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Open Access
Economic analysis of production and marketing of baby corn in sonipat district of Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2018) Sonu Ram; Parminder Singh
The present study was undergone to analyze the cost and returns, marketing cost, margin, price spread and constraints in production and marketing of baby corn in Sonipat district of Haryana. To derive the inferences of the study, the primary data were collected from 60 farmers i.e. 30farmers each from two villages i.e. Rajpura and Aterna which acted as ultimate unit of the sample. The required data on various aspects on production and marketing of baby corn were collected from 60 farmers and 10 market intermediaries. In baby corn production, the major components in total cost of cultivation was rental value of land, harvesting, weeding and fertilizer use. Net return per hectare was found to be ` 146012.50 in Sonipat district. Benefit cost ratio was 2.28, in which large farmers recorded significant cost benefit ratio. In the study of Baby corn, the following two marketing channels were found i.e. Producer → Processing mill, and Producer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer. The channel-I was found to be more efficient, receiving highest share in the crops. There is a need to improve the marketing infrastructural facilities from time to time and ensure effectiveness of marketing channels. The main production constraints noticed were high cost of seeds & non availability of quality seeds in time (80%), relatively high harvesting cost (60%),lack of awareness about value addition at farmers level (35%) and sub optimal input use (33.00%). The main marketing constraints observed from the analysis of the study that are delay in sale of produce (63.00%), no open auction sale of produce facility (58.00 ), arbitrary rate fixation of baby corn by commission agents ( 55%), forced money lending by commission agents on high interest rate ( 48%), unauthorised marketing charges by commission agents( 46%), lack of interest and awareness of farmer in marketing of baby corn( 36 %) and low selling price during the months May-August ( 30% ) were the major constraints in the marketing of baby corn.
Open Access
Market Integration and price volatility of cotton in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2018) Mahesh V.; Grover, R.K.
The present study aimed to study the price movement of cotton i.e. growth, trend, seasonal variation, volatility and co-integration among the selected cotton markets in Haryana. The monthly data on prices and arrivals of cotton were collected for the period from 2005-06 to 2016-17. Moving average method was used to estimate seasonal indices. The advanced econometric tools like ADF test, Johansen co-integration test and Granger Causality test were used to study market integration. Coefficient of Variation measure was employed to assess price volatility. The results shown the considerable increase in cotton prices in the selected markets, whereas arrivals growth and trend found positive but non-significant in all markets except Uklana and Fatehabad markets having negative growth due to shift in cropping pattern. Seasonal analysis resulted that the cotton arrivals in the selected markets were higher in the months of October to January (Peak period) and lower in the months of February to May (Lean period). The inverse relationship was found between price and arrivals of cotton in the selected markets with few exceptions. The price series of all selected markets showed the consequences of unit root and were stationary at first difference. The long run equilibrium relationship among the selected markets indicated that these were integrated with each other. This implies that prices in domestic markets of Haryana move together in response to changes in the demand and supply and other economic variables. The intra year prices in selected cotton markets during the study period remained almost stable with less than 10 per cent of variation, whereas for overall period Coefficient of Variation ranged from 28.50 to 30.88 per cent in the selected cotton markets indicating presence of not much higher volatility in the study period. The increased volatility can be addressed through stock management and by employing risk management strategies like crop insurance, future markets etc.
Open Access
Role of Haryana state in food security of India
(CCSHAU, 2018) Neelam Kumari; Mehta, V.P.
The present investigation aimed to study the role of Haryana state in food security of India. The research work has been entirely carried out with the secondary data for the period 1995-96 to 2015-16. The time series secondary data regarding area, production, productivity, etc. for the selected crops were collected from various published sources and electronic media both for India and Haryana state. To study the food security in India, secondary data on such as net availability of cereals and pulses, per capita availability of foodgrains and decadal population were collected for the period 1995 to 2015 from the Statistical Abstract of India. The production-wise scenario of foodgrains has indicated that, major cereals like rice, wheat and maize showed consistent improvement, but pulses production was not consistent. Rice and wheat production during 1995-96 was 76.98 and 62.10 million tonnes, which increased to 104.41 and 92.29 million tonnes respectively in 2015-16. Productivity of rice, wheat, maize, barley, coarse cereals, total cereals and total foodgrains increased continuously during the entire period. In Haryana, earlier, share of rice in total area under foodgrains was 20.64 per cent which increased to 30.39 per cent in 2015-16. Although, wheat is the traditional crop of the state, its share to the total foodgrains area increased from 49.05per cent in 1995-96 to 57.85 per cent in 2015-16. In 2015-16, 88 per cent of the area under total foodgrains in Haryana was occupied with rice-wheat cropping-system. The procurement of wheat from Haryana state to the central pool was 42.52 per cent during the year 1995-96 which increased to 59.74 percent during the year 2015-16. Haryana contributes about 12 per cent of wheat and around 6 per cent of rice to central pool during the study period. Trend in availability of foodgrains indicate that India was secure in cereals, but not in case of pulses over the study period. For sustainability of food, the availability of food is very important because Haryana is the major state in India which is providing food to a huge population. So, proper attention is needed in availability of food to ensure the future food security in India.
