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ThesisItem Open Access Ultrasonographic evaluation of pre- and post-pubertal follicular dynamics in Sahiwal and Crossbred heifers(Palampur, 2022-12-07) Sharma, Pururava; Kumar, PraveshThe study was conducted to compare the pre-pubertal versus post-pubertal follicular dynamics in Sahiwal (n=10) and Jersey crossbred (n=10) heifers by using trans rectal ultrasonography. The investigation was carried out in the Livestock Farm Complex of the University from March, 2021 to August, 2022. Irrespective of the pre- or post-pubertal stage, the ultrasonography was done every other day in the both groups of heifers. In pre pubertal heifersthe day of emergence of follicular wave was considered as day 1. Thereafter, the observations were made for 21 days. Absence of luteal tissue was used as confirmation of pre-pubertal stage in both the groups of heifers. All the animals were re-examined for the initiation of puberty after every 20 days and monitored regularly for the exhibition of signs of estrus. In Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred heifers a significant variation (p<0.01) was observed in the body weight at birth (21.2±0.28 and 27.0±0.16 kg), body weight at puberty (335.9±5.75 and 366.5±4.52 kg) and age at puberty (1132.7±53.22 and 932.9±20.95 days), respectively. ROC curve revealed that pubertal weight in Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred heifers was ≥ 308.11 and ≥ 337.17 kg, respectively, with a specificity of 90 and 100 per cent. A significant variation (p<0.01) was recorded during post-pubertal period for back fat thickness in Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred heifers which were 12.86±0.05 and 12.69±0.01 mm, respectively. Follicular dynamics in pre- and post-pubertal stages occurred in a wave like manner. In Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred heifers, the preponderance of two- or three follicular waves were 40 or 60 per cent; 70 or 30 per cent, respectively. The inter-estrus interval in two- and three-wave Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred was 17.50±0.28, 17.85±0.34 and 20.83±0.40, 20.33±0.66 days, respectively which differed significantly (p<0.01) among different waves but not between the breeds. The size of pre-ovulatory follicle in two-wave Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred heifers differ significantly (p<0.01) but not in three wave cycles.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on ovarian and endocrine profile in endometritis affected cycling cows(Palampur, 2022-12-08) Negi, Vijender; Sood, PankajThe present study investigated the effect of endometritis on reproduction in regular cyclic repeat breeding cows. Out of 43 cows included initially, 8 turned out negative for endometritis, while 2 others failed to ovulate. Hence, 33 cows, diagnosed with subclinical endometritis (SCE), were studied through three consecutive estrous cycles (C-1, C-2 and C-3, respectively). The duration of two interestrus intervals intervening C-1 and C-3 were recorded. Investigation comprised of different clinico-gynaecological (uterine tone, consistency and spinnbarkeit holding time of genital discharge at day 0, the day of estrus; preovulatory follicle size; estrus duration; estrus onset to ovulation interval; end of estrus to ovulation interval and size of corpus luteum at day 5, 7, 13 and 17, respectively), endocrinological (progesterone [P4] at day 0, 3, 5, 7, 13 and 17; estradiol [E2] and luteinizing hormone [LH] at 24, 18, 12 and 6 h prior to ovulation and area under curve [AUC]: all in blood plasma) and microbiological (qualitative and quantitative characteristics of microbes using aerobic and anaerobic culture of genital discharge at day 0) parameters. On the basis of drug sensitivity pattern of the genital discharge at C-1 estrus, the cows were treated with suitable antibiotics at C-2 estrus and inseminated at C-3. The cows not conceived were re-inseminated for up to two estrus periods after C-3. Pregnancy was confirmed 45 d after insemination in non-return cows. The effect of SCE was evaluated by comparing the aforesaid parameters between C-1 and C-3. The prevalence of SCE was 81.39%. At C-1 estrus, suprabasal P4 was present in 54.50% SCE cows, which differed from the normal P4 cows in terms of (i) reduced uterine tone (ii) significantly longer interestrus interval spanning C-1 and C-2 (iii) larger CL at day 7 and 13 (iv) higher P4 at estrus and (v) reduced AUC of LH. The treatment of SCE (C-1 versus C-3 findings) resulted in (i) increase in genital discharge consistency (2.06 ± 0.13 versus 2.57 ± 0.09; P=0.03) and ovulatory follicle size (mm) (14.14 ± 0.28 versus 15.56 ± 0.36; P=0.00), respectively (ii) altered interestrus interval in 66.70% cows (22 out of 33) (iii) larger CL at d 13 (iv) alleviation of suprabasal P4 with increased AUC of P4, E2 (P=0.04) and LH (P=0.004). The microbiological investigations at C-1 estrus indicated a monoculture of 8 different genera and 11 different species in 96.97% (32 