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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS AND GROWTH REGULATORS ON THE GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF CABBAGE IN A VERTISOL OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2021) Painkra, Bindiya; Srivastava, L.K.; Mishra, V.N.; Saxena, R.R.; Sharma, D.; Tedia, K.Micronutrient and growth regulators both play important role in sustaining agricultural production under intensive cultivation and changing scenario of climate. Therefore, study was conducted to find out the effect of foliar application of micronutrients and growth regulators on growth, yield quality and nutrient uptake by cabbage in a Vertisol. The present investigation was carried out during Rabi Season of the years 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Instructional Farm, IGKV Raipur (C.G.) with eighteen different combinations of foliar application of micronutrient (B + Mo + Fe + Zn) and growth regulators (GA3 + NAA) with different micronutrient omission treatments. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design consisting micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B - 100 ppm and Mo – 50 ppm), with growth regulators (GA3 – 50 ppm and NAA - 80 ppm) applied twice as foliar application at 20 and 40 DAT. The present study demonstrates that combined effects of foliar application of micronutrient with growth regulators T18 (B + Mo + Fe + Zn + GA + NAA) recorded maximum plant height (27.60 cm), plant spread (62.88 cm2), head diameter (16.17 cm2), leaf yield (22 q ha-1), head yield (455 q ha-1), chlorophyll content (0.48 mg/g of fresh wt.), protein content (0.84 %) and macro and micro nutrient uptake by cabbage. However, the micronutrients omission i.e. Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B and Mo was found to be significantly reduces the plant height, plant spread, leaf and head yield, protein and chlorophyll content and nutrient uptake of cabbage. Large reductions in the yield of cabbage were observed with the omission of B (T9) as compared to the other micronutrient omission treatments. The yield reductions were more pronounced with B omission. This indicates that B (T9) was the most yield limiting micronutrients followed by Fe (T4), Zn (T5) and Cu (T7). However, the foliar application of micronutrient enhances the plant height, head diameter, leaf and head yield, quality content and nutrient uptake of cabbage. Similarly, the foliar application of growth regulators (GA3 and NAA) may also significantly improve the growth, yield and quality of cabbage. The combined effects of foliar application of micronutrient (100 ppm) with GA3 (50 ppm) and NAA (80 ppm) twice at 20 and 40 DAT was found to be most effective for significant increased in growth, yield, quality and nutrient uptake of cabbage. The work recommended that foliar fertigation of micronutrient (B + Mo + Fe + Zn) with growth regulators (GA + NAA) can enhance the quality and yield performance of cabbage.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CONSERVATION MACHINERY SYSTEM UNDER RICE-CHICKPEA CROPPING SYSTEM(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Jitendra Kumar; Dave, A.K.; Verma, A.K.; Shrivastava, G.K.; Saxena, R.R.In a present era many improved implements are available for different tillage and seeding operation. It is very crucial to identifygood practice and suitable implements combination for desired seedbed preparation to maximise crop establishment and yield under rice-chickpea cropping system. To understand, this study was conducted on “studies on conservation machinery system under rice-chickpea cropping system” at Research cum Instructional Farm,IGKV, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) during Kharif-Rabiseason of year 2016 and 2017. The site of experiment having soil as clayey in texture, neutral in reaction, available Nis low, available P2O5is medium, and available K2Ois high. In this study two different experiments were conducted. In rice, different combination of tillage and sowing/planting treatments were tested for cultivation under dry and wet tillage system during kharif. In dry seeding of rice there were five tillage treatments and two methods of sowing whereas, in wet tillage, five tillage treatments were used in combination with mechanical transplanting method. In rabiseason, the chickpea was cultivated under residual of rice plots (dry and wet plots) with four different combination of tillage and seeding method. All the treatments alone or in combination were evaluated in terms of machine parameters and their effect on energy parameters, soil parameters, economic parameters and yield and yield attributing parameters. The finding of the first experiment on the effect of various tillage and sowing practices for rice cultivation and their effect on soil physical properties showed