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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF RUMEN FERMENTATION PATTERN AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN MURRAH BUFFALO, VECHUR AND CROSSBRED CATTLE ON DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMEN(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2018-12-30) SAJITH PURUSHOTHAMAN; Shyama K.A study was conducted to assess the rumen fermentation pattern and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffaloes, Vechur and Crossbred cows fed different total mixed rations (TMR). Six each of Murrah buffalo, Vechur and crossbred calves were selected as uniformly as possible with regard to age (8-12 months), sex and body weight from Vechur farm, University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research and Development Scheme, Mannuthy and formed three treatment groups. In phase-I all the animals were fed with standard farm ration as TMR for a period of one month and rumen fermentation profile, nutrient digestibility, hematological profile and microbial protein production was studied. Thirty TMRs were prepared using unconventional feed ingredients available locally and green grass in 50:50 and in vitro evaluation of 30 TMRs in all three species was conducted using in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT). Ranking of the TMR’s was done using cluster analysis and two best TMR for each species were selected. Using the two TMR selected, two feeding trials of one month duration was conducted for all three species. The results revealed that rumen fermentation parameters such as rumen ammonia nitrogen, TCA nitrogen and total nitrogen were non significant between the groups. Crossbred cows fed with TMR containing dhanwantharam thailam residue (trial-I) showed significant increase in dry matter intake (per 100 kg and per unit metabolic body weight) than TMR containing rape seed cake (trial-II). Haematological and biochemical parameters falls in the physiological range for both groups. Apparent digestibility co-efficient for TMR containing dhanwantharam thailam residue showed significant improvement for ether extract digestibility while crude fiber digestibility was more in Trial-II. On volatile fatty acid analysis it showed increased concentration for acetic acid in trial-I while propionic acid production was improved in trial-II. In Murrah buffaloes, group fed with TMRs containing turmeric waste (trial-I) and tapioca starch waste (trial-II) did not show any significant difference for rumen fermentation parameters. Animals fed with TMR-I containing turmeric waste showed significantly improved digestibility for crude protein, organic matter and nitrogen free extract than animals fed TMR-2 containing tapioca starch waste. Volatile fatty acid profile showed increased concentration of acetic acid and acetate: propionate ratio in TMR-2. In Vechur cows animals fed with TMR containing soya sauce waste (trial-I) showed a significantly increased total nitrogen content than animals fed with tapioca starch waste in trial-II and control. All haematological parameters were not significant among animals of different groups and well within the normal range. In Vechur cows on volatile fatty acid analysis TMR-I fed animals showed improved acetic acid and total volatile fatty acid production than TMR-II and control. DMI/100 kg bodyweight and DMI/kg metabolic body weight were also significantly improved in Trail-I than as compared to animals fed with tapioca starch waste in trial-II. On thorough examination of results, it can be concluded that crossbred cows fed with TMR containing dhanwantharam thailam residues showed improved nutrient digestibility than animals fed with TMR containing rape seed cake without any difference in rumen fermentation parameters and hence can be recommended. In Murrah buffaloes, the group fed with TMR containing turmeric waste showed better performance and hence can be recommended. In Vechur cows the TMR containing soya sauce waste fed animal showed better nutrient digestibility and dry matter intake and hence recommended.ThesisItem Open Access REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF EARLY POSTPARTUM CROSSBRED COWS SUPLLEMENTED WITH BYPASS FAT AND SUBJECTED TO HORMONAL INDUCTION OF OESTRUS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2018-11-30) ANI S.DAS; Metilda JosephPostpartum infertility due to negative energy balance is a major problem among the high producing cows of Kerala, incurring huge economic loss. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of bypass fat on the reproduction and production parameters of high yielding crossbred cows with or without postpartum hormonal induction of oestrus and its techno-economics. The trial was conducted with four experimental groups of six cows each (GI – control, GII- 200 g bypass fat 90 days, GIII – 200g bypass fat daily + Ovsynch protocol on day 45postpartum, GIV – Ovsynch protocol alone). The animals in GII and GIII were observed to be superior in milk production parameters viz. peak yield (P<0.05), and days taken for attaining peak yield. Cessation of post-patum lochial discharge and its characteristics were normal in all groups. The animals in GII and GIII showed earlier post-partum oestrus compared to others (P<0.05). As per rectal examination and ultrasonographic findings, more number of animals in GII and GIII showed early resumption of ovarian cyclicity. The number of days taken for complete involution of uterus and reduction of uterine wall thickness as per ultrasonographic examination were significantly lower in those animals fed with bypass fat. With respect to various serum biochemical parameters, blood glucose and total cholesterol were significantly higher (P<0.01) in those animals fed with bypass fat. Blood urea nitrogen, non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides were significantly lower (P<0.01) in bypass fat fed groups. (GII and GIII). The mean circulating blood progesterone level and serum insulin concentration were also significantly higher (P<0.05) in the animals fed with bypass fat. The conception rate was highest in GIII followed by GII. The study indicated that it is ideal to supplement bypass fat before attempting hormonal induction of oestrus in early postpartum cows for enhanced reproductive efficiency. The techno-economic analysis of study showed that bypass fat supplementation is a financially viable, eco-friendly and socially acceptable method for improving the production and reproduction parameters of the cows, thereby augmenting the farm income.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CANINE PYOMETRA FOR RESTORING BREEDING EFFICIENCY(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2018-05-09) UNNIKRISHNAN M. P.; M.O.KurienA study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of different therapeutic protocols in the treatment of canine pyometra, based on clinical, haematobiochemical, B-mode ultrasonographic and Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation. Combination treatment using mifepristone @ 2.5mg/kg b. wt. bid orally for five days, along with incremental doses of dinoprost from 10 to 50 µg/kg b. wt. tid; 48 h after initiation of mifepristone, till complete uterine evacuation was superior for therapeutic management of canine pyometra in terms of clinical recovery and future fertility. Haematology recorded anaemia, leucocytosis with neutrophilia and lymphopenia in patients with pyometra, which resolved after treatment. Serum biochemistry revealed marginal rise in blood urea nitrogen, high C-reactive protein and rise in progesterone values, which reduced to normal by day 15 of treatment. Early reduction in progesterone was noticed in cabergoline-based group. B-mode ultrasonography revealed uterine horn distension with anechoic to hypoechoic contents and thickened wall, which reduced to normal by day 15 of treatment. Delay in uterine resolution was noticed in cabergoline-based group. Doppler ultrasonography revealed increased uterine blood flow velocity (peak systolic velocity: 0.69 ± 0.05 to 0.75 ± 0.07; end diastolic velocity: 0.27 ± 0.02 to 0.31 ± 0.01) and decreased resistive index (0.59 ± 0.04 to 0.62 ± 0.06), which returned to normal after treatment. Bacteriological isolates from anterior vagina revealed E. coli (52.63 %), followed by Staphylococcus spp. (37.74 %), Streptococcus spp. (5.66 %) and Pseudomonas (3.77 %). Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. were sensitive to amikacin, whereas Staphylococcus spp was most sensitive to ceftriaxone-tazobactam. Streptococcus spp. was 100 per cent sensitive to cephalosporin. Hyper-salivation was the most common side effect of prostaglandin treatment, exhibited in 31.25 per cent of dogs. Time taken for complete uterine evacuation varied between 5.88 ± 0.40 and 8.25 ± 0.73 days, with more in cabergoline-based group. Fertility studies revealed better cyclicity and conception in 75 and 66.67 per cent, respectively of mifepristone-dinoprost combination treated dogs, whereas overall cyclicity and conception was 68.75 and 54.55 per cent, respectively. Overall recurrence of 28.13 per cent was recorded after medical treatment with minimum recurrence (12.5 %) in mifepristone-dinoprost treated dogs.ThesisItem Open Access MINERAL PROFILE OF LIVESTOCK FARM WASTE AND ITS BIO ACCUMULATION EFFECTS IN CROSS BRED CATTLE(College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mannuthy, Thrissur, 2018-03-03) JUSTIN DAVIS; Anil. K.SThe present study was conducted for a period of one year and divided to summer, monsoon and post monsoon seasons. The objective of the research was to estimate the minerals in soil, slurry, feed, fodder, dung and vermicompost and also assessment of bioaccumulation of minerals in crossbred cattle. The fodder plots were selected and placed under three treatments. The first treatment plots irrigated by pig slurry, second by cattle slurry and third by irrigation water alone. The soil, slurry and irrigation water were collected at the three different seasons for mineral estimation. The fodder yield from plots were measured. Three treatment groups of six male calves each were randomly selected and maintained under similar management and concentrate feeding for one year. The treatment groups of calves received fodder from corresponding fodder