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ThesisItem Open Access DETECTION OF ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS)(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2021-08-30) PUNYA M S; Shyma V. HElephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) has emerged as a major threat to the survival of endangered Asian elephant population. Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) infection in Asian elephants is an acute fatal haemorrhagic disease primarily affecting juvenile Asian elephants. The present study was proposed to confirm the presence of EEHV infection in Asian elephants and identification of the chronically infected shedders which will help in controlling the spread of disease among elephant population. A total of 31 elephants presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mannuthy, and those under private ownership (Thrissur districts), temples and Department of Forests and Wildlife, Kerala from Thiruvananthapuram, Pathanamthitta and Ernakulam during 2019- 2020 were included in this study. The animals were subjected to physical examination and assessment of haemato-biochemical parameters. The faecal examination revealed strongyle ova in 22.7 per cent cases and strongyloides ova and larva in 9.7 per cent cases. Trunk wash samples were collected for PCR. Out of 31 samples, one yielded positive for EEHV and EEHV1 genotype. Sequencing of the positive PCR product confirmed amplicon similarity to EEHV1. The remaining 30 elephants failed to give the amplicons for EEHV. Haemato-biochemical studies revealed leukopenia, lymphocytosis and hypoalbuminemia in the affected animal. Post mortem samples of two elephants from Nilambur forest were subjected to PCR and not found to have the amplicons of EEHV.ThesisItem Open Access AETIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF THEILERIOSIS IN GOATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2021-12-30) MEENU MANOHAR; Justin Davis K.Goat farming is a major source of income to the marginal farmers in Kerala. Theileriosis is an important haemoparasitic disease of goats which causes serious economic losses to farmers. There is a paucity of information on caprine theileriosis and its clinico-therapeutic aspects in Kerala. The present study envisages the identification of aetiological agent, clinical, haemato-biochemical alterations associated with the disease and assessment of the efficacy of the therapeutic protocols adopted. A total of one hundred goats presented to Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai and also those belonging to organized farms and house-holds in and around Thrissur district, with clinical signs suggestive of theileriosis like anaemia, fever, lymphadenopathy, cough and nasal discharge were screened by blood smear examination using field stain and acridine orange stain. Out of these one hundred goats 62 per cent were positive for theileriosis, 15 per cent for anaplasmosis and three percent with combined infection of theileria and anaplsama. Twenty five goats were selected from theileria positive goats for the further study. Deoxyribonucleic acid were extracted from blood samples and genus specific amplicon of size 1089 bp were given by all smear positive samples in PCR. Further species specific PCR revealed 12 (48 per cent) goats were positive for T. luwenshuni among the 25 goats. The amplified product with T. ovis/lestoquardi primer were analysed by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and identified T. ovis in nine goats (36 per cent) out of 25 goats. Mixed infection of T. ovis and T. luwenshuni could be detected in four goats (16 per cent) among the 25 goats. Major clinical signs observed were anaemia, fever, lymph node enlargement, anorexia and respiratory distress. Haemato-biochemical analysis revealed macrocytic hypochromic anaemia with low Hb, Volume of Packed Red Cells (VPRC), platelet, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC) and hyperproteinaemia with hyperglobulinaemia in the affected goats. Eighteen goats which were positive for theileria were divided into three groups at random, and each group was assigned with specific therapeutic protocol. Group I was treated with a combination of buparvaquone @ 2.5 mg per kg I/M and oxytetracycline dihydrate @ 20 mg per kg I/M, Group II with combination of buparvaquone @ 2.5 mg per kg I/M and marbofloxacin @ 2 mg per kg I/M and Group III with buparvaquone @ 1.25 mg per kg I/M and imidocarb @ 0.6 mg per kg I/M. Efficacy of the treatment was assessed by examination of blood smear after 48 h and 7 days post therapy. Resolution of clinical signs was also considered as an indicator of recovery and efficacy of the protocol. Statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant difference between the efficacy of three treatment. However all the animals in Group I had recovered by day seven, whereas recovery rate was 50 per cent for Group II goats and 66.6 per cent for Group III goats. Hence this study suggests that treatment protocol used in the Group I could be used as a treatment of choice for caprine theileriosis.