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ThesisItem Open Access MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF MIMOSINE IN GOATS(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 1995) P. PRABAHARAN; P. A. DEVASIAAn investigation was carried out to find out the extent of in vitro microbial degradation of pure mimosine (Tl) and that of immature leaves (T2), mature leaves {T3), tender stems (T4) and seeds (T5) of leucocephala using strained rumen liquor obtained from three rumen fistulated Saanen-Malabari crossbred goats maintained under standard conditions of feeding and management. The proximate chemical composition and mimosine content of different edible parts of leucaena during the months of May, June and July were determined. While immature leaves and seeds had higher crude protein content,seeds had higher crude fat, tender stems had higher crude fibre and mature leaves had higher ash content compared to other edible parts of subabul. The average mimosine concentrations of T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 12.11±0.05, 4.89±0.02, 3.90±0.04 and 10.70±0.08 per cent respectively during May; 11.66±0.06, 5.23±0.03, 3.62±0.03 and 10.44±0.05 per cent respectively during June and 9.96±0.05, 4.92±0.03, 3.73±0.02 and 9.51±0.04 per cent respectively during July on a dry matter basis. The average mimosine concentrations of strained goat rumen liquor incubated with 37.50 mg/100 ml of added mimosine in pure form or as immature leaves, mature leaves, tender stems and seeds showed significant reduction at every 12 hr intervals from 0 to 48 hr of incubation, the final average concentrations being 23.98 ±0.37, 23.14±0.37, 22.20±0.28, 23.12±0.52, 23.35±0.37 mg/100 ml of SRL. The percentages of in vitro degradation in respect of Tl, T2, T3, T4 and T5 increased significantly at every 12 hr intervals of incubation from 0 to 48 hr, even though the degradation was incomplete with all treatments, the average percentage degradation at 48 hr of incubation being 31.69±1.02, 34.49±1.18, 37.12±0.99, 34.54±1.50 and 33.41+1.03 respectively. The overall average rate of disappearance of mimosine in |ig.ml~^.h~^ in respect of Tl, T2, T3, T4 and T5 for the entire period of 48 hr of incubation were 2.33, 2.54, 2.74, 2.54 and 2.44 respectively with highest rates during 0 to 12 hr, lower rates during 24 to 36 hr and least rates during 36 to 48 hr. The production of ammonia and VFA coincided with the active degradation of mimosine, there being faster degradation upto 12 hr of incubation with highest concentrations of ammonia and VFA at 12 hr of incubation. The overall results indicated that the rumen microorganisms of crossbred goats degrade mimosine to DPH, ammonia and VFA and that mimosine does not inhibit the microbial activity, even though the possible role of leucaena endogenous enzymes in the partial degradation of mimosine recorded in the present study cannot be ruled out.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF BYPASS PROTEIN ON YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF COMPOSITION OF MILK IN CROSSBRED COWS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1995) V.H. KALBANDE; C.T. ThomasExperiments were carried out to evaluate common feeds and fodders based on their rumen degradability rates and to assess the effect of varying bypass protein levels in concentrate mixtures on rumen fermentatio profile and yield and composition of milk in Jersey crossbred cows.ThesisItem Open Access OPTIMUM ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF BROILER RABBITS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1995) p. GANGA DEVI; C.S. JAMESA detailed investigation involving two series of growth studies spread over a period of 24 weeks in Soviet Chinchilla and Cross Bred rabbits was carried out to establish the optimum energy and protein requirements for growth and to ascertain the optimum age for economic slaughter. One hundred and eight weanling Soviet Chinchilla and 108 weanling cross bred (SC X NZW) rabbits formed the experimental subjects. Rabbits of each breed were divided into nine identical groups and maintained factorially on three levels of crude protein (CP) viz., 12, 16 and 20 per cent and digestible energy viz., 2000, 2500 and 3000 kcal/kg for over a period of 168 days involving metabolism and slaughter studies during 8th, 16th and 24th week of experiment and production traits along with associated characters were studied and the salient results are presented. Rabbits maintained on different energy protein combinations showed significant difference in growth rate (P <0.01). Both dietary energy and crude protein were found to influence the average daily gain. The highest rate of gain was achieved in animals maintained on ration containing comparatively higher DE and CP while lowest rate of gain was noticed in animals maintained on low energy, low protein diet. On further scrutiny of the data, an appreciably better and identical gro\A4h response was observed in animals maintained on ration containing 3000 kcal DE/kg with 16 per cent CP