that all the soil parameters, crop growth parameters such as height of plant, tillers numberper plant, yield attributes parameteri.e. length of panicle, weight of panicle, number of sound grains per panicle, test weight (g), yield of grain and straw, net return and B:C ratio were significantly higher in DT3 (cultivator x 2 + direct seeded rice DSR drill sowing). However, the above characters values were found lower and recorded under broadcasting followed by transplanted rice. The optimum desired seed bed for seeding rice was found under tillage treatment DT3 (cultivator x 2 + DSR drill sowing) and the optimum planting bed for transplanting rice was found under treatment WT2 (cultivator x 2 + rotavator x 1 + transplanting). Amongst the methods of establishment, the maximum grain yield was produced in dry tillage direct seeded rice treatment DT3, 57.5 quintalper ha and 50 quintalper haduring 2016 and 2017 respectively and the maximum value of benefit cost ratio was registered 2.65 on mean basis of two year in treatment DT3. The output energy, output-input energy ratio and energy productivity was found best in DT3 (cultivator x 2 + rotavator x 1+ DSR drill) amongst different treatments on the basis of mean data of two years. Based on practices being followed for chickpea cultivation, the best treatment for till condition was found to be DT1C (M.B. Plough x 1 + Cultivator x 2 + Rotavator x 2 + ridge and furrow sowing) followed by DT2C(Cultivator x 2 + Rotavator x 2 + conventional seed cum fertilzer drill sowing) whereas under no till condition, DT3C (No till + Zero till drill sowing)treatment followed by DT4C(No till+ happy seed drill sowing) proved be better based on energy, cost economics and crop parameters.The combination DT3(rice- cultivator x 2 + DSR drill sowing of rice) and DT1C(Chickpea- M.B. plough x 1 + cultivator x 2 + rotavator x 2 + ridge and furrow sowing in residual of dry sowing of rice) was found most effective combination in terms of total productivity of rice-chickpea cropping system under till condition than the other combination of different treatments of rice-chickpea tillage and sowing methods. The zero till drill sowing (DT3C) in chickpea and DT3(rice- cultivator x 2 + DSR drill sowing of rice)of rice recorded maximum benefit cost ratio, output-input energy ratio and energy productivity for chickpea production under no till condition. The decision support system software was created for the selection ofappropriate tractor or machines/implements of a particular size from different makes and model of commercially available tractors and machines/implements for the rice-chickpea cropping system. With a case study the validation of designed DSS software demonstrates its effectiveness in forecasting any conservation machinery system selection.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Rice-Wheat Productivity under Mango based Traditional Agri-horticulture System in Chhattisgarh Plain(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Anchal, Nalish Kumar; Naugraiya, M.N.; Swamy, S.L.; Tedia, K.; Saxena, R.R.; Singh, LaljiAn agri-horticulture system experiment of mango + rice + wheat crop was carried out at Pikridih village, Raipur in Chhattisgarh for two tears of observations (2017-18 & 2018-19). Mango plantation at spacing of 28 x 28 m and were intercropped with rice and wheat in 2017-18 & 2018-19. The growth performance of (oryza sativa L.) var. ‘Sarana’ and (Triticum aestivum) var. ‘Sarbati’ at different treatments site located between four clumps along with a separate open plot had been studied for the performance of diverse growth and yield attributing characters as well as the grain yield and these were found higher in rice crop grown as sole crop (T4) i.e. crop height (105.2 cm), panicle length (22.9 cm), panicle weight (3.2 gm panicle-1), count of healthy and unhealthy seeds (149.7 and 41.5), number of locules (217.4 panicle-1), seed weight of panicle (3.05 gm panicle-1), test weight (22.9 gm per 1000), grain yield (44.6 q ha-1), straw yield (75.9 q ha-1) and harvest index (37.4%). Similarly in case of wheat the performance of growth and yield attributing characters as well as the grain yield were also studied where height (95.9 cm.), Panicle length (14.3 cm.), Panicle weight (1.5 gm), count of healthy and unhealthy seeds (32.9 and 2.8), number of locules (41.2 per panicle), seed weight (panicle-1) (1.5 gm panicle-1), test weight (41.5 gm per 1000), grain yield (11 q ha-1), straw yield (8.9 q ha-1) and harvest index (55.1%) were found higher in sole crop grown with significant variations. The performance of eco-physiological parameters (RGR, NAR & LAR) of rice and wheat crops, the plant and soil nutrients reputation with litter fall and decomposition conduct and economics of mango based traditional agri-horticulture system were also studied intensively. The growth