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Subject: Biochemistry × Start date: 2003 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Influence of organic vis-a-vis inorganic farming on quality parameters of adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi]
    (Palampur, 2021-08-10) Kharwal, Neerja; Singh, Nageswer
    In the present investigation entitled “Influence of organic vis-a-vis inorganic farming on quality parameters of adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi]” the fifteen genotypes of adzuki bean grown under inorganic, organic and Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) production system were procured during 2018-19 and 2019-20, from the Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK HPKV, Palampur were evaluated in triplicate for various biochemical constituents for quality significance and nutritional aspects by following standard procedures. Besides, the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant properties and anti-nutritional factors analysed in husk and de-husk mature seed samples. Differences among the adzuki bean genotypes grown under three different production systems were also apparent. The mean value of genotypes grown under ZBNF during the both the years of experimentation showed significant variation for crude protein (19.19-22.13 %), in vitro protein digestibility (79.43-90.48 %), methionine (0.76-1.38 g/100g protein), tryptophan (1.49 -1.87 g/100g protein), PPO activity (0.050-0.367 ΔOD/min), sodium (89.85-123.11 mg/100g), potassium (839.67-1574.72 mg/100g), calcium (253.33- 409.51 mg/100g), magnesium (116.11-178.86 mg/100g), copper (1.21-2.09 mg/100g), iron (3.99- 8.84 mg/100g), manganese (1.24-2.12 mg/100g), zinc (1.21 -2.09 mg/100g), total phenols (1074.23- 2011.78 mg/100g), simple phenols (637.68-944.42 mg/100g), flavonoids (18.18-24.46 mg/100g), total carotenoids (1.234-4.739 µg/g), antioxidant activity (0.520-1.776 μg/ml), trypsin inhibitor activity (8903-11055 TIA U/g), tannins (261.75-942.18), saponins (59.58-108.1 mg/100g) and phytic acid (187.77-257.39 mg/100g). Under ZBNF production system recorded significantly higher values for in vitro protein digestibility, limiting amino acids (methionine and tryptophan), PPO activity, protein fractionations and certain minerals (sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper), phytochemical constituents (total phenols, simple phenols, and flavonoids), antioxidant activity and some anti-nutritional factors like tannins, saponins, whereas for crude protein content, mineral (potassium), total carotenoids, anti-nutritional factor (phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity) content significantly higher values were recorded in adzuki bean genotypes grown under inorganic system as compare to ZBNF system. Multipurpose / versatile adzuki bean genotypes grown under inorganic, organic and ZBNF production system genotypes were identified based on genotypic rating under each production system as ADHP-6, ADHP-3 and LOCAL TOTRU ranked first, second and third respectively under inorganic system, In case of organic production system genotypes HPU-51, ADHP-9 and ADHP-3 occupied the first, second and third position, respectively. While, under ZBNF production system first rank occupied by genotype EC-340286 followed by ADHP-6 and ADHP-8, based on the cumulative grading for nutritional and phytochemical constituents. De-husking process of adzuki bean mature seeds revealed substantial decrease in phytochemical constituents i.e. total phenols, simple phenols, flavonoids, total carotenoids and anti-nutritional factors like saponins and tannins while increase in trypsin inhibitor activity and phytic acid. The potentially superior genotypes/varieties thus identified can be used for further developmental research by the plant breeders and cultivation on a large scale by the farmers of H.P and others.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOCHEMICAL PROFILING OF POTENTIAL GENOTYPES OF NORTH-WEST HIMALAYAN CEREALS, PULSES AND OILSEEDS
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-09) Banta, Neha; Mohini, Kamal
    The mature seeds of four potentially superior genotypes/varieties each of the nine selected crops viz. barley, oats, wheat (cereals); linseed, sesame, soybean (oilseeds) and kidney bean, horsegram, moth bean (pulses) were evaluated for relevant biochemical constituents by following standard procedures. Significant statistical differences were observed for the biochemical constituents in the four genotypes each of all crops and the three crops of each group. Differences among the three groups were also apparent. The results from this study were utilized for carrying out the cumulative grading based on desirable quality parameters for identifying the best genotype in each crop i.e. Dolma/ VLB-118 in barley, TP-40 in oats, Saptdhara in wheat, Himani in linseed, Nurpur in sesame, Hara Soya in soybean, Mandi in horsegram, Kanchan in kidney bean and Jadia in moth bean. Highest protein