and ration containing 2500 kcal DE/kg with 20 per cent CP in both pure bred and cross bred rabbits. It is also noticed that for maximum growth rate a ration containing 2500 kcal. DE/kg need be sufficient as further increase in DE have not evinced any better response on ADG, which supports the view that for optimum biological response, a ration containing 2500 kcal DE/kg is sufficient for both pure bred and cross bred rabbits. As between the periods it was observed that the animals attained maximum 11 ADG during the first 56 days of experiment and there after ADG gradually declines irrespective of the level of CP or DE in the ration. Both dietary energy and crude protein significantly influenced (P <0.01) the feed conversion efficiency of animals. Highest efficiency of feed conversion was noticed in rabbits maintained on Ration D containing 2500 kcal DE/kg and 20 per cent CP the values being 9.27 in SC and 8.85 in CB rabbits and further increase in DE from 2500 kcal/kg to the extent of 3000 kcal/kg did not contribute better feed efficiency. Data on feed efficiency further revealed that maximum efficiency was observed during the first eight weeks after weaning and there after there is a linear reduction in feed efficiency as the age advances, in all the nine dietary treatments. With regard to cost of production the maximum biological and economical efficiency could be observed in animals maintained on ration containing 2500 kcal DE/kg with 20 per cent CP and when the cost of production was evaluated in between the periods viz., 0 to 56 days, 56 to 112 days and 112 to 168 days, the cost efficiency is seen maximum during 0 to 56 days of experiment. Dry matter intake on percentage of body weight was found decreasing on increasing the dietary energy level. Haematological values were with in the normal range and were not significantly influenced by the dietary energy and protein levels. Digestibility of nutrients and percentage retention of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were significantly influenced by the dietary treatments with an increasing trend on increasing the dietary energy and protein level. From the metabolism studies carried out during 8th, 16th and 24th week of experiment, the percentage retention of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were found reduced on advancing the age of animals. Slaughter studies conducted at 8th, 16th and 24th week of experiment reveaJed that dressing percentage is directly proportional to the pre-slaughter weight of the Ill animals, ligher dressing percentage is recorded in animals having higher body weight and vice-vrsa. Carcass yield were higher at 16th and 24th week of experiment than that at eiglh week of experiment. Rerding the chemical composition of meat, the moisture and crude protein content otiry matter basis decreased on advancement of age, without any significant influence dietary treatments, while the fat content progressively increased with increase ige and dietary energy content. Total ash content (dry basis) decreased with increiin age and dietary DE levels. An increase in liver protein percentage was observed i increase in dietary protein level. As the dietary energy level increased, liver fat cent showed an increasing trend. Iodine number of the abdominal fat was not foundifluenced by the dietary energy-protein levels and age of the animal. Saponifican value also was not influenced by the dietary CP and age of the animal. Abnce of appreciable quantities of abdominal fat during the 8th week indicates 6t for the production of lean meat, animals can be slaughtered during 8th week aften/eaning. Evaiation of the data on slaughter studies indicate that broiler rabbits when slaughtere( during 8 to 16 weeks after weaning yielded maximum profit, the profit accrued isseen inversely proportional to the increase in age of the animals with maximum pofit obtained from slaughter during 8th week after weaning. Frori a critical evaluation of the data gathered during the present investigation it can be reaonably concluded that broiler rabbits require a dietary level of 20 per cent crude protei and 2500 kcal DE/kg feed for evincing optimum growth and slaughtering rabbits durig 8th week after weaning is ideal for maximum profit.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF FEED ENZYMES ON NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1995) SATYAMOOBTHY, B.; Maggie Menachery, . D.; SATYAMOOBTHY, B.The influence of feed enzymes, viz., cellulase or protease supplemented at levels of 0.06 or 0.02 per cent respectively, on nutrient availability and on production performance was evaluated in a standard and a less dense layer ration using one hundred IWN strain of Single Comb White Leghorn pullets of 20 weeks of age for an experimental period of 20 weeks. A standard layer ration was formulated as per BIS, 1993. with 18 per cent crude protein and 2600 kcal of ME per kg of feed and a less dense layer ration with 16 per cent crude protein and 2500 kcal of ME per kg of feed. A few feed ingredients such as jowar, deoiled rice