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EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF MALASSEZIA DERMATITIS IN DOGSEPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF MALASSEZIA DERMATITIS IN DOGS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2011) SARANYA. M. G; K. Vijayakumar
The present study was mainly focused on epidemiological, diagnostic and clinico-therapeutic aspects of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs. A total of 52 animals were studied and diagnosed Malassezia dermatitis by impression smear examination of skin and in 43 cases yeasts were isolated by cultural method by using Sabouraud’s dextrose agar with olive oil supplement, out of the total of 1344 animals brought to the University Veterinary Hospitals at Kokkalai and Mannuthy from January 2010 to December 2010 with different dermatological problems. The incidence of Malassezia dermatitis were more observed in female dogs and in 1-3 years of age group. Labrador retriever dog was found to be affected more with the infection. All the animals were subjected to detailed clinical examination and all parameters under study such as signalment, history, physical examination, haematology, serum biochemistry and adoption of suitable therapy and treatment response were carried out. The data obtained were analyzed statistically. Clinical manifestations of Malassezia dermatitis included alopecia, pruritus, erythema, hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis, seborrhea and lichenification in various combination. Both generalized and localized itching was observed. Clinical pathology revealed reduction in the haemoglobin content. Leucocyte counts were increased with neutrophilia, lymphocytosis and eosinophilia. Serum biochemistry revealed significant increase in the levels of total protein, and globulin while serum albumin was decreased. Significant decrease in the levels of serum copper was noticed when compared with that of control group. Five different therapeutic trials were conducted in five different experimental groups. Group 1 animals were treated with Ketoconazole at the dose rate of 10 mg per kg body weight daily orally for three weeks, showed a dramatic clinical response. Clinical examination of dogs at the end of treatment, revealed complete remission of lesions and signs of regrowth of hairs in affected areas in almost all dogs. Terbinafine at the dose rate of 5 mg per kg body weight once orally daily given in group II animals was proved to be not effective against Malassezia dermatitis at this dose rate. In group III animals topical application of two per cent boric acid plus acetic acid lotion was given and complete remission of lesions was noticed in mild cases of Malassezia dermatitis only. But relapse was noticed in some cases. In chronic cases of Malassezia dermatitis boric acetic acid lotion cause reduction in lesions but complete remission of lesions was not obtained within three weeks period. In Group IV animals were treated with topical application of ketoconazole-chlorhexidine shampoo and it was found to be effective in reducing the lesions, but the course of treatment was long. Ketoconazole at the dose rate of 10 mg per kg body weight was given once daily orally along with topical application of Ketoconazole-chlorhexidine shampoo in group V animals and it was found to be most effective. Complete remission of lesions was noticed within three weeks period and also the shampoo gives a residual activity against the yeasts. 23s rRNA typing was done for typing the various isolates of Malassezia species obtained by cultural examination of the samples collected from skin lesions associated with Malassezia dermatitis.
Open Access
PRODUCTION TRAITS OF JAPANESE QUAIL LAYERS ON ENZYME SUPPLEMENTED COPRA MEAL BASED DIET
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2011) SABNA. K.V.; A. Jalaludeen
An experiment was carried out to study the production performance of Japanese quail layers fed copra meal based diet supplemented with enzymes. Two hundred and fourty female quails were selected randomly at six weeks of age, divided into five treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) with four replicates of twelve quails in each. Dietary group T1 was given a standard quail layer ration. Dietary group T2 was given a diet containing 15 per cent coprameal (CM). The remaining dietary groups T3, T4 and T5 were provided with a diet containing CM supplemented with 250, 500 and 750 mg per 100 kg feed. All the rations were prepared with 22 per cent crude protein and 2650 kcal ME per kg. Standard managemental conditions were maintained throughout the experiment. Data collection was done for a period of 28 days each from 7 to 26 weeks of age. At the end of the trial, blood was collected from four birds per replicate and was utilized for serum profile studies. The body weight of quails at 6 and 26 weeks of age did not differ significantly among dietary treatments. Age at sexual maturity, 10 per cent production and 50 per cent production were not influenced by dietary inclusion of CM with or without enzyme supplementation. The results obtained in the study revealed that period wise and cumulative mean values of production traits such as egg production, feed consumption, FCR and egg weight during the period 7 to 26 weeks of age did not differ significantly among treatment groups. Perusal of the mean egg weight indicated that all the dietary groups fed copra added diet have numerically higher egg weight. Statistical analysis of the data pertaining to egg quality parameters such as specific gravity, shape index, albumen index, yolk index, internal quality and shell thickness did not differ significantly. Serum cholesterol values among different dietary treatment groups were statistically comparable. However, total serum protein was significantly lower (p≤0.05) for the groups fed diet containing copra meal supplemented with enzymes. It was significantly higher for the group fed a diet devoid of copra meal. The overall livability per cent during experimental period was not affected due to inclusion of CM. The margin of return over feed cost per quail housed were 30.68, 29.15, 28.02, 27.66 and 26.23 rupees in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. The critical evaluation of the results revealed that altering the quail layer diet with inclusion of 15 per cent CM with or without supplementation of multi enzyme preparation did not adversely affect any production parameters and egg quality traits of Japanese quails from 7 to 26 weeks of age. Addition of enzymes did not result any significant improvement in the production performance of Japanese quails. From the above findings, it can be inferred that CM can be safely added in layer quail ration up to 15 per cent level as protein feed supplement.