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR PARATUBERCULOSIS IN GOATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2008) S. SULFICAR; M.R. SaseendranathParatuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic debilitating infection ot goats caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP). Rece. t .} the organism was reported to be associated with enteric infection in humans and hence the disease is of public health importance. In the present study comparative efficacy of acid fast staining of faecal smear, single intradermal Johnin test and IS900 faecal PGR were investigated in two hundred goats for detection of MAP. Single intradermal Johnin test was carried out in two hundred goats. Faecal sample from all two hundred goats subjected to Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast staimng and IS900 PGR for detection of MAP. Out of one hundred and fifty goats screened for paratuberculosis from University sheep and goat farm, Mannuthy. five animals (3.33 per cent) were found positive by acid fast staining, eight animals (5.3 per cent) were found positive by single intradermal Johnin test and thirty animals (20 per cent) were found positive by IS900 PGR. Out of fifty goats screened for paratuberculosis from field, one goau (2 per cent), three goats (6 per cent) and twelve animals (24 per cent) were found positive by Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast staining of faecal smear, single intradermal Johnin test and IS900 PGR respectively Results of present study from both farm and field indicate that amplification of the IS900 insertion element was the most specific and sensitive diagnostic method. The strategic use of PGR can provide a means for early identification of MAP infected goat, thus ensuring their elimination from an infected herd. Advantage of skin test is its ease of application and its low cost. Culling of CM! test positives could be a cost effective means of removing infected animals before they actually start faecal shedding. Ziehl-Neelsen staining had the lowest detection rate of the three tests under investigation and it proved unreliable in diagnosing Johne's disease.ThesisItem Open Access SEROPREVALENCE OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS IN GOATS OF KERALA(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2007) JANUS. A.; P. V. TresamolSeroprevalence of PPR in goats of Kerala was studied using competitive ELISA. Four hundred and twelve sera samples were collected from goats belonging to different places of Kerala covering all the districts. Samples were collected randomly from goats of different age, managemental practice, breed, sex, different health status and also from different farms. Samples were subjected to c ELISA for detecting antibodies against PPR infection. Out of 412 sera samples tested 15.5 per cent gave positive result for PPR antibodies. Seroprevalence of PPR antibodies was more in animals reared under organized farming system. Seroprevalence of PPR antibodies was more in animals with a history of disease than apparently healthy animals. Prevalence of PPR antibodies is found to be more in maiabari breeds of goats when compared to jamunapari and cross bred animals. Seroprevalence of PPR in various age group revealed that percentage of positivity was more in animals of the age group of 6 months- one year. Animals from different farms were tested for antibodies against PPR infection. Seroprevalence of PPR was more in KLDB goat farm, Dhoni, and Jersey farm, Vithura. Seroprevalence of PPR among goats with different clinical manifestations was recorded. High percentage of seroprevalence was noted in animals with abortion. Seroprevalence of PPR in different districts of Kerala was assessed. The highest seroprevalence was recorded in Kozhikkode district. Seroprevalence of PPR in goats of Kerala was detected as 15.5 per centThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON BACTERIAL MASTITIS IN GOATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2005) SREEJA. S; K VIJAYAKUMARThe lactating does in the University goat and sheep farm were screened for subclinical mastitis once in three months using the California mastitis test. The occurrence of subclinical mastitis was found to be 30.2 per cent. Statistical analysis showed no significant association between occurrence of subclinical mastitis and teat length whereas there was significant association between distance from teat tip to floor. Among 642 samples screened 194 samples were found to be positive by CMT. The arithmetic mean cell counts for each CMT score ranged between 0.736 ± 0.033 xlO^ and 20.417 ± 0.851 xlO^ cells/ml. Among CMT positive samples MWST and MAMP detected 62.89 per cent and 43.29 per cent as positive for subclinical mastitis. Comparison of screening tests revealed that significant positive correlation existed among the four tests namely CMT, MWST, MAMP and see. Comparison with culture results showed that score '3' of CMT score '3+' of MWST and grade 3 of MAMP reaction detected the maximum positive cases. CMT scores and SCC in bacteriologicaly positive samples showed significant association. Among the TIST positive milk samples 20 (44.44 per cent) were culture positive. Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant isolate in both clinical and subclinical caprine mastitis. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity pattern revealed that chloramphenicol was the most sensitive antibiotic followed by ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. The isolated pathogens showed maximum resistance to sulpha. Comparison of treatment trials in 24 clinical goat mastitis cases using ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin with 12 animals in each group revealed that clinical and bacteriological cure was better in the case of ciprofloxacin. Clinical and bacteriological cure was comparatively less in gangrenous mastitis cases. Eighteen Staphylococcus isolates from clinical mastitis cases and 23 Staphylococcus isolates from subclinical cases were typed by RAPD fingerprinting. Twelve different genotypes were obtained among which genotype c predominated in clinical mastitis whereas in subclinical cases b and i were the common Staphylococcal genotypes. Clinieal and bacteriological cure rates were 100 per cent for RAPD type 1 in the ceftriaxone treated group and genotypes c and i in the ciprofloxacin treated group of animals. A possible relationship regarding the genetic make up of the different Staphylococcal isolates was elucidated from the phylogenetic tree generated from the RAPD fingerprints.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF INTRADERMAL AND SUBCUTANEOUS PROPHYLACTIC RABIES VACCINATION IN DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2015) SEEMANTHINI R; Vinodkumar KThe effectiveness of pre exposure prophylaxis against rabies in dogs by using inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine administered through subcutaneous and intradermal route was compared. Twenty healthy, unvaccinated pups of age group 10 to 12 weeks brought to Teaching Veterinary Complex, Mannuthy and University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai were selected for the study under informed consent from the owners. Health status of pups was ascertained by clinical and haematological evaluation. Owners were advised to provide uniform environment and practice identical feeding practices as far as possible. On day 0, Group I were given one dose of inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine through subcutaneous route by hypodermic needle and group II were given total of one-tenth dose of inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine on medial aspect of each ear pinnae through intradermal route by using an instrument called DermojetR. Booster dose was administered for both the groups on day 30. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 15, 30, 45 and 180 post vaccination. The serum neutralizing antibody titres were assessed by Rapid fluorescent antibody test (RFFIT). All animals were having insignificant antibody titre by day 0. There was no significant difference in production of neutralizing antibodies between subcutaneous and intradermal groups after both primary and booster vaccinations. Animals in both the groups developed protective titre as early as day 15. Even though antibody peaked at 45th day, there was no statistically significant difference between 30th and 45th day of both the groups. Decline in antibody titre was evident after 45 days in both groups, but protective antibody titre was maintained all through the study period of 180 days in both groups. It is concluded that intradermal route of vaccination offered better economic prospects since similar antibody levels were produced and maintained with one-fifth dose of vaccine.ThesisItem Open Access FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VACCINATION – POST VACCINAL SEROCONVERSION IN CAPTIVE ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS INDICUS)(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2016) MARY VIJAYA; Vinodkumar KThe present study was undertaken to determine the dosage of oil-adjuvant trivalent Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccine sufficient to develop protective antibody titre in adult healthy elephants, persistence of post-vaccinal antibody titre and to recommend a vaccination protocol against FMD in elephants. A total of 18 captive elephants under the custodianship of Department of Forests and Wildlife, Temples and private individuals from Thrissur, Ernakulam, Kollam and Trivandrum districts formed the materials for study. The owners were advised to provide uniform management to the animals as far as possible. Health status of the elephants was ensured prior to vaccinations by clinical examination and assessment of haemato-biochemical parameters. Presence of haemoparasites and gastro-intestinal parasites were ruled out by microscopic examination of blood smears and fecal samples. The animals were divided into three groups of six each and were subjected to prophylactic vaccination with three different doses i.e., six mL, eight mL and 10 mL of oil-adjuvant trivalent FMD vaccine (Raksha O vac Trivalent). Sera samples from the day of vaccination and 15th, 30th and 180th day post vaccination (dpv) were collected and subjected to Liquid Phase Blocking (LPB) ELISA to determine the development of antibody titre against FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes O, A and Asia-1. All the animals had non-protective titre against the three serotypes on day