Open Access
Economic analysis of production and marketing of spices in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2018) Sachin Kumar; Gurnam Singh
The present study was undergone to analyze the cost and returns, marketing cost, margin, price spread and constraints in production and marketing of garlic and turmeric in Haryana. To derive the inferences of the study, the primary data were collected from 120 farmers i.e. 60each from Karnal and Yamuna Nagardistricts which acted as ultimate unit of the sample. The required data pertainingto marketing pattern, costs and margin were collected from 40 intermediaries i.e. 20 from each districtand used in the analysis by simple tabular analysis.In case of garlic and turmeric, the major components in total cost of cultivation are rental value of land, harvesting, weeding and fertilizer use. Net return per hectares is`82819.28 and`130635.21 in Karnal (garlic) and Yamuna Nagar (turmeric), respectively. Benefit cost ratio was 1.65and 1.56 in garlic and turmeric respectively, where garlic recorded significant cost benefitratio.In the study of garlic and turmeric, the following three marketing channels in garlic i.e. producer → consumer, producer → retailer → consumer and producer → wholesaler → retailer → consumer and the following four channels in turmeric i.e. producer → consumer, producer → retailer → consumer and producer → processor → retailer → consumer, producer → wholesaler → processor → retailer → consumer were identified. The channel-I was found to be more efficient, receiving highest share in both the crops. There is a need to improve the marketing infrastructural facilities from time to time and ensure effectiveness of marketing channels. The main production constraints noticed were shortage of labour at right time, poor quality of insecticides/pesticides, poor technical knowledge, costly storage facilities, unfavourable weather conditions sub-optimal input use, poor quality weedicides and inadequate inputs availability. The mainmarketing constraints were low price of garlic and turmeric produce, high regulation of market intermediates andlack of extension and marketing services.
Open Access
Economic Analysis of production and marketing of strawberry in Hisar district of Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Kalita, Bidyut; Grover, R.K.
The study on “An Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of Strawberry in Hisar district of Haryana” with the following objectives: (i) To estimate the cost and returns of strawberry production. (ii) To study the marketing cost, margin and marketing channels of strawberry. (iii) To identify the constraints of production and marketing of strawberry. In the present study 60 farmers were selected from which 20 and 40 farmers were selected depending upon the availability of farmers from Satrod and Saharwa villages, respectively. Total numbers of strawberry growers in the study area were approximately 80-85. Thus Sample farmers constituted nearly 80 percent of the total strawberry growers. The study revealed that the growers had to incur overall an average cost of production of ₹ 362592.04 per acre. The total cost of cultivation was highest in case of large category farmers followed by medium and small category. Overall average net return earned by strawberry growers in Hisar district was ₹ 321091.42 per acre. Net returns were highest for small farmers followed by medium and large. B-C ratios for small, medium and large growers were 1.94, 1.82 and 1.70, respectively. Overall B-C ratio was 1.88. The producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee was highest in channel-III (producer to consumer) which accounted for 70.60 per cent of the consumer’s price. Market efficiency worked out in strawberry marketing showed that channel III (Producer→Consumer) was most efficient marketing channel. The constraint analysis revealed that the major constraints faced by the strawberry growers in production were lack of availability of good quality runner followed by high cost of production due to unsuccessful sprouting of runner, lack of availability of labours at reasonable wage rate, lack of finance at reasonable rate of interest, lack of knowledge of recommended practices, attack of pest and diseases, unfavorable climate conditions, no provision of technical support from extension staff, poor quality of land and lack of irrigation facility. Major constraints faced by the producers in marketing of strawberry were lack of demand in Hisar market followed by high cost of packaging material, delayed payment by the wholesaler, lack of minimum support price, lack of storage facility, non-availability of agro processing unit, high fruit perishability, problem of price fluctuation, predominance of commission agent in the marketing system and Lack of proper market information.