parameters and yield of rice and wheat crop was observed significantly highest in open field crop as compare to mango based traditional agri-horticulture system. Mango litter fall and its decomposition showed almost 88.3 percent disappearances within duration of year, indicating ensured nutrients return to the system. The economics of rice-wheat cropping below mango based agri-horticulture system showed meager profit in comparison to mono-cropping however determined economically feasible and technically possible through sharing the inputs of irrigation, manure and fertilizer, weeding and so forth implemented to agriculture crop’s. The end result of this research showed that highest economic gain of rice and wheat crop rotation was found under mango based agri-horticulture system with both tangible and in tangible benefits.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF LONG TERM FERTILIZATION ON OXIDIZABLE CARBON STATUS AND SOIL AGGREGATES UNDER RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM IN A VERTISOL OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Patel, Himanshu; Tiwari, Alok; Samadhiya, V.K.; Lakhera, M.L.; Soni, RavindraThe All India Coordinated Research Project on Long Term Fertilizer Experiment has been continued since 1999 at Research farm, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, IGKV, Raipur. The present study entitled “Impact of long term fertilization on oxidizable carbon status and soil aggregates under rice-wheat cropping system in a Vertisol of Chhattisgarh” under wheat crop was carried out during rabi season for the years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design, replicated four times with ten permanent treatments viz. Control, 50%NPK, 100%NPK,150%NPK, 100%NPK+Zn (ZnSO4 @10 kg ha-1 in Kharif only), 100%NP, 100% N, 100%NPK+FYM (5 t /ha in Kharif crop only), 50%NPK+BGA (10 Kg/ha dry culture in Kharif crop only), 50%NPK+GM (sown in site, cut and mixed in soil in kharif season only). The FYM, BGA, GM and Zn were applied in kharif season only as per treatments, while, in rabi season, only graded doses of fertilizers were applied as above. Soil physical properties have significant effect on nutrient accessibility which was significant credits of soil quality. It was observed from experiment that increasing levels of NPK with and without organic manure decreased the bulk density (BD) at both the depths as compared to without inorganic fertilizers. BD under 100% NPK+FYM was 1.36 and 1.39 Mg m-3 at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth, respectively which was significantly lower as compared to other treatments. Porosity of soil at both the depths was significantly affected by different treatments of nutrient application and it was found highest in surface and sub-surface soil under 50 % NPK +GM, followed by 100 % NPK + FYM and lowest under control. Volumetric moisture content (Ɵv %) of soil at both the depths was significantly affected by different treatments of nutrient application. Highest volumetric moisture content of surface and sub-surface soil was observed in 100 % NPK + FYM, followed by 50 % NPK +GM and lowest in 100 % N. Further, results showed that volumetric moisture content does not affected by optimal or sub optimal doses of inorganic fertilization rather by inorganic fertilization with organic manure. The pattern of variation in soil reaction and salt concentration of soil between the treatments were almost negligible and non-significant. The experiment revealed that the maximum available N, P and K increased under 100% NPK+FYM, over the control. The mean of available N, P and K increased significantly by 28, 72 and 26 %, respectively, in 100% NPK+FYM over the control. Organic carbon of soil at both the depths was significantly affected by different treatments of nutrient application. Highest organic carbon of surface and sub-surface soil was measured in 100 % NPK + FYM followed by 150 % NPK and lowest was in control during both the year of study. The soil carbon pools of surface and subsurface soils showed greater variations among carbon fractions at surface soil (0-15 cm) as compared to subsurface soil (15-30 cm). At both the depths, C fraction in Vertisol varied in this order of Non-labile fraction > Very labile fraction > Labile fraction > Less labile fraction, regardless of inorganic balanced fertilizer doses i.e. sub optimal, optimal and super-optimal or integrated nutrient management. Irrespective to the treatments, contribution of different fractions of carbon to the total organic carbon varied from 35 to 40%; 12 to 15%; 8 to 12%; 40 to 50% for very labile, labile, less labile and non-labile fractions, respectively at both the depths. The sustainable yield of wheat was higher in different treatment combinations over control as observed during assessment of sustainable yield index (SYI) after continuous 