Open Access
ESTROGEN RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISM IN VECHUR AND CROSSBRED CATTLE OF KERALA
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2011) KIRANA SASIDHARAN; K.A.Bindu
Estrogen receptor gene and pituitary specific transcription factor 1 gene was studied as candidates for genetic markers of milk production traits. The study was aimed to reveal the known variants at ESR/TspRI and PIT/HinfI locus in Vechur and crossbred cattle of Kerala and to analyze their association with milk production. The analysis of ESR/TspRI polymorphism revealed existence of three digestion patterns (CC, CA and AA) in Vechur and crossbred cattle. The A/C allele frequencies were 0.43/0.57 and 0.53/0.47, respectively in Vechur and crossbred cattle. The genotypes of ESR/TspRI polymorphism were distributed according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with frequencies 0.33(CC), 0.47 (AC) and 0.20 (AA) in Vechur and 0.24 (CC), 0.46 (AC) and 0.30 (AA) in crossbred cattle under study. PCR-RFLP analysis of 451 bp fragment of PIT-1 gene revealed the predominance of BB genotype and B allele with a mean frequency of 0.57 and 0.75, respectively. AB genotype was the next most frequent with a mean frequency of 0.39. Only six individuals out of the 130 screened were observed to have AA genotype. Allele frequency at PIT/HinfI was the same in Vechur and its crossbred with Bos Taurus. Association studies revealed the significant influence of PIT/HinfI polymorphism on milk production traits. The A allele bearing Vechur and crossbred cattle showed an increase in 305 day milk yield and average daily milk yield. Lactation length in Vechur was significantly high for AA and AB genotype. ESR/TspRI showed no significant difference in milk yield. The selection of Vechur and crossbred cattle for A allele of PIT/HinfI polymorphism can significantly improve milk yield. This study validates the utility of PCR-RFLP as efficient means of exploring the distribution pattern of known variants at important candidate genes in the cattle population of Kerala for future breeding plans.
Open Access
EFFECTIVENESS OF AUDIO-VISUAL TOOLS IN TRANSFERRING DAIRY CATTLE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES AMONG WOMEN SELF HELP GROUP MEMBERS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2011) HARI. R.; T.S.Rajeev
The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of different audio visual aids combinations among the WSHG members involved in dairy cattle rearing, along with analysing their socio economic status. The tools used in the study were designed as the part of the DelpHe project and were developed specifically to cater to the needs of WSHG members, especially master trainers among them. 150 volunteers from 5 Blocks of Thrissur were selected for the study. They were divided into 5 groups each having 30 members at random without replacement. Out of these five groups, four groups were used for evaluating the efficiency of the teaching aids and one group was used for need analysis. Knowledge, skills, attitudes and adoption were the variables used to assess the efficiency of these audio visual aids. Pre training –post training measurement was conducted for evaluation of variables. Post training measurement includes measurement of the variables immediately after training and 15 days after training. Four groups selected for evaluation of aids were named as control group in which lecture method alone was used, Experimental group 1 in which along with lecture teaching aids VAKTHRAM and SARANA were used, Experimental Group 2 in which along with lecture method teaching aids ROVAKTHRA and ASLICS were used and Experimental group 3 in which along with lecture flipbook and hand book were used. In all groups training session was conducted for one hour duration. Sessions were conducted using scientifically formulated lesson plan, prepared on the basis of need analysis conducted in one of the five groups. Results indicated that experimental group one had the maximum gain in knowledge and skills, followed by experimental group 2 and experimental group 3. Control group had the least gain in knowledge and skills. No significant change was observed between four groups in their attitudes, both immediately after and 15 day after training. There was a significant increase in adoption of scientific dairy cattle management practices in all four groups with Experimental group 1 having maximum scores and control group having the minimum scores. Socio economic analysis of the respondents revealed that most of the respondents were middle aged, with education up to matriculation level. Most of them had more than 2.5 years experience in WSHG and have a monthly income of less than 2457 rupees. Cent percent of respondents own cattle and about two third of them had previously attended training sessions on cattle rearing.