content was observed in soybean (36.10%), followed by kidney bean (26.18 %), moth bean (21.51%) and the lowest was seen in barley (10.20%). However the protein digestibility of oats (75.87%) was found to be the best followed by wheat (72.77%), kidney bean (72.17%) and lowest was seen in sesame (56.52%). Linseed exhibited the highest fat content (48.86%) followed by sesame (47.96%) and soybean (20.59%) whereas minimum was observed in horsegram (1.76%). Highest carbohydrate content was seen in wheat (71.57%) followed by barley (69.47%), moth bean (60.73%) and the lowest was seen in sesame (14.62%). Potassium and calcium content was high in soybean (963, 392 mg/100g), horsegram (962, 296 mg/100g) and kidney bean (815, 298 mg/100g). For the trace element iron the best source was sesame (12.80 mg/100g) and moth bean (10.84 mg/100g). In the oilseeds UFA content was found to be more than twice the SFA content. Soybean was the richest source of essential ω-6 linoleic acid (51.87%) and linseed of ω-3 linolenic acid (53.57%). Sesame had the highest content of oleic acid (40.64%) and also a good amount of linoleic acid (44.41%). The lysine content was quite low in cereals (0.51%) in comparison to the pulses (8.95%) whereas an opposite trend was observed for the methionine content in cereals (1.7%) and pulses (0.46%). However a low content of both these amino acids was observed in the oilseeds linseed and sesame while soybean was poor in methionine (0.48%) and high in lysine (8.08%). The potentially superior genotypes/varieties thus identified can be used for further developmental research by the plant breeders and cultivation on a large scale by the farmers of H.P and others. The information regarding the identification of best crop for nutritionally important individual quality parameter will prove highly beneficial for the consumers.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF MEETHI NEEM (MURRAYA KOENIGII (L.) SPRENG)
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-02-09) Reetu; Singh, Nageswer
    Fifteen wild Meethi Neem leaf samples collected at three stages viz. pre-flowering, flowering and fruiting stages from different locations of Kangra and Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh were analyzed to evaluate phytochemical constituents and to identify the genetic diversity. The range of variation for phytochemical constituents at three stages varied significantly viz. total chlorophyll (0.79 to 1.43, 1.31 to 1.94 and 0.88 to 1.10 mg/g), total carotenoids (30.55 to 49.25, 49.09 to 60.81 and 31.24 to 41.42 μg/g), ascorbic acid (7.01 to 9.82, 3.58 to 6.06 and 2.99 to 4.93 mg/100g), total phenol (170 to 304, 266 to 450 and 213 to 364 mg/g), simple phenol (93 to 163, 150 to 243 and 123 to 220 mg/g), tannins (76 to 143, 116 to 207 and 47 to 156 mg/g), flavonoids (15.17 to 33.40, 25.16 to 58.17 and 17.54 to 37.34 mg/g), polyphenol oxidase (0.030 to 0.058, 0.017 to 0.031 and 0.007 to 0.021 ΔOD/minute), antioxidant activity (4.01 to 7.42, 8.08 to 13.60 and 3.11 to 6.37 μg/ml), essential oil (0.64 to 0.89, 0.85 to 1.00 and 0.54 to 0.70 per cent) and quinones (2.05 to 2.97, 3.07 to 4.95 and 1.02 to 1.96 mM/min/g tissue). All parameters showed highest value at flowering stage except ascorbic acid and polyphenol oxidase activity. Clustering analysis with respect to biochemical constituents revealed that the geographically distinct collections of Meethi Neem were clustered together. For molecular characterization by ISSR, a total of 120 highly reproducible bands were obtained out of which 74 were polymorphic. The polymorphism ranged from 12.5 to 100 per cent. Dendrogram generated using UPGMA separated 10 collections into 2 major clusters with 46 to 100 per cent similarity. The overall analysis revealed that Meethi Neem collections from the same geographical location were genetically and biochemically diverse.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CHLOROTIC LEAF SPOT DISEASE OF ARKA (Calotropis gigantea): MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CAUSAL AGENT AND EFFECT ON PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-01) Rana, Anita; Singh, Nageswar
    ABSTRACT The present work entitled, ‘‘Chlorotic Leaf Spot Disease of Arka (Calotropis gigantea): Molecular Characterization of the Causal Agent and Effect on Phytochemical Constituents’’ is focused on the effect of disease on active phytochemical constituents in leaves of Calotropis gigantea and the molecular characterization of the causal agent. Based on the nature of symptoms i.e. systemic brilliant chlorotic to yellow spots on the leaves of C. gigantea may be the infection due to virus. Phytochemical constituents viz. antioxidant activity, quinones, flavonoids, total phenols, ascorbic acid, PPO activity have higher values in infected leaves whereas total chlorophyll and carotenoids had lower values in infected leaves. In case of PPO activity it was found maximum at same time interval for both of the samples. However, PPO activity was found higher in infected