Open Access
Performance and prospects of primary agricultural credit societies in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Mohit Kumar; Mehta, V.P.
The study on “Performance and Prospects of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies in Haryana” was done with the following objectives: (1) To analyse the trends and growth of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies. (2) To examine the pattern of credit disbursed by PACS. (3) To assess the extent of overdue and recovery of loans in PACS. The present study was based on both primary and secondary data. For primary data Hisar and Karnal district of Haryana were selected purposively on dry and wet zone basis. Two blocks Hisar-1 and Ghraunda were selected one each from districts Hisar and Karnal respectively on the basis of higher loans disbursed by PACS. From all villages Dhansu and Dabra from Hisar and Arainpur and Alipur Khalsa from Karnal were selected randomly for the study. From one village 30 farmers who have taken loans from PACS were selected and thus making sample sizes of 120 for the study. The secondary data pertaining to the year 2000-01 to 2014-15 were collected from the various issues of statistical abstract of Haryana, various annual reports of NABARD. Data related to cooperatives were collected from published and unpublished sources. The primary data were collected for the year 2014-15 regarding various loans taken by the farmers, their over dues and recovery. The overall findings revealed that the number of societies decreased at an annual compound growth rate of 11.93 per cent over the study period. Membership, paid up share capital, deposits and working capital have increased over the study period. Every district showed a negative per cent change as far as number of PACS is concerned. The share of owned fund to total working capital was very small in proportion. The higher credit deposit ratio depicts more loans advanced than deposits. Deposits have increased significantly over the study period in Haryana but share of deposits in working capital was small. Number of PACS in profit decreased while no of PACS in loss increased over the study period. Agricultural loans (short and medium term) constituted more than 90 per cent of total loan advanced over the study period. Consumption loans, loans to rural artisan and loans to petty shopkeeper decreased with a CAGR of 16.54%, 10.27% and 1.19% respectively over the study period. Major portion of total loan advanced was given as short term loans followed by long term. Short term loans outstanding constituted more than 90 per cent of total loans outstanding. Karnal was having more recovery percentage than Hisar for the year 2014-15. Loan recovered and loan outstanding increased with a compound annual growth rate of 8.38% and 5.46% over the study period.
Open Access
Economic analysis of production and marketing of pulses in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Kamal Kumar; Bhatia, J.K.
Pulses on account of their vital role in nutritional security and soil ameliorative properties have been an integral part of sustainable agriculture since ages. The decrease in production and shrinkage in the area of pulse crops in Haryana since inception, as a consequence of green revolution and is a cause of great concern. Therefore, an attempt has been made in the present study to examine the various aspects of pulse production and marketing in Haryana with the following objectives: i) To workout growth in area, production and productivity of pulses, ii) To estimate the costs and returns of pulses iii) To study marketing pattern and price spread through different marketing channels iv) To identify major constraints in the production and marketing of pulses. To derive the inferences of the study, the primary data were collected from 90 farmers i.e. 45 each from Bhiwani and Hisar district. The required data pertaining to marketing pattern, costs and margin were collected from various intermediaries and used in the analysis by simple tabular analysis. On the basis of the nature of data, various statistical and economic tools were used for estimation of cost and returns of production, marketing costs and margins. The decade wise compound growth rates of area, production and productivity under pulses in Haryana state for the year 1966-67 to 2015-16 have been calculated. The area and production of total pulses in Haryana declined at a respective compound growth rate of 5.5 and 5.0 per cent per annum while its productivity has shown an increase by 0.5 per cent per annum, during entire study period. Decade wise analysis revealed that negative growth in area and production was more prominent during fifth decade i.e. (9.09%) and (7.97%) respectively. In the production process, average cost of cultivation was found Rs. 13500/acre and Rs. 13700/acre in case of moong and gram production, respectively. Net profit was Rs. 1866/acre from moong while that was Rs. 2131/acre from gram. Net returns showed an increasing trend with the rise in farm size. This established that the large farm was more economical. Benefit-cost ratio was 1.14 and 1.16 in case of moong and gram production, respectively. In the study, the following four marketing channels i.e Producer Commission agent Processor  Wholesaler  Retailer  Consumer, Producer  Village traderProcessor Wholesaler  Retailer  Consumer, Producer Processor Wholesaler  Retailer  Consumer and Producer ProcessorConsumer. It was observed that producer's share in consumer's rupee was highest in channel-IV and marketing cost was highest in channel- II due to more intermediaries. The main production constraints noticed were inadequate knowledge of recommended packages and practices, unfavorable weather condition and non-availability of quality water for irrigation. The main marketing constraints were price fluctuation, small quantity of marketable surplus, non-availability of reliable market information system and involvement of large number of intermediaries in the marketing.
