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Open Access
EVALUATION OF BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PROFILING OF COAGULASE NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM BOVINE SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-01-23) ANAINA S; Dr. K. Vijayakumar
Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is a major concern of the present day as its prevalence has increased, compared to clinical mastitis. Among the causative organisms, coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) are of great interest because of their ability to cause persistent infection. Moreover, they tend to be more resistant to antimicrobials than Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and are associated with biofilm formation. Hence detection of SCM and a better understanding on CNS with respect to their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and biofilm formation are essential for development of livestock sector. Hundred apparently healthy milch animals from university farm and a private farm near Thrissur district were selected for the study. Milk from all the four hundred quarters excluding seven blind quarters were separately screened using California mastitis test (CMT), electrical conductivity (EC) and somatic cell count (SCC). A high occurrence of SCM with 48.34 per cent on quarter basis and 91 per cent on animal basis was noted in the study. The SCC estimation by direct microscopic count (DMC) and DeLavel cell count (DCC) methods were statistically significant. No association was found between the occurrence of SCM and risk factors viz., age, parity, stage of lactation and quarter affected. All the milk samples from 393 quarter samples were subjected to bacterial isolation and identification. Among which 109 samples yielded pure bacterial growth with 86 Gram positive cocci and 23 Gram negative bacilli. Based on the cultural and biochemical characterisation, the organisms isolated were CNS (44.95 per cent), S. aureus (9.17 per cent), Micrococci spp. (22 per cent), Streptococci spp. (2.8 per cent), Klebsiella spp. (12.8 per cent) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) (8.3 per cent). Various CNS organisms isolated included Staphylococcus epidermidis (S, epidermidis), Staphylococcus scuiri (S. scuiri), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S. haemolyticus), Staphylococcus chromogenes (S. chromogenes), Staphylococcus schleiferi (S. schleiferi) and Staphylococcus xylosus (S. xylosus). On antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 42.85 per cent of the CNS isolates were found to be resistant to gentamicin followed by methicillin (32.6 per cent), ceftriaxone tazobactam (24.48 per cent), enrofloxacin (20.4 per cent), tetracycline (16.32 per cent) and cotrimoxazole (4 per cent). Biofilm formation of CNS isolates were phenotypically identified using Congo red agar method (CRA), tube adherence method (TA) and tissue culture plate method (TCP). Significant difference was noted between CRA and TCP and also between TA and TCP. No significant difference was noted between CRA and TA. Genotypic confirmation of the CNS was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 16SrRNA and cns gene. All the 49 identified CNS isolates were subjected to PCR targeting genes for AMR (mecA, aacA-aphD and norA) and biofilm formation (bap, icaA and icaD). The percentage of CNS isolates with mecA, aacA-aphD and norA were 14.28, 44.89 and 32.65 respectively. The biofilm associated protein (bap) and intracellular adhesion genes (icaA and icaD) were found in 26.53 per cent, 91.83 per cent and 55.1 per cent of the CNS isolates. There was significant difference between the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance of the CNS isolates against methicillin. Significant difference was also noted for both CRA and TA with the presence of biofilm formation genes. From the study it was clear that CNS was the major pathogen causing subclinical mastitis and its occurrence had increased at an alarming rate. Majority of the CNS were resistant to commonly used antibiotics with a higher proportion being resistant towards gentamicin. All the isolates were capable of biofilm formation.