sample and lower in healthy sample. Molecular characterization studies revealed the presence of virus particles on the basis of results obtained from Virus Like Particle (VLP) purification and electron microscopy. Some icosahedral, enveloped entities of approximately 50-60 nm were observed which proved the presence of virus. The sequencing results showed similarity to insect infected virus Nucleopolyhedrosis (OpMNV) and Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus (PBCV) from ocean virome studies which were bacterial in origin. Irrespective of different strategies performed for cloning, ligation and PCR the sequencing results were similar. However, these viruses have not been reported in plants. Thus results are indicative of presence of a novel virus or new DNA which needs to be further investigated.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF METSULFURON METHYL ON BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY OF WHEAT AND ITS FATE IN SOIL
    (Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2016-01) THAKUR, NITASHA; Sharma, Neelam
    A field experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) consisted of four treatments viz. metsulfuron methyl 2 g ha-1, metsulfuron methyl 4 g ha-1, metsulfuron methyl 8 g ha-1 and control to study the effect of metsulfuron methyl on biosynthetic pathway of wheat and its degradation behaviour in the Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK HPKV, Palampur during Rabi 2013-14 and Rabi 2014-15. Wheat plant and soil samples were collected at 0 (4 hr), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after herbicide application for biochemical and degradation studies. A significant decrease in biochemical attributes of wheat leaves i.e. acetolactate synthase activity and total soluble protein was observed during both the years of study upto 10 days after metsulfuron methyl application @ 2 g ha-1, 4 g ha-1 and 8 g ha-1. Whereas, amino acid content in wheat leaves was not influenced very distinctly with applied treatments. However, in general an increase in amino acid content was noticed in metsulfuron methyl treatments over control. Over the period of time, total chlorophyll and total sugar content also increased significantly in wheat leaves. Quality indices (protein, sugar, amino acid and gluten content) of wheat grain increased significantly with applied metsulfuron methyl treatments. The degradation data generated in the present investigation during both years indicated that higher dose of metsulfuron methyl i.e. 8 g ha-1 persisted in soil upto 45 days after herbicide application. The degradation of herbicide was rapid and more than 90 per cent of applied metsulfuron methyl in soil dissipated within 15 days of herbicide application. The logarithmic plots of herbicide concentration at different doses versus time fitted first order kinetics decay curves during both years. At the time of harvest, the metsulfuron methyl residues were non-detectable in wheat straw and wheat grain.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CHLOROTIC LEAF SPOT DISEASE OF ARKA MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CAUSAL AGENT AND EFFECT ON PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
    (DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY, 2016-01-23) Rana, Anita; Singh, Nageswer
    ABSTRACT The present work entitled, ‘‘Chlorotic Leaf Spot Disease of Arka (Calotropis gigantea): Molecular Characterization of the Causal Agent and Effect on Phytochemical Constituents’’ is focused on the effect of disease on active phytochemical constituents in leaves of Calotropis gigantea and the molecular characterization of the causal agent. Based on the nature of symptoms i.e. systemic brilliant chlorotic to yellow spots on the leaves of C. gigantea may be the infection due to virus. Phytochemical constituents viz. antioxidant activity, quinones, flavonoids, total phenols, ascorbic acid, PPO activity have higher values in infected leaves whereas total chlorophyll and carotenoids had lower values in infected leaves. In case of PPO activity it was found maximum at same time interval for both of the samples. However, PPO activity was found higher in infected sample and lower in healthy sample. Molecular characterization studies revealed the presence of virus particles on the basis of results obtained from Virus Like Particle (VLP) purification and electron microscopy. Some icosahedral, enveloped entities of approximately 50-60 nm were observed which proved the presence of virus. The sequencing results showed similarity to insect infected virus Nucleopolyhedrosis (OpMNV) and Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus (PBCV) from ocean virome studies which were bacterial in origin. Irrespective of different strategies performed for cloning, ligation and PCR the sequencing results were similar. However, these viruses have not been reported in plants. Thus results are indicative of presence of a novel virus or new DNA which needs to be further investigated