Open Access
Comparative economic analysis of marketing and storage of onion in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Usha; Luhach, V.P.
Present study was conducted in Haryana state. The state was divided into three agro-climatic zones and one district from each agro-climatic zone was selected. Two villages and one market were randomly selected from each selected block (one from each district) and data was collected for the year 2015-16. A sample of 90 farmers and 30 market intermediaries were interviewed using pre-tested schedule designed for the study. Growth in area and production of onion from 2000-01 to 2015-16 was found increasing in zone-I and zone-II but decline trend was observed in zone-III. The average variable cost was highest ₹ 48450 in zone-III followed by ₹ 45401 and ₹ 45343 in zone-I and zone-II, respectively. Zone-III (₹ 101911.28) recorded highest net return over zone-I (₹ 90515.90) and zone-II (₹ 74340.94). Return per rupee of investment was found highest (2.27) in zone-III. Maximum post-harvest losses at the farm level were 22.98, 24.43 and 20.39 kg/qtl followed by wholesaler level (3.41, 3.72 and 3.68 kg/qtl) and retail level (3.40, 3.62 and 3.87 kg/qtl) in zone-I, zone-II and zone-III, respectively. Channel III was found most efficient among all marketing channels but highest disposal of onion produce was reported through channel-I. Profit earned by the onion growers was found increasing upto 6 months of storage period but after 6 months farmers had to incur loss. Farmer obtained profit of ₹ 91.37, ₹ 151.28 and ₹ 243.59 per quintal after 2 months, 4 months and 6 months of storage. High cost of seed (70.00, 93.33 and 83.33 per cent), lack of knowledge about seed/seedling treatment (70.00, 86.66 and 80.00 per cent) and lack of knowledge about proper harvesting time (93.33, 53.33 and 90.00 per cent) were major constraints during onion cultivation. Lack of technical knowledge (80.00, 90.00 and 83.33 per cent), large storage losses (76.66, 86.66 and 66.66 per cent) and lack of storage facilities (63.33, 43.33 and 63.33 per cent) were major constraints in zone-I, zone-II and zone-III, respectively due to which farmers was not inclined towards onion storage.
Open Access
Economic analysis of potato seed production under contract farming in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Ashu; Bishnoi, Dalip Kumar
The study on “an economic analysis of potato seed production under contact farming in Haryana” was undertaken with the following specific objectives; (i) To work out cost & return from potato seed production in Haryana (ii) To examine the resource use efficiency of important inputs and their impact on yield. (iii) To identify constraints faced by potato seed growers. The study was based on primary as well as secondary data. The primary data was collected from the 90 (45 contact farmers and 45 non-contract farmers) selected farmers of Karnal district of Haryana while, the secondary data was collected from the National Horticulture Research Development Foundation (New Delhi), Directorate of Horticulture research (Panchkula), National Horticulture Board (Gurugram) and AGMARKET online source in regarding of area, productivity, production and market price, respectively. The cost of cultivation analysis for potato seed production revealed that rental value of land and seed were higher in contract as well as non-contract farming while; cost of plant protection chemicals was higher in contract farming as compare to non-contract farming. However, cost of fertilizer was observed higher in non-contract farming. It was observed that per acre yield, gross return and net return was almost double in contract farming as compare on non-contract farming. From the study it has been revealed that in contract farming, the regression coefficients for the variables namely human labour, seed and plant protection charges were significantly negative whereas the for fertilizer and organic manure significant positive regression coefficient was reported. The price uncertainty ratio for non-contract and contract farming reveals that there is higher price risk under non-contract farming. The main reason for higher price uncertainty ratio for non-contract farming may be due to much variation in price of potato seeds in the market depending upon its quality and quantity marketed, place and location of sale, marketing channel and means of transportation etc. Results indicate that yield risk is higher in non-contract farming than that of contract farming. The lower yield risk in contract farming may be due to the fact that the contract farmers had used good quality seeds. These results further advocate the superiority of contact farming system over the non-contract faming in yield and price uncertainty of potato seed production. To achieve higher productivity of potato seeds, there is vast scope for the contract farming in the study area. Farmers has adopted contract farming mainly due to gain of higher income and good quality of inputs supplied by contractual agency. Moreover, the main reason for non-adoption of contract farming was mainly pertained to gap in communication delivery system in regards of the benefits of contract farming.

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