Open Access
SEMEN QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF KUTTANAD, WHITE PEKIN (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) AND MUSCOVY (Cairina moschata momelanotus) DUCKS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2011) STELLA CYRIAC; Leo Joseph
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the semen quality characteristics in twenty four adult drakes of 36 weeks age, eight each from White Pekin, Kuttanad and Muscovy breeds, which were housed in individual cages without any artificial lighting. All drakes were provided with a diet containing 23 per cent Crude Protein and 2800 kcal Metabolisable Energy / kg diet and water ad libitum. Manual Massage method was used for collection of semen. The drakes were trained once a week for about three months and semen was routinely collected once a week during the experimental period. The semen was evaluated for macroscopical and microscopical parameters. Methylene Blue Reduction Time Test was conducted to estimate the metabolic activity of spermatozoa. The resistance of the spermatozoa to heat and cold shock were also examined. The semen samples were diluted in four different extenders viz. Normal Saline (NS), Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS), Lake Poultry Semen Extender (LPSE) and Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) and were kept at room temperature and also at refrigeration temperature and the post dilution motility was assessed at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 hours. There was no significant difference in the semen volume between the breeds and also between the drakes within breeds. Majority of the semen samples were white in colour in White Pekin (70.84 per cent), Kuttanad (66.67 per cent) and Muscovy (100.00 per cent). White Pekin and Kuttanad semen showed a medium thick consistency but in Muscovy the consistency was watery. The appearance score of White Pekin and Kuttanad drake semen was similar (3.29) while it was a little lower for Muscovy drake semen (2.46). Semen pH was found to be slightly alkaline in all the breeds. The important semen contaminants were faecal matter and uric acid crystals. The density of spermatozoa differed significantly between the breeds with a significantly lower value in Muscovy drakes. But, there was no significant difference in the sperm concentration between the drakes of the same breed. The percentage of live, dead, normal and abnormal sperms did not differ significantly between breeds and also between drakes of the same breed. The Methylene Blue Reduction Time was higher in Muscovy when compared toWhite Pekin and Kuttanad. But, MBRT showed no significant difference when estimated using two different extenders viz. LPSE and BPSE in White Pekin and Muscovy. The spermatozoa of the three breeds were able to withstand heat shock for ten minutes and cold shock for upto one hour. The results of post dilution motility revealed that storage of the diluted samples at refrigeration temperature prolonged the livability of spermatozoa when compared to that stored at room temperature. The diluents containing buffer and energy substrates viz. PBS, LPSE and BPSE were efficient in prolonging the motility.