bran, wheat bran and undecorticated sunflower cake were included in both rations. A numerical improvement was noticed in percentage hen-housed and hen-day egg production in enzyme treated groups, however, the increase in egg number was not statistically significant. Egg weight and egg quality characteristics such as yolk and albumen indexes, Haugh unit scores and shell thickness were not afifected by enzyme treatment. A positive influence of the enzymes on feed intake by birds was observed in as much as the feed intake with less dense ration supplemented with enzymes was not different statistically from those with the control ration. There was positive enzyme effect on feed per egg in treatment groups on standard layer ration with both enzymes and in less dense ration with protease. Feed efficiency for egg production (egg number) was significantly higher in birds fed standard layer ration with cellulase and protease than those on other treatments (P<0.05). There was improvement in digestibility of crude protein and utilisation of energy, even though the differences noted were not significant statistically. The enzyme treatment of rations reduced moisture content of excreta. The microbial load on the surface of eggs was comparatively low in enzyme treated groups. The intestinal viscosity was reduced with enzyme addition in feed mixtures. The cost-benefit analysis indicated that but for the prohibitive enzyme cost, the feed enzymes were nutritionally beneficial. Based on the present investigation it is concluded that there is tremendous scope for enzymes in feed industry, especially at the present context of feed shortages and the emphasis for the utilisation of alternative feed resources in poultry rations.ThesisItem Open Access EFFICACY OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE AND HORSE GRAM (Dolichos biftorus) EXTRACT ON THE AMELIORATION OF UROLITHIASIS IN GOATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1998) SENTHILKUMAR., R. P.; James, C.S.; SENTHILKUMAR., R. P.The efficacy of ammonium chloride and horse gram (Dolichos biflorus) • extract on the amelioration of urolithiasis in goats ware evaluated by using 18 male Malabari goats of 9 to 12 months old, maintained for an experimental period of 84 days. Goats were divided into three groups (I, II and III) of six animals each and were fed individually at maintenance level with high magnesium basal calculogenic ration containing 1.194 per cent calcium, 0.578 per cent phosphorus, 1.202 per cent magnesium (ration A) alone, fortified with ammonium chloride at the rate of one per cent in the ration (ration B) or with supplemented horse gram extract at the rate of one litre per animal per day (ration C) respectively. Grass and concentrate were fed at 1:4 ratio and drinking water provided ad libltuw throughout the experiment. Body weight gain, dry matter intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency were not significantly altered by the dietary treatments, but goats fed on supplemental ammonium chloride (group II) had a trend towards better weight gain, feed and protein efficiency. No significant difference observed among the three groups with regard to TEC, TLC, haemoglobin, and plasma protein. Elevated dietary magnesium in the diet (ration A) caused significant decrease in serum ii calcium (P<0.01), significant increase in serum phosphorus and magnesium (P<0.01). There were increased excretion of urine calcium (P<0.05), significant increase in urine phosphorus and magnesium (P<0.01) in group I, when compared to groups II and III. Supplemental ammonium chloride and horse gram extract caused significant rise in serum calcium, significant reduction in serum phosphorus and magnesium and significant reduction in urine calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, whereas horse gram extract was less effective than ammonium chloride in this regard. Both the dietary treatments had no significant influence on urinary nitrogen excretion and digestibility of dietary calcium, phosphorus magnesium and nitrogen. Supplemental ammonium chloride caused significant increase in per cent retention of calcium (P<0.01), and phosphorus (P<0.05) but supplemental horse gram extract had only a tendency to increase per cent retention of calcium and phosphorus. Both the dietary treatment had no influence on nitrogen retention and supported nitrogen retention during the progress of experiment. Magnesium retention has increased drastically due to high dietary supplementation of magnesium in all the three groups and neither supplemental ammonium chloride nor horse gram extract had any significant influence on per cent retention of magnesium. Clinical signs of obstructive urolithiasis were not observed in any of the goats maintained on three experimental groups. Goats in group I iii exhibited severe crystalluria, had numerous visible sand like rudimentary calculi in the kidney and had severe gross and histopathological changes. Goats fed with supplemental ammonium chloride showed reduction in urine pH, increased urine volume had