out of 33) cows, with Bacillus spp. isolated in 53.12% (17 out of 32) animals. All the isolates were either aerobic or facultative anaerobes; 75% being gram positive and 25% being gram negative. The bacterial load at C-1 estrus (CFU/ml) was 1440.52 ± 868.83 x 103 . After treatment, 65.6% (21 out of 32) cows became bacteriologically negative and bacterial load tended to reduce (0.045 ± 0.018 x 103 ) at C-3. The bacterial load exhibited varying level of interactions with majority of the clinico gynaecological parameters which, however, were missing for the corpus luteum and different endocrinological parameters in cows with suprabasal and normal P4 as well as the cows, at C-1 and C-3. The first service conception rate, overall conceptions and services per conception were 33.33% (n=11), 75.8% (n=25) and 1.88, respectively. Zero bacterial loads at C-3 favored overall conception (78.3%; 18 out of 23). Cows with gram positive compared to gram negative infection at C-1 took more number of services to conceive (2.0 versus 1.3; p=0.08). In conclusion, the SCE executed multilevel effects on reproduction that improved after treatment.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the impact of seasonal variation on various reproductive parameters in dairy cows of Himachal Pradesh(Palampur, 2022-11-22) Kumar, Harish; Kumar, PraveshThe study was carried out in Livestock Farm Complex, CSKHPKV Palampur to assess the impact of different seasons on cow’s reproduction. A total of 30 Jersey crossbred cows (n=10 cows in each season) in their 1 st to 5th lactation, aged around 2-8 years having body condition score around 2.5-3.5 were selected for the study. The year was divided into three seasons viz., summer (May to August), winter (November to February), and isothermic season including both spring (March and April) and autumn (September and October) seasons. Daily temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated using a dry and wet-bulb thermometer placed outside all the animal sheds. All cows were subjected to the sonographic examination every 48 hours for ovarian structures from the day of estrus till the completion of one estrous cycle. Seasonal variation in the developmental patterns of follicles and corpus luteum during three-follicular waves (all cows showed 3 wave pattern) of the estrous cycle were studied. Blood samples were collected on day 0 (day of estrus), 5, 10, 15 and day 20 to study the impact of seasonal variation on different hormones (cortisol, estradiol-17β and progesterone), haemato-biochemicals (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, total protein and cholesterol and complete blood count), minerals (calcium and phosphorus), and electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride). The THI recorded during different seasons showed significant variation (p0.05) and did not show any relation with the variations in follicular dynamics parameters during different seasons. Plasma cortisol levels showed significant variation (p<0.05) in different seasons with increased levels in the winter season followed by the summer season. Blood biochemical profile like aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase showed significant variation (p<0.01-0.05) during different seasons. Potassium was the only electrolyte to exhibit significant variation (p<0.01-0.05) in different seasons.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE IMPACT OF SEASONAL VARIATION ON VARIOUS REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS IN DAIRY COWS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(Palampur, 2022-11-04) KUMAR, HARISH; KUMAR, PRAVESHThe study was carried out in Livestock Farm Complex, CSKHPKV Palampur to assess the impact of different seasons on cow’s reproduction. A total of 30 Jersey crossbred cows (n=10 cows in each season) in their 1 st to 5th lactation, aged around 2-8 years having body condition score around 2.5-3.5 were selected for the study. The year was divided into three seasons viz., summer (May to August), winter (November to February), and isothermic season including both spring (March and April) and autumn (September and October) seasons. Daily temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated using a dry and wet-bulb thermometer placed outside all the animal sheds. All cows were subjected to the sonographic examination every 48 hours for ovarian structures from the day of estrus till the completion of one estrous cycle. Seasonal variation in the developmental patterns of follicles and corpus luteum during three-follicular waves (all cows showed 3 wave pattern) of the estrous cycle were studied. Blood samples were collected on day 0 (day of estrus), 5, 10, 15 and day 20 to study the impact of seasonal variation on different hormones (cortisol, estradiol-17β and progesterone), haemato-biochemicals (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, total protein and cholesterol and complete blood count), minerals (calcium and phosphorus), and electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride). The