plots. The feed, fodder, blood, dung were collected for mineral estimation. Vermicompost produced from dung and fodder waste from the experimental animals was collected. The carcass traits were studied during their slaughter at Meat Technology Unit, Mannuthy and meat, liver, kidney, skin and bone samples were collected for mineral estimation. All the samples were processed and digested by microwave digestion for mineral analysis. Nitrogen element was estimated by Macro Kjeldhal method. The minerals P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr and Pb were estimated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer. The concentration of N and Mg was highest for first treatment in soil, slurry, fodder, dung, blood, liver, kidney and bone. The concentration of P, K, Ca, Cu was highest for second treatment group in soil, slurry, fodder, dung, bone samples. The concentration of Mn and Zn was highest for third treatment group in fodder, dung, vermicompost, meat, kidney and bone samples. The final body weight of experimental animals was highest for T1 and daily weight gain was highest for T3 animals. The total fodder yield was highest for plots irrigated with pig slurry. The bio-accumulation of heavy metals could not be detected in any animal tissue under the present study. Further studies may be required in crossbred cattle with more years of feeding trials to find out bio-accumulation of heavy metals.ThesisItem Open Access HEALING OF BONE DEFECTS TREATED WITH TRI - PHASIC COMPOSITE BIO - CERAMIC IN RAT MODELS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2018) Dinesh P. T.; Syam K. VenugopalThe study was conducted to assess the efficacy of tri-phasic silica containing ceramic coated hydroxyapatite (HASi) as a bone graft substitute for fractures with segmental loss in rat models and to evaluate regeneration of bones treated with HASi, before this new material is put to clinical use. A six millimeter mid diaphyseal defect was created in the right femur of 80 adult male Wistar rats aged 16 weeks. The procedure was done under general anaesthesia using xylazine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride at the dose rate of 9.0 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg body weight given intraperitoneal. The defect was bridged with presized HASi graft and immobilized with 1.5 mm microplates and screws. Healing was evaluated by radiography, histology, haematology, assessment of bone turnover markers activity in serum and by assessment of biomechanical strength. All the animals showed undisturbed wound healing without any complication. Serial radiographic evaluation fortnightly revealed that the fragments were in alignment and apposition. The graft had integrated with the host bone radiographically by four weeks and showed both proximal and distal union. By 16 weeks time, new bone formation was evident. Healing was assessed by scoring the radiographs and the total score observed was 0.57 ± 0.15 at two weeks, 3.25 ± 0.25 at four weeks, 6.83 ± 0.28 at eight weeks, 8.94 ± 0.15 at twelve weeks and 9.54 ± 0.16 at sixteen weeks in a scorecard of maximum 10 points. New bone formation was observed in the peripheral region of the defect, while the mid region was identifiable with a portion of the material. Grossly, the graft material was incorporated with newly regenerated bone. At 16 weeks, new bone substitution in par with the degradation of the graft material was almost achieved throughout the defect. The total leukocyte count showed an initial increase during the second week of observation, which was with in the normal range. There after, it was reduced and was maintained with in the normal range. Hematologic evaluation results suggested no signs of inflammation or infection during the entire period of fracture healing. Assessment of activity of bone turn markers showed that ALP levels regained to near normal levels indicating completion of osteoblastic activity in time. ACP values were found significantly higher in comparison with normal values suggestive of ongoing osteoclast activity. These two enzyme levels were suggestive of normal fracture healing processes and bone remodeling, respectively. Histological examination revealed complete healing of the defect without any signs of inflammation or fibrous proliferation. New bone deposition and material degradation were more significant in periphery as compared to the centre of the defect at eight weeks. At 16 weeks, new bone deposition and material degradation were achieved throughout the defect. The material was not completely resorbed, but existed as small islands embedded in newly formed bone. Histological evaluation has proved adequate levels of osteoconduction and osteointegration between bone substitution graft and the host bone. The fractured limb had regained 83 per cent of its flexural strength, 92.82 per cent of compressive strength and 78.99 per cent of torsional strength when compared to that of the normal limb by 16 weeks. Therefore, the present study has proved the successful use of HASi bone substitute graft material for the treatment of critical sized segmental defects in the rat femur on the basis clinical results.
