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20117
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Subject: Animal Nutrition × End date: 2011 × Start date: 2011 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    USE OF GINGER POWDER (Zingiber officinalis) AND ORGANIC ACIDS AS ALTERNATIVES TO ANTIBIOTIC GROWTH PROMOTERS IN BROILER PRODUCTION
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2011-06-30) Goswamy, Varsha; Rani, Daisy
    A study using 330 day-old Vancobb broilers was conducted to determine the effects of antibiotic, ginger powder (Zingiber officinalis) and organic acids on biological performance, fecal quality, weight of liver, gall bladder, lymphoid organs and abdominal fat, meat quality, pH of small and large intestinal contents, morphometry of small intestines and economics of broiler production. The broilers were randomly allocated to 11 treatments including a negative control (NC; basal diet only) and a positive control (PC; basal diet+Zinc bacitracin). There were 30 chicks in each treatment with three replicates of 10 chicks per treatment. The broilers were offered diets supplemented with ginger powder (G), acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), fumaric acid (FA) at 0.5, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.5 per cent, respectively and their combinations i.e. ginger powder + acetic acid (GA), ginger powder + propionic acid (GP), ginger powder + fumaric acid (GF), acetic acid + propionic acid + fumaric acid (APF), and ginger powder + the three acids (GAPF) at the same dose rates. The feed intake, weight at 4th week, weight at 6th week and mortality were recorded. Five birds were slaughtered out of each treatment, after the end of 6 weeks of age and, dressed weight, weight of liver, gall bladder, spleen, thymus, bursa and abdominal fat were recorded. The samples of breast and thigh muscles were collected for moisture, protein and fat analysis. The pH of small and large intestinal contents was recorded immediately with digital pH-meter. The G treatment showed best FCR (2.356) and the lowest feed intake in comparison to other treatments. Ginger supplementation resulted in meat with optimum tenderness, protein and lowest fat, whereas, GAPF treatment produced meat with lowest protein and highest fat content. The weights of liver, gall bladder abdominal fat, spleen and bursa of different treatments did not differ statistically except that of thymus which was the highest in FA supplemented group in comparison to NC. No effect of different supplementations on pH of the small and large intestinal contents was observed. The highest villous height and crypt depth of duodenum was shown by AA, FA and APF groups, whereas, in jejunum the highest villous height and crypt depth were again shown by FA supplemented birds. In ileum, the highest villous height was shown by GA and the highest crypt depth was observed in FA treatment. The per cent profit earned was the highest in G supplemented group i.e. 51.35 per cent. Overall, the ginger supplemented birds showed 13.43 per cent higher net profit as compared to that of NC and 3.27 per cent as compared to that of PC. It was concluded that the ginger powder supplementation improved the litter quality, and perhaps did not work through pH and morphological modulation of gastrointestinal tract and it did not show synergism with organic acids. The ginger powder supplementation could not only replace the antibiotic, but also enhance the profits compared to that of the antibiotic.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF EARTHWORM MEAL AS A REPLACEMENT OF FISHMEAL IN COMMERCIAL BROILER DIETS
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2011-08-06) SHARMA, ROHIT; Sharma, K.S.
    ABSTRACT In the present scenario, poultry farming is becoming expensive day by day, mainly because of the increasing cost of the feed which alone accounts for about 70 percent of the expenditure incurred on poultry rearing. The present investigation was undertaken with the objective of exploring feasibility of replacing fishmeal with the earthworm meal in the diets of commercial broilers along with calculation of the cost benefit ratio of the broiler production. To achieve this, 500 day-old broiler chicks were divided into 5 groups and in each group fishmeal were replaced with the earthworm meal at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent levels. Growth characteristics, some parameters of blood plasma viz. calcium, phosphorus and cholesterol, chemical composition of meat, dry matter and nutrient digestibility and liveability percentage were studied. Broilers assigned to groups getting 100 percent earthworm meal as a replacement of fishmeal performed significantly better in terms of gain in live weight (13.36 percent compared to control) and FCR (2.17). Dressing percentage (66.03 %) was also found to be significantly better in the treatment group containing 100 percent earthworm meal. Further, the cost of feed and the total expenditure/kg gain in live weight) got reduced progressively as the level of earthworm meal was increased successively at different levels in the diets of the birds. As a result more profit/kg gain in live weight (12.10 % as compared to control in treatment group containing 100 percent earthworm meal ) was earned at each stage of substitution of fishmeal with the earthworm meal.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FEEDING SEABUCKTHORN CAKE (HIPPOPHAE L.) ON EGG PRODUCTION IN POULTRY AND GROWTH IN CALVES
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2011-11-16) MD., HASANUZZAMAN; Sharma, V.K.
    ABSTRACT Balanced and effective feeding are the most important prerequisites for economic production of livestock and poultry. So, minimization of feed cost would be a great achievement for livestock and poultry farmers if the unconventional but potential ingredient like Seabuckthorn (SBT) cake would be introduced as the replacer of major protein sources, as nutritionally, SBT cake is very rich in proteins, fat, amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Very little systematic and scientific work has been conducted to study the effects of feeding SBT cake to the livestock and poultry. Hence, the present study was envisaged to see the effect of replacement of CP of conventional feed of layers and calves, with that of SBT cake to evaluate biological performances, nutrient utilization, rumen metabolites and cost benefit ratio by feeding SBT cake. Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of SBT cake on layers and calves production. First trial was conducted in 360 BV-300 layer chicks which were offered conventional rations in control (S0) group and replacing 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 per cent CP by SBT cake CP. The second experiment was aimed to study the effect of SBT cake on growth of calves where 18 calves of 4-5 months age were divided in 3 treatment groups having 6 animals in each group. The conventional CGR was offered in control group (SBT0) and replacing 50 per cent and 75 per cent CP of the control group with the CP of SBT cake in SBT50 and SBT75 groups respectively. One more trial was conducted as a third experiment, aimed to observe the effect of SBT cake on rumen metabolites and rumen microbial population in adult cattle. Three adult cattle (fistulated) were maintained on three rations with a switch over design. The crude protein contents of the basal ration (T1) were replaced with SBT cake CP at 50 (T2) and 75 (T3) per cent CP in the adult cattle ration. The egg production, egg mass and body weight gain of layers were higher in S20 group where 20 per cent CP of conventional concentrate was replaced with the CP of the SBT cake. FCR in respect of egg mass as well as biological performance of the layer was found better in S20 treatment group. It was noticed that, as the level of SBT cake increased beyond 20 per cent, the biological performance of the layers declined though the quality traits of eggs were not affected by replacement of SBT cake at any level. It was revealed that replacement of CP of conventional layer feed with SBT cake CP up-to 20 per cent level was economic for layer production. Higher body weight gain and better balance of nutrient in calves was observed in SBT50 group where 50 per cent CP of the traditional CGR was replaced with the SBT cake CP. Better FCR of calves was found in SBT50 group, hence, can be considered as the highest dose of replacement with SBT cake CP in CGR. Higher microbial population in older calves was found in T2 group, where 50 per cent CP of the traditional adult calves ration was replaced with the CP of SBT cake. Better rumen metabolites were also found in the T2 group. Looking at the results of present investigations, it could be concluded that 20 per cent CP of the traditional concentrate ration could be replaced with the CP of SBT cake in layer birds for a viable and cost effective egg production, whereas, 50 per cent CP of the traditional calves ration could be replaced with the CP of SBT cake in young as well as older calves to improve the nutrient utilization efficiency for sustainable livestock production.