THI recorded during different seasons showed significant variation (p0.05) and did not show any relation with the variations in follicular dynamics parameters during different seasons. Plasma cortisol levels showed significant variation (p<0.05) in different seasons with increased levels in the winter season followed by the summer season. Blood biochemical profile like aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase showed significant variation (p<0.01-0.05) during different seasons. Potassium was the only electrolyte to exhibit significant variation (p<0.01-0.05) in different seasons.ThesisItem Open Access Relationship between sonographic characteristics of uterus and ovaries during estrus and subsequent fertility in dairy cows(Palampur, 2021-08-05) Khanoria, Neha; Singh, MadhumeetThe present study was conducted in clinically healthy, normal cyclic cows (N=20) with no history of reproductive abnormality at the Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics and Livestock Farm Complex, CSKHPKV, Palampur. All the cows were monitored for behavioural signs like mounting, standing to be mounted, bellowing, vulvar oedema, and cervicovaginal discharge at the time of estrus. The physical parameters of cervicovaginal discharge such as consistency, quantity, color, pH, spinnbarkeit, and fern pattern were recorded. Thereafter, trans-rectal B-mode and color Doppler sonography of the ovarian and uterine characteristics along with the middle uterine artery of cows was done. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the relationship between different ultrasonic characteristics of ovaries and uterus with conception rate and analysis of the blood flow through a middle uterine artery at estrus for prediction of ovulation time. Spinnbarkeit, the physical property of cervicovaginal discharge, was significantly higher (p0.05) for pH was recorded. The preovulatory follicle at estrus had a significantly higher (p0.05) was recorded for uterine characteristics i.e., intraluminal uterine fluid diameter and endometrial thickness. Similarly, the vascularity of mid cyclic corpus luteum was significantly higher (p0.05) in relation to pregnancy. The pulsatility index and mean blood flow volume were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the MUA ipsilateral to preovulatory follicle at estrus as compared to contralateral MUA. Also, the pulsatility and resistivity indices along with velocity (TAMAX) of blood flow to the uterus through MUA ipsilateral to preovulatory follicle at estrus were significantly higher (p<0.01-0.05) in cows ovulated within 24 hours of A.I. as compared to cows ovulated after 24 hours.ThesisItem Open Access Investigations on etiologies of genital prolapse in bovines of Himachal Pradesh(Palampur, 2021-08-24) Sharma, Vivek; Kumar, PraveshThe present study was planned with the objectives to document the prevalence and etiologies of genital prolapse in bovines of different regions of Himachal Pradesh and to suggest the prevention and control. First part of the study comprised of documentation of prevalence of genital prolapse in bovines of Himachal Pradesh. Second part of study was investigation of etiologies of genital prolapse in bovines by estimation of clinco-pathological investigations for blood hormone, haematological and biochemicals of the affected (n=238) bovines (cattle and buffaloes) throughout the state and last was to suggest prevention and control of genital prolapse. Among cattle, the highest prevalence was reported in district Bilaspur (10.58%) followed by Chamba (9.03%) and Hamirpur (6.50%) whereas among buffaloes the highest prevalence was recorded in district Kangra (13.57%) followed by district Bilaspur (13.35%), Hamirpur (10.13%) and Chamba (8.23%). Overall prevalence of genital prolapse in cattle in Himachal Pradesh was 2.17 per cent and in buffaloes it was 6.53 per cent. In hormonal estimation, Significantly (P<0.01) high levels of plasma estradiol-17β (E2) and low level of progesterone (P4) were observed in affected bovines in comparison to nonaffected ones in all three (Pregnant, Postpartum and Non-pregnant) stages. Similarly, cortisol was also significantly high in non-pregnant (P<0.01) and post-partum (P<0.01) affected cattle groups and post-partum buffaloes (P<0.05) group. In minerals, Ca and P were significantly low at different levels of significance (P<0.01 and P<0.05) in cattle and buffaloes in all 3 stages except non-pregnant prolapse in buffaloes. In cows affected with genital prolapse, the biochemicals like triglycerides (P<0.01), urea (P<0.01) and SGOT (P<0.05) were significantly higher and cholesterol (P<0.01) was significantly lower than non-affected cows. In buffaloes showing genital prolapse, only a significant higher concentration of triglycerides (P<0.01) was observed and other biochemicals like glucose (P<0.01), total protein (P<0.05) and cholesterol (P<0.01) were significantly lower in comparison to non-affected buffaloes. In cows affected with genital prolapse, leukocytes (P<0.05), granulocytes (P<0.01), haemoglobin (P<0.05) and platelets (P<0.05) were significantly higher than non-affected one. On the basis of etiologies of prolapse, minerals like calcium and phosphorous and hormone like progesterone can be supplemented during pregnancy to avoid its occurrence. Maximum of moderate and severe prolapse cases required surgical intervention with Buhner’s suture along with other supportive treatment.ThesisItem Open Access TRANSRECTAL DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY OF OVARIAN STRUCTURES AND UTERUS DURING ESTROUS CYCLE IN DAIRY COWS(CHKHPKV Palampur, 2020-09-19) SONI, TANIA; Singh, MadhumeetThe study was conducted atInstructional Livestock Farm Complex, ChaudharySarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur. Ten dairy cows were selected for research and subjected to sonographic examination of ovarian structures from the day of estrus till completion of one estrous cycle using B-mode and color Doppler mode ultrasonography. Developmental pattern of follicles and corpus luteum during two- and three-follicular waves of estrous cycle were studied. The per cent vascularity of corpus luteum during different luteal phases and blood flow to uterus was evaluated based on the analysis of Doppler haemodynamic indices at an interval of 48 hours during an estrous cycle. Two-wave estrous cycle was more prevalent in dairy cows as compared to three-wave estrous cycle and there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the diameter of dominant follicle during different waves of two- and three-wave estrous cycle. Corpus luteum diameter and vascularity were significantly higher (p<0.01-0.05) during mid-luteal phase as compared to early and late luteal phase except in three-wave estrous cycle. Corpus luteum vascularity percentage was significantly higher in dairy cows (p<0.05) during late luteal phase in three-wave cycle as compared to two-wave cycle who failed to conceive. Also, there was a significant correlation (p<0.05) between corpus luteum diameter and vascularity irrespective of follicular waves and different luteal phases. A significant difference (p<0.01-0.05) between the recorded haemodynamic indices of middle uterine artery ipsilateral and contralateral to pre-ovulatory follicle was recorded on the day of estrus, however, this difference was found to be non-significant (p>0.05) with the progression of estrous cycle into luteal phase.ThesisItem Open Access ETIO-PATHOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF UTERINE TORSION IN BOVINES OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2019-07-19) ABROL, ANKUR; Singh, (MadhumeetThe present study was planned with the objectives of recording of incidence of uterine torsion in cattle and buffaloes of Himachal Pradesh and to determine the success rate of different procedures adopted to treat uterine torsion. The study was conducted in two parts. First part comprised of field survey of cases presented under field conditions of Himachal Pradesh and conducted through questionnaires. Second part comprised of recording of clinical observations, obstetrical interventions, haemato-biochemical and Doppler sonographic studies of middle uterine artery of torsion affected bovines presented in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC) of college of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. In the field conditions of Himachal Pradesh buffaloes were more commonly presented with uterine torsion as compared to cows and right side and post cervical torsion was encountered more frequently as compared to left side and pre cervical uterine torsion. Modified Schaffer’s method was used more often than Caesarean section under field conditions to correct the condition and has a better dam and calf survival rate as compared to Caesarean section method. Among the uterine torsion affected bovines presented in TVCC, haematological analysis of uterine torsion affected cows and buffaloes showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in haemoglobin and lymphocyte concentration while there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in granulocyte and cortisol concentration as compared to eutocial cows and buffaloes, respectively. Resistance index was significantly higher (p<0.05) in middle uterine artery ipsi-lateral to uterine torsion affected cows as compared to eutocial cows. Blood flow volume and blood vessel diameter of ipsi-lateral middle uterine artery was significantly reduced (p<0.01) in uterine torsion affected cows and buffaloes as compared to the eutocial cows and buffaloes, respectively. Significantly higher blood flow volume on TAMAX basis (p<0.01; p<0.05) was discernible in middle uterine artery ipsi-lateral to the gravid horn as compared to the contralateral artery in normal eutocial cows and buffaloes.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the effect of supplementation of certain hormones on conception in cows showing metestrual bleeding(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2008) Sharma, Vinay; Singh, Madhumeet