20 years (1999-2019) of wheat yield. The sustainability in yield was increased with graded levels of balanced application of fertilizers from 50 to 150 % NPK. The balanced inorganic fertilization gave higher SYI than control. If graded levels of fertilizers with organic manure and biofertilizer (FYM, GM and BGA) were applied in kharif, it appeared that application of higher levels in wheat had increased the SYI. Water stable aggregates of different size fractions in sub-surface (15-30 cm) soil as affected by long term application of integrated nutrients also indicated that fraction of larger aggregates were significantly more in the treatments received FYM along with inorganic fertilizers. While, the finer aggregates fractions were higher in the treatments which received only inorganic fertilizers. Data also showed that surface soil aggregates of size > 2.0, 2.0-1.0, 1.0-0.5, 0.5-0.25, 0.25-0.125 and < 0.125mm size varied from 3.76 - 9.24, 24.30 - 30.42, 11.49 - 16.89, 15.56 - 21.97, 19.09 - 27.22 and 8.96 - 17.55 percent, respectively. While, subsurface soil aggregates ranged from 3.34 - 9.01, 22.91 - 28.68, 11.12 - 16.36, 15.32 - 21.57, 19.43 - 28.13 and 9.65 - 18.92 percent, respectively. The results indicated that long-term application of balanced fertilization and manuring significantly increased the MWD of aggregates in surface and sub-surface soils as compared to the treatments of only inorganic nutrients application. Significantly smaller mean weight diameter of soil aggregates were obtained in control at both the soil depths. This might be because of binding capability of organic carbon and carbonates which attributed to larger soil aggregation. The maximum wheat grain, straw and total yield increased by 55 to 68% under 150%NPK in both the years 2017-18, 2018-19 respectively, over the control. Application of nutrients in balance manner may be responsible for sustaining the wheat grain yield at higher level under 150% NPK. The application of nutrients in integrated manner (100% NPK +FYM) has also sustained the wheat grain yield at higher level (increased to 61%) after 150% NPK, over the control. The total uptake of N, P and K by the wheat indicated that the maximum uptake was observed with the application of super optimal dose of NPK, which was significantly at par with 100%NPK+FYM, Whereas, the minimum uptake was recorded under control.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON STANDARDIZATION OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF LION’S MANE MUSHROOM (Hericium erinaceus) IN CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Singh, Veer; Shukla, C.S.; Thakur, M.P.; Khokhar, D.; Saxena, R.R.The present study entitled “Studies on standardization of production technology of Lion’s Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) in Chhattisgarh” was carried out in the Mushroom Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Raipur, (Chhattisgarh). In the present investigation, 8 media were evaluated among them potato dextrose agar and potato dextrose broth were most suitable for growth and biomass of both studied strain (HE-05 and HE-08). Maximum mycelia growth and biomass were observed at 24°C but minimum mycelial growth and biomass was recorded at 16°C and 32°C respectively. pH 6.0 gave more mycelia growth and biomass of both studied strains and no myceial growth was observed at pH 4.0. Fructose substituted medium gave more growth but higher biomass was noticed in medium containing maltose and glucose as carbon sources in HE-05 and HE-08 strains respectively. Among the nitrogen sources, ammonium per sulphate was found good as nitrogen source to enhance mycelial growth but highest biomass was occurred in glycine incorporated medium. The plates were exposed at 492-577nm produced more mycelia growth and biomass of both strains of H. erinaceus. Among the evaluated different substrate, saw dust gave better yield a other substrate. Earliest spawn development of H. erinaceus was observed on finger millet grains but wheat grains raised spawn produced higher yield as compare to other grains based spawn. The growth of H. erinaceus was inhibited 100% by formaldehyde, carbendazim, formaldehyde + carbendazim as compare to control while lime inhibit 38.44% and 22.44% growth of HE-05 and HE-08 respectively. Steam sterilized wheat straw gave maximum growth and yield of H. erinaceus. Nine strains were evaluated among them HE-02 strain was found most superior for growth while HE-08 produced more biomass on potato dextrose broth. On wheat extract medium HE-08 strain gave more growth and biomass. Maximum septa, clamp connection, width of wall (µm) and minimum distance between septa (µm), clamp connection (µm) per microscopic field were noticed in HE-02 and HE-08 strains as compare to other strains. Nine strains of H. erinaceus were screened, among them HE-08 was found superior and showed quicker spawn development, spawn run on substrate and produced highest yield on both studied substrate (wheat straw and saw dust). Different strains of H. erinaceus had moisture (80.30 – 85.93%), ash (7.26- 10.45%), protein (22.25-28.68%), total sugar (53.57- 61.89%), fat (2.00-2.91%) and fiber (5.54-6.85%. Poly propylene bag method was found most superior to obtain maximum (38.26%) biological efficiency of H. erinaceus.