not found to have any calculus material in the kidney and had mild gross and histological changes in the kidney and bladder. Goats fed on supplemental horse gram extract showed reduction in intensity of crystalluria, had few calculi materials in the kidney with gross and histological changes in the kidney and bladder comparable to group I. On chemical analysis, the calculi were found to contain magnesium, phosphate and ammonia. The present investigation conclude that supplementation of ammonium chloride prevented the calculi formation possibly due to increased excretion of chloride ions in the urine. Supplemental horse gram extract had not prevented calculi formation when fed along with high magnesium calculogenic ration in goats whereas, had a tendency to prevent the incidence of urinary calculi perhaps due to its diuretic effect.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DRIED SPLEEN AS GROWTH STIMULATOR IN KID RATIONS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1994) SHYAMA, K.; James, C.J; SHYAMA, K.An investigation was carried out to assess the effect of dried spleen as a growth promotant in kid rations. Twenty four female Kalahari kids with an average body weight of 8.5 kg were distributed randomly and as uniformly as possible into four groups (groups I, II, III and IV) of six animals each, with regard to age and weight. The four dietary treatments A, B, C and D were alloted to the kids in the groups I, II, III and IV respectively, ration A with a concentrate mixture containing 16 per cent crude protein supplemented with dried buffalo spleen at the rate of 0.1 per cent, ration B forming the control diet at 16 per cent protein level without incorporation of spleen, ration C with a concentrate mixture containing 12 per cent crude protein supplemented with dried buffalo spleen at the rate of 0.1 per cent, ration D forming the control diet at 12 per cent protein level. Jack leaves formed the sole source of roughage to the animals. The experimental duration was 120 days. 11 The results indicated that incorporation of dried spleen in the ration enhanced the growth performance of animals, especially in animals maintained on low level of protein , as evidenced by the cumulative and average daily weight gain registered in that descending order being 7.52 kg and 62.64 g, 7.4 kg and 61.67 g, 6.88 kg and 57.36 g and 5.00 kg and 41.67 g for the animals maintained on rations C, A, B and D respectively. The efficiency of feed and protein utilisation also exhibited the same trend. It was also noticed that, a cost of production per kilogram gain of Rs. 32.58 and 26.14 were registered for animals maintained on spleen incorporated rations (rations A and C) as against Rs. 35.08 and 38.63 respectively for the animals maintained on corresponding control groups (ration B and D) indicating a better cost efficiency in spleen incorporated groups, especially in animals maintained on low level of crude protein in the ration. The haematological studies reveal that R.B.C., W.B.C., haemoglobin, plasma protein, plasma calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were within the normal range prescribed for the species. The animals maintained on ration C showed a significant increase (P<0.01) in plasma calcium level when compared to that of the control. Digestibility studies reveal no significant difference in digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen Ill free extract between the four groups. Animals maintained on the spleen incorporated rations (groups I and III) showed better digestibility (P<0.01) of crude protein and ether extract than the respective control groups (groups II and IV). Incorporation of dried spleen could not bringforth any influence on fibre digestion. The results of the balance experiment showed better retention of nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the animals maintained on spleen incorporated diets. The higher retention of these parameters could be substantiated by the comparatively lower faecal and urinary excretion of these, in animals maintained on spleen incorporated rations (rations A and C). An over all assessment of the results, indicated that incorporation of dried buffalo spleen in the ration of goats, at the rate of 0.1 per cent, certainly augment the nutrient utilisation by increasing the digestibility and retention, and can be recommended as a harmless natural growth promotant with economic benefit.