zero. Protective titres developed against all three serotypes on 30 dpv which declined gradually by 180 dpv in all elephants irrespective of the dose of the vaccine. None of the animals had protective titre by 180 dpv. It is concluded that six mL of vaccine is enough to produce protective titre in elephants against FMD. Further research is needed to study about the persistence of protective antibody titre following vaccination against FMD in Asian elephants.ThesisItem Open Access SURVEILLANCE OF HAEMOPROTOZOAN AND HAEMORICKETTSIAL DISEASES OF CATTLE OF NORTHERN KERALA(College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy., 2008) ARCHANA. S. NAIR; Dr, P. V. TresamolA cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the carrier status of haemoprotozoan and haemorickettsial diseases of cattle of Northern Kerala. The diagnostic methods employed were microscopical examination of blood smears stained with Giemsa and Acridine Orange and polymerase chain reaction. A total of 150 blood samples were collected from the five districts of Northern Kerala (30 samples from each district). Microscopical examination of Giemsa stained smears revealed Theileria like piroplasms (41.2 per cent), Babesia piroplasms (2.6 per cent) and Anaplasma inclusions (1.3 per cent) while Acridine Orange stained smears detected Theileria like piroplasms in 47.2 per cent, Babesia piroplasms in 2.6 per cent and Anaplasma inclusions in 2 per cent of blood smears examined. Acridine Orange staining is more easy, time saving and reliable in detecting of haemoparasites than Giemsa staining technique. Polymerase chain reaction detected haemoprotozoan like T. evansi (34.6 per cent), B. bigemina (0.6 per cent), an uncharacterized Theileria organism (16 per cent) and T. orientalis (1.3 per cent). A. marginale (16.7 per cent) and A. bovis (3.3 per cent) were the haemorickettsial organisms detected by PGR. Mixed infections were detected ir 16.6 per cent of the samples. T.annulata, B. bovis and A. phagocytophila were not detected in any of the samples. Polymerase chain reaction showed much higher sensitivity compared to examination of stained smears in detecting carrier animals. Trypanosomosis is the most prevalent protozoan disease among carrier animals of Northern Kerala which were detected only with the help of PGR whfie microscopy totally failed to detect such carriers. The high prevalence haemoprotozoan and haemorickettsial diseases suggests the abundance of tick , and flies in Northern Kerala which acts as vectors for these parasites. Kannur .and Palakkad districts revealed maximum prevalence of T. evansi. In addition, anaplasmosis was also widely prevalent in Palakkad district. Microscopical examination of blood smears from cattle of the hilly districts of Wayant.i Malappuram and Kozhikode revealed the presence of a Theileria like piroplabn. which were not amplified with PCRs specific for Theileria genus, T. annulata or T. orientalis and this uncharacterized piroplasm needs urgent attention.ThesisItem Open Access SEROPREVALENCE AND DIAGNOSIS OF CANINE PARVOVIRAL INFECTION(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE,MANNUTHY, 1999) DEEPA. P. M.; Saseendranath, M RThe prevalence of canine parvoviral infection in three hundred and forty nine dogs from all over Kerala including 57 clinically suspected dogs and 292 healthy and vaccinated dogs was studied. Among 57 clinically suspected dogs, 15.7 per cent and 19.3 per cent respectively, had CPV antigen in the faecal samples by AGID and CIEP. Canine parvovirus (CPV) antigen were detected in faecal samples of 61.4 per cent of 57 clinically suspected dogs by HA test. EM detected CPV in one (13 per cent) of eight clinically suspected dogs and 17 per cent of six clinically suspected dogs had CPV in the faecal samples by lEM. Agar gel immunodiffusion test detected canine parvoviral antibody in seven (12.3 per cent) of clinically suspected dogs, 14 (36.8 per cent) of 38 healthy vaccinated dogs and 17 (6.7 per cent) of 254 healthy non-vaccinated dogs. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) test detected CPV antibody in 8 (14 per cent) out of 57 clinically suspected dogs 14 (36.8 per cent) of 38 healthy vaccinated dogs and 17 (6.7 per cent) of 254 healthy non-vaccinated dogs. Out of 349 dogs screened by HI test, 70.5 per cent dogs had the protective level of antibody against canine parvoviral infection. Haemagglutination inhibition test detected CPV antibodies in 36 (63.2 per cent) of 57 clinically suspected dogs, 37 (97.3 per cent) of 38 healthy vaccinated dogs and 173 (68.1 per cent) of 254 healthy non-vaccinated dogs. Dot-ELISA detected CPV antibodies in 38 (66.7 per cent) of 57 clinically suspected dogs, 37 (97.3 per cent) of 38 healthy vaccinated dogs and 174 (68.5 per cent) of 254 healthy non-vaccinated dogs. More seropositive dogs were recorded in dogs below six months of age. Prevalence rate observed was more in male dogs, eventhough no significant difference was observed between sexes. Among the breeds, German shepherd were more affected, followed by Doberman Pinscher and non-descript. Seasonal prevalence in the present study was higher during April, June and July. However, no significant difference was observed between different months.
