealed decrease in NDF (6.88% in PMG-93-2), ADL (31.75% in PMG-14), silica (34.62% in Palam Shankar Makka) and total phenolic (40.41% in PMG-62) content, whereas there was increase in IVDMD (10.28% in PMG-93-1). Urea treatment increased CP content with highest increase of 47.61 per cent (PMG-49). All the chemical treatments resulted decrease in fibre content. Urea treatment resulted in maximum decrease in NDF (14.76% in PMG-18) and ADF (8.82% in PMG-93-1) content. Highest reduction in ADL content was observed after NaCl treatment in Palam Shankar Makka (58.33%). Calcium hydroxide treatment resulted increase in total carbohydrate content in genotype PMG-52-1. Aqueous ammonia, alkali and sodium chloride treatments exhibited increase in ash content with highest increment of 61.11% in PMG-49. NaOH treatment resulted in maximum reduction of silica content. The maximum reduction in total phenolic and total tannin contents was observed in PMZ-4 (72.27%) with sodium hydroxide and PMG-14 (76.28%) with aqueous ammonia treatment, respectively. IVDMD exhibited highest increase in PMG-3 (33.21%) with urea treatment. Among biological treatment, the highest increase in CP and IVDMD content was observed in genotypes PMG-49 (78.64%) and PMG-3 (32.82%) with T. harzianum treatment. The reduction in NDF, ADF and ADL content of maize stover was observed after treatment with T. harzianum, P. fluorescens and T. viride in genotypes PMG-93-2 (6.46%), PMG-18 (27.34%) and PMG-52-1 (58.33%). The study revealed that treatment with T. viride and P. fluorescens were useful for improving the nutritive value and digestibility of maize stover. All the treatments exhibited variable effects on nutritive quality and digestibility of maize stover. Among different genotypes studied, the best response to the treatments was observed in Palam Shankar Makka.

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