Open Access
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(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-01-23) ANAINA S; Dr. K. Vijayakumar
Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is a major concern of the present day as its prevalence has increased, compared to clinical mastitis. Among the causative organisms, coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) are of great interest because of their ability to cause persistent infection. Moreover, they tend to be more resistant to antimicrobials than Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and are associated with biofilm formation. Hence detection of SCM and a better understanding on CNS with respect to their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and biofilm formation are essential for development of livestock sector. Hundred apparently healthy milch animals from university farm and a private farm near Thrissur district were selected for the study. Milk from all the four hundred quarters excluding seven blind quarters were separately screened using California mastitis test (CMT), electrical conductivity (EC) and somatic cell count (SCC). A high occurrence of SCM with 48.34 per cent on quarter basis and 91 per cent on animal basis was noted in the study. The SCC estimation by direct microscopic count (DMC) and DeLavel cell count (DCC) methods were statistically significant. No association was found between the occurrence of SCM and risk factors viz., age, parity, stage of lactation and quarter affected. All the milk samples from 393 quarter samples were subjected to bacterial isolation and identification. Among which 109 samples yielded pure bacterial growth with 86 Gram positive cocci and 23 Gram negative bacilli. Based on the cultural and biochemical characterisation, the organisms isolated were CNS (44.95 per cent), S. aureus (9.17 per cent), Micrococci spp. (22 per cent), Streptococci spp. (2.8 per cent), Klebsiella spp. (12.8 per cent) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) (8.3 per cent). Various CNS organisms isolated included Staphylococcus epidermidis (S, epidermidis), Staphylococcus scuiri (S. scuiri), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S. haemolyticus), Staphylococcus chromogenes (S. chromogenes), Staphylococcus schleiferi (S. schleiferi) and Staphylococcus xylosus (S. xylosus). On antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 42.85 per cent of the CNS isolates were found to be resistant to gentamicin followed by methicillin (32.6 per cent), ceftriaxone tazobactam (24.48 per cent), enrofloxacin (20.4 per cent), tetracycline (16.32 per cent) and cotrimoxazole (4 per cent). Biofilm formation of CNS isolates were phenotypically identified using Congo red agar method (CRA), tube adherence method (TA) and tissue culture plate method (TCP). Significant difference was noted between CRA and TCP and also between TA and TCP. No significant difference was noted between CRA and TA. Genotypic confirmation of the CNS was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 16SrRNA and cns gene. All the 49 identified CNS isolates were subjected to PCR targeting genes for AMR (mecA, aacA-aphD and norA) and biofilm formation (bap, icaA and icaD). The percentage of CNS isolates with mecA, aacA-aphD and norA were 14.28, 44.89 and 32.65 respectively. The biofilm associated protein (bap) and intracellular adhesion genes (icaA and icaD) were found in 26.53 per cent, 91.83 per cent and 55.1 per cent of the CNS isolates. There was significant difference between the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance of the CNS isolates against methicillin. Significant difference was also noted for both CRA and TA with the presence of biofilm formation genes. From the study it was clear that CNS was the major pathogen causing subclinical mastitis and its occurrence had increased at an alarming rate. Majority of the CNS were resistant to commonly used antibiotics with a higher proportion being resistant towards gentamicin. All the isolates were capable of biofilm formation.
Open Access
OCCURRENCE OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL AND HAEMOPARASITIC INFECTIONS IN DOMESTIC CATS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-02-23) VINCY P; Dr. P.V. Tresamol
The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of parasitic infestation among domestic cats. A total of 122 domestic cats were screened for gastro intestinal and haemoparasites. Screening for gastro-intestinal parasites revealed an overall prevalence of 19 per cent (23 /122). Ancylostoma spp. was the major gastro-intestinal parasite noticed (61 per cent) followed by Toxocara cati (13.04 per cent), Isospora spp. (8.7 per cent), Diphyllobothrium latum (4.35 per cent) and mixed infection of these (13 per cent). Diarrhoea, vomiting and inappetence were the most common clinical signs exhibited by the cats with gastro-intestinal parasites.Blood smear examination revealed Cytauxzoon spp. in three cats (2.46 per cent) and Babesia spp. in two cats (1.6 per cent). None of the cats were positive for Hepatozoon gamonts. Molecular analysis revealed Hepatozoon spp. infection in seven cats (5.7 per cent), Cytauxzoon spp. in 29 cats (23.8 per cent) and Babesia spp. in two cats (1.6 per cent). Concurrent infection with hepatozoonosis and babesiosis was found in one cat. Anorexia and diarrhoea were predominant in cats infected with Cytauxzoon spp. infection. Anaemia, anorexia, muscle wasting and recumbency were the clinical symptoms noted in Babesia spp. infected cats. In domestic cats infected with haemoparasites no statistically significant variations could be demonstrated in haematological parameters. No statistical significance was noted in the risk factors associated with occurrence of gastro-intestinal and haemoparasites. Present study highlights the inevitability of molecular techniques in the identification of haemoparasites. Establishment of proper preventive measures are required to control parasitic infection among domestic cats.
Open Access
AETIOPATHOLOGY AND CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON ENTERIC PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS IN DOMESTIC CATS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-01-03) NEERAJA E.S; Dr. P. V. Tresamol
Enteric protozoal infections in cats have worldwide distribution. The present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of enteric protozoans in domestic cats in Thrissur and their effective treatment. A total of 155 faecal samples, comprising of 71 diarrhoeic faeces and 84 non diarrhoeic faeces were collected from cats presented to TVCC, Mannuthy and UVH, Kokkalai during the period from January, 2021 to March, 2022. All the samples were subjected to preliminary examination by wet mount and floatation using Sheather’s sugar solution. Faecal smears were subjected to staining using modified ZN technique for identification of Cryptosporidium spp. The overall occurrence of enteric parasites in cats was found to be 34.84 per cent (54 out of 155), of which enteric protozoa was identified in 51.85 (28 out of 54) per cent of samples. Cystoisospora spp. was the only enteric protozoa identified in cats in the present study. The overall occurrence of Cystoisospora spp. was found to be 18.06 per cent, in which mixed infection of Cystoisospora spp. with Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp. was noticed in 1.94 per cent and 0.64 per cent of cats respectively. Toxocara spp. and Cystoisospora spp. were the most commonly found co-infections. Based on micrometry species of cystoisospora was identified as C. felis. Extracted DNA from faecal samples were subjected to PCR for T. gondii and nested PCR for Cryptosporidium spp. None of the sample revealed presence of the organisms. On comparing the selected haematological parameters of Cystoisospora spp. infected cats with normal healthy cats, there was no significant difference noticed between the infected group and the control group. Cats positive for cystoisospora infection were successfully treated with sulpha trimethoprim @ 25 mg/kg intramuscularly once daily for five days. Risk factors associated with cystoisosporosis were identified as age, number of cats in the household and source of cats. The results of present study signify the prevalence of enteric protozoan such as Cystoisospora felis infection in cats and revealed that the cats can excrete the oocyst of C. felis without showing apparent clinical signs of infection thus contaminate the environment. Identification of risk factors will help to adopt proper intervention strategies to minimise the disease occurrence in cats.
Open Access
EFFICACY OF DRY COW THERAPY ON THE PERSISTENCE OF COMMON CONTAGIOUS PATHOGENS IN BOVINE UDDER IN WAYANAD DISTRICT
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-03-03) KARISHMA PRABHAKAR; Dr. Janus. A.
Mastitis is the most important economically important disease in dairy cattle worldwide. Cows are particularly susceptible to new intramammary infections during the early dry period and around calving and the quarters that are sub clinically infected during this period can later develop clinical mastitis. The present study was conducted to asses the prophylactic effect of intramammary Ceftiofur and internal teat sealant during the dry period and the subsequent lactation. A total of 30 apparently healthy cross bred, pregnant cows in their later stage of pregnancy were screened for presence of contagious mastitis pathogens. From the secretion taken from 48 hours after cessation of milking, a total of 118 bacterial isolates were obtained from 108 quarters. Sixteen per cent of the isolates were coagulase positive Staphylococci, of which 11.8 per cent was S. aureus and 4.2 per cent was non-aureus Staphylococci which included three S. hyicus and two S. pseudointermedius. Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) comprised of 50.8 per cent of the total isolates, which included 22 S. chromogens, 14 S. xylosus, 12 S. saprophyticus, six S. hominis and S. epidermidis each. St. agalactiae constituted 27.1 per cent of the isolates. Other bacteria isolated include Micrococcus spp., E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Molecular confirmation of S. aureus, St. agalactiae, CNS, were done by targeting nuc, 16SrRNA and cns gene respectively. Antibiogram studies of the isolates were done and genotypic profiling of the resistance gene were also carried out using tetM, blaZ, gyrA, parC and mecA gene. Phenotypic identification of biofilm formation of the isolates was done and is compared with presence of biofilm associated genes icaA, icaD and bap. Selected animals were grouped into three groups with six animals each. One group was given Ceftiofur intramammary along with teat sealant, the second group was given teat sealant only, and the third group was left as infected control. Bacteriological cure rate after calving was assessed in the three groups. Group one and group two showed a high significant reduction in the mastitis causing pathogen with a cure rate of 91.6 per cent and 83.3 per cent respectively compared to control group (25 per cent). This study revealed that antibiotic dry cow therapy in combination with teat sealant was highly effective compared to dry cow therapy with teat sealant alone. However, the dry period therapy did not significantly reduce the incidence of mastitis case during the first 30 days of dry period, but the quarter wise occurrence of mastitis was low in group one (16.6 per cent) compared to group two (33.3 per cent). This study showed that apart from the use of dry cow therapy, proper management practices are also having an important role in reducing the incidence of mastitis.
Open Access
CLINICO-BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF DOGS AND RESPONSE TO ANTIOXIDANT THERAPY IN Babesia gibsoni INFECTION
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCS, POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-01-10) ASMA IDREES M; Dr. Deepa P. M.
The present study was conducted to detect the early biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury in dogs, to identify the major infectious causes of acute kidney injury and to assess the clinico pathological changes associated with infectious etiologies in dogs. The study was also conducted to assess the efficacy of N acetyl cysteine as a supportive therapy in the treatment of Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs. A total of 221 dogs having clinical signs suggestive of acute kidney injury due to infectious etiology were screened for leptospirosis and babesiosis at Teaching veterinary clinical complex of KVASU, Wayanad from December 2021 to August 2022. Seventeen dogs with leptospirosis were confirmed by the fourfold increase in paired sera samples and 129 dogs with babesiosis was confirmed by using Polymerase chain reaction. A total of 36 dogs which were either infected with leptospirosis or babesiosis were identified as having AKI based on serum creatinine values. Overall prevalence of canine leptospirosis causing AKI was 7.69 per cent (17/221) and that of babesiosis was 8.59 per cent (19/221). Breed wise highest prevalence of both babesiosis and leptospirosis was observed in Labrador breed. Highest prevalence of babesiosis was seen in the age group of two to four years and that of leptospirosis was four to six years. Sex wise highest prevalence of both babesiosis and leptospirosis was recorded in male dogs. The highest prevalence of babesiosis was recorded in summer season and that of leptospirosis were recorded in rainy season. Inappetence (100%), oliguria (83 %), tick infestation (69 %), Fever (64%), dehydration (58%), pale mucous membrane (50), lethargy (33 %), vomiting (30%), icterus (27 %), diarrhoea (25 %) and haemoglobinuria (8%) were the common clinical findings of affected dogs. Haemato-biochemical findings viz., leucocytosis, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and increased creatinine were observed in babesiosis whereas severe leucocytosis, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinaemia, hypo-albuminemia and increased serum creatinine were the important findings in leptospirosis. Antioxidant activity was estimated in dogs using commercially available antioxidant activity estimation kit. Urine samples from dogs with AKI due to infectious etiology were analysed by canine specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of early biomarkers, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1). Comparison between the conventional biomarkers with novel biomarkers were done statistically and found that NGAL and KIM-1 - showed significant increase even in stage I, however KIM1 showed identical values in different stages of AKI, thus NGAL can be recommended as the best early biomarker for detection of AKI. For the assessment of treatment response of N acetylcysteine, twelve Babesia gibsoni positive stage I AKI dogs were selected and divided into two groups with six in each group and given a combination therapy of Clindamycin @ 25mg/kg OD, Metronidazole @ 15mg/kg BID and Doxycycline @ 10mg/kg OD orally in the group I and in group II with N acetylcysteine @70 mg/kg once daily orally for five days as supportive treatment along with the same therapy, also management of AKI with fluids, antiemetics and antacids were done and treatment response were taken in day 21. Group II showed better response in haemato- biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity; thus, N acetylcysteine can be used as a supportive therapy for the treatment of Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs.
Open Access
ASSESSMENT OF BIOCIDE SENSITIVITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCI FROM MILK AND THE UDDER SURFACE OF DAIRY CATTLE
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCS, POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-10-15) VIGNESH S; Dr. Rathish R. L.
The present study was conducted to assess the biocide sensitivity and to detect the presence of biocide resistance genes among staphylococci isolated from infected milk and udder surface. A total of 20 organised dairy farms of Wayanad were selected. Study revealed that only five per cent of farms practiced udder sanitation procedures. Clinical mastitis was detected in nine animals. Subclinical mastitis was detected in 29 and 31 per cent of animals based on California Mastitis Test and Somatic Cell Counts, respectively. A total of five Staphylococcus aureus isolates and 11 isolates of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) were isolated form milk. All cases were successfully treated with parenteral enrofloxacin along with neomycin or cefoperazone. It was observed that udder surface bacterial load increased significantly if udder sanitation procedures were not followed. The counts significantly decreased if udder sanitation was followed. Machine milking resulted in lower microbial loadin post milking. A total of 17 S. aureus isolates were obtained from 96 udder wash samples. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of povidone iodine, chlorhexidine and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) against the staphylococcal isolates were also estimated. Average MIC of chlorhexidine against S. aureus and CNS isolates was 0.88 µg/ml and 0.09µg/ml respectively, significant at p<0.01. Average MIC of povidone iodine against S. aureus and CNS isolates was 13.84µg/ml and 19.15µg/ml, while it was 0.58 µg/ml and 0.27µg/ml for CTAB, respectively. Biocide resistance was noted against chlorhexidine and povidone iodine. Povidone iodine had the highest and the widest range of MICs. The MIC of S. aureus form udder wash had higher MIC than those from mastitis cases. Polymerase chain reaction targeting virulence gene amplified of ica A inthree and ica D in one isolate. Gene coding resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (qac A/B) was detected from seven isolates of S. aureus obtained from mastitis, while smr gene, which coded for chlorhexidine resistance was obtained from two isolates. The study revealed the presence of biocide resistantstrains of S. aureus even in farms that seldom use any biocides
Open Access
COMPARATIVE DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC PROTOCOL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF DERMATOPHYTOSIS IN DOGS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-10-13) ARUN PRAKASH V.; Dr. Rathish R. L
The study entitled “Comparative diagnostic and therapeutic protocol for the management of dermatophytosis in dogs” documented isolation, molecular identification of etiologies and therapeutic management of affected cases. A total of 114 dogs were screened for dermatophytosis from July 2021 to January 2022 from Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Pookode, Wayanad. Dermatophytes were observed in 30 (26.32 per cent) of cases presented. Chicago sky blue staining of skin scrapings and culture showed better visualization of the fungal etiology. Culturing in DTM aided in early and easy detection of dermatophytes. Dermatophytosis was most commonly encountered in puppies of less than one year of age (46.67 per cent) than adult dogs. German Shepherd breeds of dog (26.67 per cent) were more affected with dermatophytosis than other breeds.76.67 per cent of dogs were bathed in an interval of one week or less and irregularly groomed animals constituted 66.67 per cent of cases. Alopecia, pruritus, scales, papules and patches were the predominant clinical signs observed in dogs withdermatophytosis. Molecular characterization of dermatophyte isolates was carried out by using ITS gene and species was identified by RFLP using restriction enzyme Mva I. Based on the analysis of RFLP pattern, 14 isolates of M. canis, eight isolates of T. rubrum, six isolates of M. gypseum and two isolates of E. floccosum were confirmed. All the 30 dogs with dermatophytosis were grouped into three and topical therapy with shampoo containing two per cent miconazole and two per cent chlorhexidine, shampoo containing four per cent chlorhexidine and lime sulphur dip were used to treat 10 cases each. The efficacy of different treatment was evaluated based on disappearance of lesions and clinical signs, resurgence of hair and negative fungal cultures. All dogs responded to different treatments of dermatophytosis and it was found that once in three days topical application of shampoo containing four per cent chlorhexidine for average 99 days would result in faster clinical and mycological cure
Open Access
ETIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND CLINICO THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON BACTERIAL PATHOGENS CAUSING CANINE OTITIS EXTERNA WITH EMPHASIS ON Pseudomonas spp.
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE, WAYANAD, 2022-09-20) RITA GRACE SACHARIA
Otitis externa is the acute or chronic inflammation of externa ear and dogs are more prone to this disease. The disease occurs due to many factors, bacteria and fungi are only the opportunistic pathogens rather than the primary cause of the disease. A total of 20 dogs that were presented in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Pookode with otitis externa were selected randomly and their epidemiological details viz. age, sex , breed, body weight, skin condition and management practices were recorded. Ear swabs were collected and subjected to cultural and biochemical identification. Whole blood was collected for determining haematological parameters. Genomic DNA isolation was done for samples positive for Pseudomonas spp. after cultural and biochemical identification, and were subjected to PCR for genus specific confirmation of Pseudomonas. Detection of virulence genes viz. Las A, Las B, Lec A, Lec B and Apr was conducted on samples identified as Pseudomonas at genus level. Clinical trial was conducted on 12 randomlyselected dogs with otitis externa. The animals were separated into two groups, one treated with antibiotics alone and the second group with a combination of antibiotic and a biofilm cleaving agent that is Tris EDTA as topical application. Present study revealed that 45 per cent of the bacterial isolates from canine otitis externa cases belonged to Pseudomonas spp., 40 per cent Staphylococcus spp. and 15 per cent Streptococcus spp. on cultural and biochemical identification. All the Pseudomonas isolates were further confirmed by PCR. Among them identification of virulence genes revealed presence of Las B and Apr gene in all the isolates and 55.56 per cent of the isolates were positive for Lec B gene. Haematological parameters showed marked leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopaenia in affected animals. Though there were no statistically significant improvement between both the groups in clinical trial, it was noticed that animals treated with combination of antibiotic and biofilm cleaving agent had more numbers of complete recovery. Acad. Form No.

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