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FISH MEAL ON GROWTH AND FEED CONVERSION EFFICIENCY IN CROSSBRED CALVES(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1995) SUBRAMANIAN, R.; Ramachandran, P.; SUBRAMANIAN, R.An investigation spread over a period of 126 days was carried out to assess the effect of fish meal in concentrate mixtures of calves for growth. Eighteen crossbred calves of 5-7 months of age and about 70 kg mean initial body weight, divided into three identical groups formed the experimental subjects. The calves in groups I, II and III were maintained on concentrate mixtures containing 0 (diet A) , 5 (diet B) and 10 (diet C) per cent respectively of fish meal along with grass hay fed ^ libitum as the sole roughage. Data on body weight and body measurements, feed conversion efficiency, digestibility of nutrients, haematological values and economics of feeding of the calves were the criteria employed for the evaluation. The intake of DM, CP, DCP and TDN (g/kg metabolic body weight) were not significantly different among the animals in three groups. The digestibility coefficients of crude protein and ether extract were significantly higher in animals of group I than in those of groups II and III. The average daily gain in body weight were 487, 500 and 554 g respectively for the animals in groups I, II and III respectively and the increase in growth response was linearly and positively correlated to the level of fish meal in the diet. Although, body measurements did not reveal any significant difference among the groups, the slightly higher values obtained in group III indicated that calves fed diet Ccontaining 10 per cent fish meal had higher skeletal and muscle growth than those fed diets A and B. Highest feed and protein conversion efficiency were shown by calves of group III fed fish meal at 10 per cent level in the diet followed by those in group II and I. Diet C containing 10 per cent fish meal in the concentrate mixture was proved to be most cost effective. Though the haematological parameters did not reveal any significant difference among the groups, the slightly higher value for plasma protein obtained for animals in group III indicated the relatively better nutritional status of animals maintained on diet C over the animals on diet A and B. An overall critical assessment of the results clearly indicated that fish meal can be included in calf ration at 10 per cent level in partial replacement of vegetable protein supplements like groundnut oil cake, with beneficial results in terms of biological and economic efficiency.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF TANNINS IN COMMONLY FED FODDERS ON NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY IN GOATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE,MANNUTHY, 1994) ALLY, K; Kunjikutty, NThe effect of nature and level of tannins in tree leaves on nutrient utilisation in animals was investigated using six adult non producing Saanen x Malabari female goats. Four commonly fed tree leaves viz., subabul, jack, venga and banana leaves selected on the basis of their tannin contents as well as the palatability and local availability were used for the feeding experiments. The experimental animals were maintained on the respective fodders as the sole feed, each for a period of about one month under identical managemental conditions. A digestion cum metabolism trial was carried out at the end of each feeding experiment. The data on body weight, average dry matter intake, digestibility coefficients of nutrients, balance of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus and haematological values gathered during the experimental period were taken as the criteria for evaluating the effect of tannins on nutrient availability in goats. The total tannin content in the different tree leaves studied ranged from 2.6 to 7.8 percent, with condensed tannins predominating in majority of the fodders. The average dry matter consumption (g/ kg metabolic live weight) of goats when fed jack and subabul leaves with 4.0 percent and 5.5 percent total tannins respectively on dry matter basis were higher than when fed venga and banana leaves with 4.7 and 3.7 percent respectively of the same. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract and nitrogen free extract in banana leaves with the lowest level of total and condensed tannins (3.7 percent and 1.6 percent respectively) were higher than in jac^:, subabul and venga leaves, the differences between the various leaves in this regard being not statistically significant, excepting for nitrogen free extract. Though all the experimental animals maintained positive balances for nitrogen, the average nitrogen balance (g per day) was higher in goats fed jack leaves when compared to those given subabul, venga and banana leaves as the sole feed. The animals fed all the four fodders maintained positive balances for calcium, the balance in goats fed subabul being significantly higjier than those given the other fodders. Though a negative phosphorus balance was recorded in goats fed subabul and venga leaves, the animals on jack and j banana leaves as the sole fodder maintained positive balances for phosphorus. The haematological constituents Viz., haemoglobin, plasma protein, calcium and phosphorus in goats fed the four fodders were all well within the normal ranges for the species. A critical assessment of the overall results obtained during the course of the present study indicates that even a level of upto 5.5 percent of total tannins and 3.4 percent of condensed tannins in tree leaves does not appear to exert any deleterious effect on feed consumption and nutrient utilisation in goats.