Open Access
ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES OF CATTLE IN PALAKKAD DISTRICT
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2011) SREELEKHA.K.P; Nisha. A.R
Monitoring of drug residues in food of animal origin are important with respect to international trade and consumer confidence. High performance liquid chromatography is a highly specific and sensitive modern analytical technique employed for the screening of antibiotic residues in animal food products. In present study, 20 samples each of bovine milk, blood and urine samples from Pudussery and Perumatty panchayath of Palakkad district were screened for the presence of sulfadimidine, sulfadiazine, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and enrofloxacin residues. The HPLC conditions, sample extraction and analytical methods for the antimicrobial agents under study were optimized and validated. The analyses of sulfonamides were carried out using the mobile phase of 0.25 mM ammonium acetate: acetonitrile: methanol in the ratio 65:23:12 on a C18 column with a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The photodiode array detector (PDA) set at 260 nm was used for detection and the column oven temperature was set at 35ºC. The mobile phase used for estimation of tetracyclines consisted of oxalic acid, acetonitrile and methanol in the ratio 77:18:5 with a flow rate of 0.6ml/min. C8 column and photo diode array detector set at 355 nm was used for the study of tetracyclines. Enrofloxacin analysis was performed by using C18 column and 0.1M phosphoric acid: acetonitrile: methanol in the ratio 80:17:3 with a flow rate 0.8 ml/min as the mobile phase. Photodiode array detector was set at 290 nm for the study. The retention time obtained for sulfadiazine, sulfadimidine, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and enrofloxacin were 8.01, 10.85, 7.28, 16.76 and 12.4 minutes respectively. A good linearity with a correlation coefficient of 0.98, 0.99, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99 was obtained for sulfadimidine, sulfadiazine, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and enrofloxacin respectively. Out of the 20 milk and blood samples analyzed, two samples (10%) had detectable levels of sulfadiazine and one sample (5 %) had sulfadimidine residue. The detected levels in milk were higher than the maximum residue limit of sulfonamides (0.1 ppm) given by Codex Alimentarius Commission. All the urine samples screened had sulfonamide residue below the detection level. All the screened samples had oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline residues at levels below the detection limit. Enrofloxacin was detected in 2 (10%) samples each of blood and milk and were above the maximum residue limit of 0.1 ppm. Urine samples screened had enrofloxacin at below detection level. Results of present study indicate that 25% of the total sample analyzed contains detectable levels of antimicrobial residues and all were above maximum residue limit. This finding entails the requirement of a stringent regulation in the use of antimicrobials in veterinary practice, strict screening of animal products for drug residues, as well as the need for following a strict withdrawal period before marketing the animal products. The method described in this study would be useful for routine monitoring of enrofloxacin, tetracycline and sulfonamide residues in biological samples of cattle.
Open Access
EFFICACY OF TRIPHALA (Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica) ON OXYTETRACYCLINE INDUCED HEPATIC AND RENAL DISORDERS IN RATS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2011) SREELAKSHMI. P. M.; C. R. Lalithakunjamma
The present study entitled ‘Efficacy of triphala on oxytetracycline induced hepatic and renal disorders in rats’ was undertaken for a period of 21 days in 40 rats, divided into five groups comprising eight rats in each group. Group I was given standard diet and group II was given standard diet containing four per cent triphala. Group III was given oxytetracycline intraperitoneally for seven days and group IV was given oxytetracycline as well as triphala for seven days. Group V was given triphala for 21 days and oxytetracycline for the last seven days. Body weights, clinical signs, haematology and biochemical parameters were analysed on days 0, 14 and 21. Gross pathology and histopathology of various organs were assessed at the end of the experiment. The oxidative damage of the liver and kidneys were evaluated by the estimation of lipid peroxides and reduced glutathione. A significant reduction in mean body weights, Hb, PCV and reduced glutathione levels of liver and kidneys was observed in group III. Even though groups IV and V showed significant reduction, these were lesser in magnitude compared with group III. A significant increase in ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine and tissue lipid peroxidation was oserved in group III. Groups IV and V also showed significant increase, but these values were lower when compared with that of group III. These were due to the protective action of triphala on groups IV and V. Among the groups IV and V, group V showed a better protection compared with group IV. The animals showed dullness and inappetance in the treatment groups. Congestion of liver and kidneys and catarrhal enteritis were the major gross lesions in group III. Intensity of these lesions was reduced in triphala treated groups. Major histopathological lesions in group III were, swelling and vacuolation of hepatocytes, periportal hepatitis and severe sinusoidal congestion of liver, degeneration of the tubular epithelium and glomerular necrosis of kidney and fusion of villi, goblet cell hyperplasia and necrosis at the tips of the villi of intestine. In groups IV and V rats, mild degenerative changes of liver and kidneys and mild goblet cell hyperplasia of intestine were the major lesions. Among the groups IV and V, group V showed a better protection compared with group IV. The study revealed that triphala has good efficacy in ameliorating the oxytetracycline induced damages.
Open Access
ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Pasteurella multocida FROM SWINE
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2011) SREEDEVI. T. K; Siju Joseph
A total of 193 samples from swine were collected and processed for isolation of P.multocida, from which six isolates could be obtained in pure form. All the isolates were characterized using cultural, morphological and biochemical tests and were identified to be P.multocida. The antibiogram pattern of the isolates revealed that the isolates were resistant to metronidazole, oxacillin and penicillin G. All the isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, amoxycillin, ampicillin, cefotaxim, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin and oxytetracycline. The isolates were subjected to PM-PCR and nested PCR for confirming them as P.multocida, which were then tested in a multiplex PCR to identify that all the six isolates belonged to P.multocida serogroup A. These isolates were further characterized genotypically using REP-PCR and REA and observed that REP-PCR and REA using Hpa II generated two profiles which had correlation with phenotypic grouping employing the sugar fermentation tests. Thus in the present study it was found that P.multocida serogroup A was the predominant serovar infecting swine causing pneumonic as well as septicaemic pasteurellosis. It is also concluded that REP-PCR and REA are appropriate tools for conducting molecular analysis of swine P.multocida isolates.
Open Access
COMPARISON OF TWO OESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION PROTOCOLS IN GOATS FOR AUGMENTING REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2011) PANICKER SNEHA SURENDRA; K. Ramachandran Chairman
With the objective of studying the effect of the synchronization protocols (Ovsynch and Progestagen-TRIU-C® ) on the reproductive performance of the Malabari cross-bred goats, a study was conducted in the Instructional Livestock Farm of College of Veterinary and Animal sciences, Pookot. A total of 24 healthy goats that had kidded at least once were selected randomly and classified into three groups of Group I, Group II and Group III. The Group I animals were subjected to Ovsynch treatment and the Group II animals to the ProgestagenTRIU-C® regimen. All the animals in group I and II were inseminated 72 hours after the prostaglandin injection and reinseminated 24 after the first insemination. The Group III animals were kept as control animals. These animals were inseminated on detected oestrus. Blood was collected from animals in both the group I and II on day S (pre treatment) and days 0, 5, 7, 17 and 22 post insemination for the estimation of serum progesterone level. The animals were also subjected to ultrasound examination from day 17 post insemination at a regular interval of two days for a period of two weeks. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Out of the eight animals in Group I (Ovsynch) six animals (75 per cent) responded to the treatment. In Group II Progestagen-TRIU-C® ) all the animals responded giving an oestrus response of 100 per cent. In the Group III (Control), the oestrus response was only 25 per cent. The mean time taken for the onset of oestrus in Group II (26.00 ± 1.81) was shorter than the time taken in Group I (49.92 ± 1.94 hours). The mean duration of oestrus in Group I (35.05 ± 4.79 hours) and Group II (32.75 ± 4.46 hours) did not vary significantly. The mean oestrus intensity of Group I and Group II animals were 13.74 ± 1.57 and 14.37±1.46 respectively. The mean oestrus intensity of animals did not vary with the different the treatment protocols. However, mean oestrus intensity of the animals that conceived (17.87 ± 1.46) was higher than those that failed to conceive (10.24 ± 1.57). The conception rate in group I (Ovsynch) and group II (ProgestagenTRIU-C® ) was 50 per cent each. The conception rates did not differ with the synchronization protocols used in this study. In group III (control), the conception rate was of 12.5 per cent. The conception rate of the synchronized group of goats (Group I and II) was found to be higher than that of the control group. The progesterone profile of goats on day 0 in both the protocols did not vary but the progesterone levels of goats that had conceived (1.78 ± 0.86 ng/ml) was much lower than those that failed to conceive (6.14 ± 0.86 ng/ml). The progesterone level of the pregnant group of animals was also higher on day 17 and 22 post insemination than that of the non pregnant group. The earliest detection of pregnancy was made by day 17 post insemination by the progesterone assay. The ultrasonographic studies using Real time B-mode ultrasound revealed the earliest detection of conceptus (early embryonic sac) on day 18 post insemination with the average diameter of the gestational sac recorded as 9.8 mm. The heart beat of the developing embryo was first recorded on day 24 post insemination. On day 30 all animals were again subjected to ultrasound scanning to detect any loss of conceptus. The goats with an embryo and a flickering heartbeat were confirmed pregnant. The Crown Rump Length (CRL) of the embryo recorded was 33.6 mm on day 44 and the foetal Biparietal diameter (BPD) recorded on day 44 was 15.8mm. From the present study, the synchronization protocol with ProgestagenTRIU-C® gave better oestrus response with lesser time taken for the onset of oestrus as compared to the Ovsynch protocol in goats. Both the synchronization protocols resulted in higher conception rates than that of control group. The animals with a minimum level of serum progesterone on the day of insemination (day 0) had a better probability for conception than those with a greater level of serum progesterone. The pregnancy was detected as early as day 17 of post insemination by the serum progesterone analysis. The pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasonographic appearance of the embryonic vesicle on day 18, the embryo on day 22 and embryonic heartbeat on day 24.

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