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2020 - 20212
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Subject: Biochemistry × End date: 2021 × Start date: 2020 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Influence of organic vis-a-vis inorganic farming on quality parameters of adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi]
    (Palampur, 2021-08-10) Kharwal, Neerja; Singh, Nageswer
    In the present investigation entitled “Influence of organic vis-a-vis inorganic farming on quality parameters of adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi]” the fifteen genotypes of adzuki bean grown under inorganic, organic and Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) production system were procured during 2018-19 and 2019-20, from the Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK HPKV, Palampur were evaluated in triplicate for various biochemical constituents for quality significance and nutritional aspects by following standard procedures. Besides, the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant properties and anti-nutritional factors analysed in husk and de-husk mature seed samples. Differences among the adzuki bean genotypes grown under three different production systems were also apparent. The mean value of genotypes grown under ZBNF during the both the years of experimentation showed significant variation for crude protein (19.19-22.13 %), in vitro protein digestibility (79.43-90.48 %), methionine (0.76-1.38 g/100g protein), tryptophan (1.49 -1.87 g/100g protein), PPO activity (0.050-0.367 ΔOD/min), sodium (89.85-123.11 mg/100g), potassium (839.67-1574.72 mg/100g), calcium (253.33- 409.51 mg/100g), magnesium (116.11-178.86 mg/100g), copper (1.21-2.09 mg/100g), iron (3.99- 8.84 mg/100g), manganese (1.24-2.12 mg/100g), zinc (1.21 -2.09 mg/100g), total phenols (1074.23- 2011.78 mg/100g), simple phenols (637.68-944.42 mg/100g), flavonoids (18.18-24.46 mg/100g), total carotenoids (1.234-4.739 µg/g), antioxidant activity (0.520-1.776 μg/ml), trypsin inhibitor activity (8903-11055 TIA U/g), tannins (261.75-942.18), saponins (59.58-108.1 mg/100g) and phytic acid (187.77-257.39 mg/100g). Under ZBNF production system recorded significantly higher values for in vitro protein digestibility, limiting amino acids (methionine and tryptophan), PPO activity, protein fractionations and certain minerals (sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper), phytochemical constituents (total phenols, simple phenols, and flavonoids), antioxidant activity and some anti-nutritional factors like tannins, saponins, whereas for crude protein content, mineral (potassium), total carotenoids, anti-nutritional factor (phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity) content significantly higher values were recorded in adzuki bean genotypes grown under inorganic system as compare to ZBNF system. Multipurpose / versatile adzuki bean genotypes grown under inorganic, organic and ZBNF production system genotypes were identified based on genotypic rating under each production system as ADHP-6, ADHP-3 and LOCAL TOTRU ranked first, second and third respectively under inorganic system, In case of organic production system genotypes HPU-51, ADHP-9 and ADHP-3 occupied the first, second and third position, respectively. While, under ZBNF production system first rank occupied by genotype EC-340286 followed by ADHP-6 and ADHP-8, based on the cumulative grading for nutritional and phytochemical constituents. De-husking process of adzuki bean mature seeds revealed substantial decrease in phytochemical constituents i.e. total phenols, simple phenols, flavonoids, total carotenoids and anti-nutritional factors like saponins and tannins while increase in trypsin inhibitor activity and phytic acid. The potentially superior genotypes/varieties thus identified can be used for further developmental research by the plant breeders and cultivation on a large scale by the farmers of H.P and others.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOACTIVE ATTRIBUTES OF HERBAL SUPPLEMENTED FERMENTED MILK FROM INDIGENOUS CATTLE
    (CSKHPKV Palampur, 2020-10-01) KANIK; Gorakh Mal
    Milk supplementation with aqueous extracts of herbal species increases the consistency of the dairy products. In the current study, the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-fermented indigenous hill cattle milk, pepsin-digested and overnight digested milk supplemented with aqueous herbal extracts (1%) of fruits of harad (Terminalia chebula), baheda (Terminalia bellirica), amla (Emblica officinalis) and bark of arjuna (Terminalia arjuna) were evaluated for antioxidative, antimicrobial and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities. Fermented milk was prepared by adding 10 ml of different aqueous herbal extracts to 85 ml of fresh boiled indigenous cattle milk and 5 g of LGG as starter culture. Total phenolic content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in fermented milk containing aqueous baheda extract in undigested (26.43±1.16 mgTAE/100ml), pepsin-digested (36.53±0.30 mgTAE/100ml) and overnight digested samples (33.98±0.26 mgTAE/100ml). Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in fermented milk containing aqueous extract of harad in undigested (247.46±1.38 mg FeSO4 equivalent/100ml), pepsin-digested (266.21±0.38 mg FeSO4 equivalent/100ml) and overnight digested samples (235.64±0.62 mg FeSO4 equivalent/100ml). DPPH activity was found to be highest in undigested and pepsin-digested samples of fermented milk containing aqueous baheda extract (26.40±0.94% and 39.66±0.44%). However, DPPH activity was found to be highest in overnight digested fermented milk containing aqueous amla extract (27.31±0.48%). Maximum ACE inhibitory activity was noted in fermented milk containing aqueous arjuna extract (19.70±0.58%). The overnight digested samples demonstrated higher ACE inhibitory activity in fermented milk containing aqueous baheda extract (49.79±0.23%). Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Rhodococcus equi was seen in fermented milk containing various aqueous herbal extracts. Prominent peptide bands were visible in milk samples prior to centrifugation, and no peptide bands were visible in centrifuged samples. It is inferred that herbal extracts fermented milk with probiotic LGG had better antioxidant, antimicrobial and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities.