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20187
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Subject: Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2018 ×
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Now showing 1 - 7 of 7
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON BOVINE THEILERIOSIS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) JACKSON BENNY; P.V. Tresamol
    Bovine theileriosis is an economically important tick-borne protozoan disease that affects cattle all over the world. The present study titled “Clinico-therapeutic studies on bovine theileriosis” envisages diagnosis and treatment of oriental theileriosis in dairy cattle. Microscopical examination of stained blood smears from 187 animals revealed Theileria spp. piroplasms in 61 cases, inclusions suggestive of A. marginale in 18 cases, concurrent infection of theileria and anaplasma in 32 cases and piroplasms of Babesia bigemina in one animal. Blood smears from positive cases were later confirmed by Acridine orange staining. Genus specific PCR for Theileria spp. yielded positive results in 58 clinical cases and 37 in-contact animals. Out of 58 positive cases, 50 were confirmed as T. orientalis using species specific PCR. Among the in-contact animals, all 37 positive cases were positive for T. orientalis. None of the samples from 58 clinical cases and 37 in-contact animals yielded positive results of T. annulata. Major clinical signs observed were anaemia, pyrexia, lymph node enlargement, lethargy and drop in milk production. Haemato-biochemical analysis revealed anaemia with low Hb, PCV and TEC and hyperproteinaemia with hyperglobulinaemia in the affected animals. Treatment with single dose of buparvaquone @ 2.5 mg/kg BW intramuscularly was found to be more effective than two doses of long acting oxytetracycline @ 20 mg/kg BW intramuscularly 48 hours apart.
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    VIRULENCE GENE PROFILING OF Escherichia coli FROM BOVINE MASTITIS AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF COLIFORM MASTITIS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) M.REVATHI; S. Sulficar
    Coliforms are the major etiological agents of bovine mastitis which is an economically devastating disease causing substantial loss to the dairy farmers through reduction in the milk production. The present study was conducted to detect the virulence genes of E. coli by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), to study the therapeutic efficacy of various antibiotics in E. coli mastitis and to identify the risk factors associated with coliform mastitis. Epidemiological investigations revealed that affected cows were in younger age and early stage of lactation having average milk yield. Absence of hygienic practices for clean milk production such as teat dipping resulted in poor udder hygiene which led to the occurrence of coliform mastitis. The affected animals had elevated temperature with varying degree of udder oedema and pale yellow coloured milk. In the present study, out of 168 animals affected with clinical mastitis, 123 bacterial isolates could be isolated of which 26 constituted coliforms such as Escherichia coli (14), Klebsiella spp. (10), Enterobacter spp. (1) and Citrobacter spp. (1) with the prevalence of 21.13 per cent and the remaining were Gram positive isolates. In vitro antibacterial sensitivity test of coliform isolates revealed that ceftizoxime was the most sensitive drug. Treatment of affected cases was done with sensitive antibiotics according to the antibiogram, fluid therapy, flunixin meglumine and trisodium citrate were administered based on the resolution of clinical signs. After treatment, clinical recovery with increase in milk yield was noticed in all the cases but for the resolution of udder oedema. Haematological analysis prior and after treatment revealed significant increase in total blood count and reduction in leukocyte counts. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to identify the virulence genes of E.coli viz., traT, stx 1, stx 2, eaeA and aerobactin (iucD) which revealed that among 14 isolates, two were positive for traT gene, two were positive for aerobactin gene and one was positive for stx 2 gene. Thus, the present study revealed the presence of virulence genes among E.coli isolates causing bovine mastitis.
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    OCCURRENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus IN PIGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) SILPA RAJ. S; Justin Davis. K
    Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been detected from pigs in many parts of the world and is having great potential to act as a human pathogen. Exposure to livestock is considered as a major risk factor for human colonization with MRSA. This study was conducted to evaluate the occurrence and molecular characteristics of MRSA among healthy pigs. Nasal swabs (n=119) were derived from four pig farms in Thrissur district and Staphylococci were enumerated from the swabs by conventional culture methods. The prevalence of S. aureus was 42.86 per cent by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). S. aureus isolates were characterized by Staphylococcal Protein A (spa) typing and all the isolates belonged to six spa types with t091 (20%) being the predominant spa type. Eleven new spa types were also identified in the study. Methicillin resistance in S. aureus isolates were identified genotypically by molecular characterization of mecA gene and the prevalence was 5.89 per cent. The beta-lactam resistance gene, blaZ was detected in 62.75 per cent isolates. Antibiogram studies of all the S. aureus isolates revealed that maximum resistance was shown to gentamicin (76.47%) followed by azithromycin (74.77%), and ciprofloxacin (70.59%). Phenotypic methicillin resistance, as indicated by the resistance to oxacillin, was identified in 29.41 per cent of the isolates. The high Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) indices obtained in the study indicated a remarkable spread of resistance among the isolates due to frequent exposure to the antibiotics. This study confirmed the occurrence of nasal colonization of MRSA among healthy pigs which is a major threat to public health and should be viewed seriously.
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    ETIOPATHOLOGICAL PROFILING AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF NEONATAL CALF DIARRHOEA
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) AMRUTHA V S; K. Vinodkumar
    Neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) is an economically important disease in dairy sector all over the world. Both infectious and non-infectious etiologies are reported for the disease. Major infectious etiological agents include rotavirus, coronavirus, E. coli and Cryptosporidium parvum. Present study was conducted to identify the associated risk factors, etiological agents responsible and the haemato-biochemical changes in NCD among calves reared in and around Thrissur district. Fifty diarrhoeic and twenty normal neonatal calves formed the study group. Among 50 diarrhoeic faecal samples, five were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. under acid fast staining and 19 were positive under genus specific nested PCR. Positive samples were identified as C. bovis by molecular methods. Virulence factors of pathogenic E. coli were targeted using specific primers against K99, F41, STa, intimin, Stx1 and Stx2 genes. Fifteen samples were found to possess genes for intimin, Stx1 and Stx2 together or alone as virulence factors and suggestive of the presence of EHEC/ STEC. A multi-purpose commercial sandwich antigen ELISA gave positive result for rota virus in a single sample and negative results for corona, Cryptosporidium parvum and E. coli K99 in all. Microscopic examination of faecal sample by concentration method detected the presence of ova of Strongyloid, Toxocara and unidentified nematode larvae in one sample each. Haemato-biochemical values of diarrhoeic animals when compared with normal, showed significant difference in WBC, lymphocyte count, monocyte count, serum albumin level and serum globulin levels. Since commonest pathogens found in this study are C. bovis, EAEC and EHEC in NCD, therapeutic management should aim at removal of these pathogens and correction of associated haemato- biochemical changes. Feeding of more quantities of colostrum should also be recommended.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PROFILING AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL PYODERMA IN DOGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2018) PARVATHY G NAIR; Deepa P M
    The present study was conducted to understand the epidemiology of canine pyoderma, etiological agents involved, and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns by in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity tests, detection of antimicrobial resistance genes and also comparison of therapeutic efficacy of CefpodoximeClavulanic acid combination and Cefovecin in treatment of staphylococcal pyoderma in dogs. Epidemiological investigation revealed highest incidence of Staphylococcal pyoderma in male Labrador Retriever of 1- 3 yrs of age group. Both generalized and localized lesions were observed. Majority of the animals brought with the complaint of alopecia (94.37 per cent). Clinical samples of 71 cases of canine pyoderma were subjected for culture examination and antibiogram studies both phenotyically and genotypically. Staphylococcus spp. was identified as the commonest organism (84.51 per cent). Among the 60 Staphylococcus spp., 53.33 per cent were identified as S. epidermidis followed by S. pseudintermedius (16.67 per cent), S. lugdenensis (13.33 per cent), S. hyicus (5 per cent), S. schleiferi (5 per cent), S. aureus (3.33 per cent) and S. delphini(3.33 per cent). On antibiogram analysis of the isolates majority showed multidrug resistance. Penicillin resistant staphylococci were confirmed the most (62 per cent) in the study followed by tetracycline resistance (50 per cent), fluoroquinolone resistance (35 per cent) and Macrolide resistance (20 per cent). Both genotypic and disk diffusion method of resistance patterns were comparable. All the isolates were sensitive to cefovecin. Efficacy in treatment of both the groups with Cefpodoxime-Clavulanic acid combination and Cefovecin gave comparable response but the dogs treated with cefovecin gave better result than other.
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    TOXIN GENE PROFILING AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN CAPRINE MASTITIS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2018) MUKESHA KINI M A; SMITHA J P
    Goats are one of the most important livestock animals because of the high profitable margin and low investment which makes them suitable for small and marginal farmers. Loss of production of milk leads to undernourishment of kids and subsequently death. Hence it is important to control mastitis in goats. The present study was designed to know the etiology, occurrence of mastitis and the sensitivity pattern of the pathogens in Wayanad district. The study mainly concentrated on Staphylococcus species and that too S. aureus. A total of 45 milk samples were collected from goats suffering from clinical mastitis. The milk was subjected to culture and sensitivity tests. Out of the 45 isolates, S. aureus was the most predominant organism (33.3%) followed by coagulase negative staphylococcus (28.8%), E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas (8.8% each), Streptococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., (4.4% each) and S. intermedius (2.2%). The most sensitive antibiotic in vitro showed ceftriaxone-tazobactam as the most sensitive antibiotic (97.8%) followed by cefoperazone sulbactam (86.3%), cefoperazone (74%), tetracycline, enrofloxacin (60% each) and amoxycillin (57%). The goats suffering from staphylococcal mastitis were considered for the treatment trial. The test subjects were divided into three groups. The first group was treated with amoxycillinsulbactam, the second group with cefoperazone-sulbactam and the third with enrofloxacin. All the goats were treated for five days and in addition to antibiotics supportive therapy was given. The clinical cure and was assessed after five days. Molecular detection of virulence factor of S. aureus, namely staphylococcal enterotoxin (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED), Exfoliative toxin A (ETA), Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST1), Staphylococcal protein A and accessory gene regulator 1 (AGR1) was done. Most of the S. aureus carried SPA (86.6%), only 40% carried AGR1 and SEA and SEB were detected in 13.3 per cent of isolates each. Rest of the toxins were not detected in any of the isolates.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL EVALUATION OF CANINE LEPTOSPIROSIS IN WAYANAD DISTRICT
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2018) AMRUTHA C N; Bipin K C
    The present study was designed for the identification of serovars associated with canine leptospirosis in Wayanad district by serological and molecular methods and to study various clinico-pathological changes associated with the disease. Thirty-five dogs presented at University hospitals of Wayanad district with clinical manifestations suggestive of leptospirosis formed materials for the study. All the animals were screened for infection by dark filed microscopy, MAT and PCR. None on the animals were diagnosed positive by DFM examination of plasma or urine. On MAT, fourteen samples (40 per cent) were positive for antibodies against Leptospira organisms. But PCR could detect leptospiral DNA in only four blood samples. Pyrogens (35.71 per cent) was the predominating serovar in Wayanad District, followed by Javanica and Icterohaemorragiae (21.42 per cent each), Australis, Bataviae, Grippotyphosa and Tarasovi (12.28 per cent each) and Canicola (7.14 per cent). Pyrexia was the predominating clinical sign in affected animals. Other signs include anorexia, vomiting, jaundice, haematuria and melena. Males and middle aged dogs of two to three years were mostly affected. Working and sporting breeds like Labrador Retrievers and Rottweilers were mostly affected. Positive dogs revealed a significant increase in total leukocyte count, differential granulocyte count and decrease in lymphocyte and monocyte count. Anaemia and thrombocytopenia was evident in more than fifty per cent of the positive cases. Azotemia was evident by significant increase in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Increase in serum ALT indicated hepatic cellular damage. Positive animals showed increase in serum total protein, globulin, A:G ratio and total bilirubin. Proteinuria was observed in 57.14 per cent and haematuria in 37.71 per cent of positive cases. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed renomegaly, loss of cortico-medullary differentiation, hyper echoic changes of liver parenchyma and splenomegaly. On post-mortem examination, icterus was noticed on gingiva, sclera and subcutaneous tissues. Petechial haemorrhages were noticed on liver, lungs, kidney, mucosal surface of gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder. Histopathological examination revealed interstitial nephritis with mononuclear cell infiltration, tubular degeneration and necrosis of kidneys, centrilobular necrosis, minimal perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration, necrosis of hepatocytes, sinusoidal dilation and congestion of liver tissues and pulmonary congestion and interstitial pneumonia in lung