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF SEED DRESSING FORMULATIONS OF POTENTIAL TRICHODERMA MUTANTS ON GROWTH AND YIELD ATTRIBUTING CHARACTERES OF CEREALS, PULSES AND VEGETABLES(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Sharma, Kishan Kumar; Kotasthane, A.S.; Dantre, R.K.; Banerjee, Subha; Saxena, R.R.Owing to its improve nutrient use efficiency, mycoparasitic and plant growth promoting ability, ability to produce diverse array of secondary metabolites, SAR against invading pathogen, Trichoderma spp. are one of the most preferred bio inocul-ant used in agriculture (Mukharjee et al., 2013, Lamdan et al., 2015, Salas Marina et al., 2015, Chagas et al., 2017). Trichoderma spp. interacts with plant through rhizosphre and rhizoplane colonization, and triggers morphologic changes in the roots (Contreras-Cornejo et al., 2009, 2015). Trichoderma-plant interaction modulates levels of the plant hormones or provide intermediate path for the synthesis of some plant hormones, beneficial for the plant (Guzman-Guzman et al., 2019) stimulating increased plant growth and vigor, and ultimately boosting crop yield (Salas Marina et al., 2015; Chagas et al., 2017). Successful commercially viable formulations based on protoplast fusant strain of T. afroharzianum and development of novel strains of Trichoderma using mutagenesis have been reported earlier (Mukharjee et al., 2019). Such report prompted us to evaluate the seed dressing formulation of four potential Trichoderma mutants for Plant growth and yield attributing characters of cereals, pulses and vegetables. Our present investigation indicate that seed bio-priming can be a preferred method of delivering the potential Trichoderma mutants to different crops and can be one of the successful strategy to scale up the microbial products at regional to global levels. Lowering dose of seed treatment followed by seed bio-priming proliferated Trichoderma on seed by many folds and stimulated significant plant growth in cereals, pulses and vegetables. Extensive field evaluation indicate that all the four Trichoderma mutants stimulated plant growth of chickpea and increased the yield by 20%. Potential Trichoderma mutants also stimulated increased antioxidant enzyme activity and total phenolic content (TPC) in chickpea and wheat.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PRE-SOWING SEED TREATMENTS ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH PARAMETERS OF PAPAYA (Carica papayaL.)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Lanjhiyana, Ravishankar; Sahu, G.D.; Panigrahi, H.K.; Katiyar, Pratibha; Saxena, R.R.The present investigation entitled “Effect of different pre-sowing seed treatments on seed germination and seedling growth parameters of papaya (Carica papaya L.)” was conducted under protected conditions during the year 2018 and 2019 in net house, located at Intructional cum Research Farm,College of Agriculture and Research Station, (IGKV), Bemetara District of Chhattisgarh. The experiment was conducted under completely randomized design (CRD) replicated thrice. The treatments were applied in combination of 20 polybags in each treatment and 1020 bags in a three replications. The results showed that the treatment T11 (150 ppm GA3 + 12 hours + Azotobacter) gave significantly higher emergence rate (79.38%), highest germination (94.17%) and least time required for germination (6.83 days).The treatment T11 (150 ppm GA3 + 12 hours + Azotobacter) was found best and significantly superior for the growth of papaya saplings as it gave the maximum growth parameters in terms of stem girth (1.72 mm, 1.88 mm, 3.88 mm and 4.84 mm at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS, respectively), length of shoot (13.85 cm, 18.32cm, 22.14cm and 28.38 cm at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS, respectively) and at 60 days after seed sowing, height of sapling (41.87 cm), number of roots (18.65), length of root (13.46 cm), fresh weight of root (2.88 g), dry weight of sapling (2.76 g), seedling vigour index-I (3939.83) and seedling vigour index-II (259.61). Whereas, T15 (seed soaking with cow urine 10 (%)+ 12 hours + Azotobacter) gave maximum number of leaves (4.48, 7.58, 12.02 and 12.83 at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS, respectively) and 60 days after seed sowing, fresh weight of shoot (18.50), fresh weight of sapling (21.31 g) and root : shoot ratio (1.07). The treatment T11 (150 ppm GA3 + 12 hours + Azotobacter) gave highest benefit- cost ratio of papaya saplings (1.60).ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON SOIL CARBON DYNAMICS AND NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY UNDER RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM IN A VertisolOF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Panda, Anusuiya; Srivastava, L.K.; Mishra, V.N.; Sonboir, H.L.; Saxena, R.R.; Tedia, K.A field experiment was carried out to study “Effect of biochar on soil carbon dynamics and nutrient use efficiency under rice-wheat cropping system in a Vertisol of Chhattisgarh”. The experiment was started in Kharif, 2018 and continued up to Rabi 2019-20 at research farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur (C.G.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and consisted sixteen treatments namely (T1) control, (T2) 50%RDF, (T3) 75% RDF, (T4) 100%RDF, (T5) 50% RDF + RB @ 5t/ha, (T6) 50% RDF + MB @ 5t/ha, (T7) 50% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha, (T8) 75% RDF + RB @ 5t/ha, (T9) 75% RDF + MB @ 5t/ha, (T10) 75% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha, (T11) 100% RDF + RB @ 5t/ha, (T12) 100% RDF + MB @ 5t/ha, (T13) 100% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha, (T14) RB @ 5t/ha, (T15) MB @ 5t/ha and (T16) PB @ 5t/ha. The influence of various treatments on soil properties and performance of rice-wheat cropping system were determined by standard procedures. Biochar is a stable form of carbon that produced from pyrolysis of biological materials. In the present investigation, three crop residues (rice, maize and pigeon pea) were taken for biochar application. The conversion efficiency of biochars derived from different biomass materials ranged from 27-38% and followed in the order of pigeon pea>Rice>maize biochar. The pigeon pea biochar registered higher physical properties, alkaline in reaction and higher CEC, N, Ca, Mg, Fe, C and total organic carbon than the biochars derived from maize and rice residues.On compairing the physicco-chemical properties of pigeon pea, maize and rice biochar, pigeonpea biochar was found superior over maize and rice biochars. These results were confirmed by Scanning electron microscope images (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) examinations. The physical properties of soil after rice-wheat cropping system in both the years (2018-19 and 2019-20) and their pooled maens did not influence significantly with the application of different combinations of biochars with or without fertilizers or fertilizer alone. The treatments imposed did not have significant effect on pH, EC, available N, K and available micronutrients. CEC, available P and S level, enzymic activities (dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate, alkaline phosphatase and urease activity) significantly increased with incorporation of three sources of biochars with 100% RDF than all other treatments. However, treatment of 100% RDF application (T4) recorded maximum and significantly higher values of acid phosphatise activity. Carbon pools viz., readily mineralizable carbon, acid hydrolysable carbon, hot water soluble carbon, cold water soluble carbon, KMnO4 oxidizable carbon, soil microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial biomass of nitrogen and soil organic carbon contents were highest in T13 (100% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha) followed by T12 (100% RDF + MB @ 5t/ha) and T11 (100% RDF + RB @ 5t/ha) as compared to respective RDF and lowest in T1 (control). The total organic carbon of soil was recorded highest in T16 (PB @ 5t/ha) followed by T13 (100% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha) and T12 (100% RDF + MB @ 5t/ha) and lowest in T3 (75% RDF). Passive pool dominated active pool of carbon in all the treatments. During both the years, carbon fractions in Vertisols varied in the order: NL> VL >L>LL. The treatments T11 (100% RDF + RB @ 5t/ha), T12 (100% RDF + MB @ 5t/ha) and T13 (100% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha) were found to be significantly higher values on the plant height, number of tillers per m2, panicle/spike length, number of grains per panicle/spike, grain and straw yield over 100 % RDF and sole application of biochar on rice and wheat crops during both the years as well as their pooled means. In case of test weight, non significant result was observed. The N, P, K and micronutrients uptake (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in grain, straw and their total at harvest were found to be significant. The highest mean value of nitrogen use efficiency was recorded under T11 (100% RDF + RB @ 5t/ha) in rice, while T13 (100% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha) was recorded in wheat and the highest mean of phosphorous use efficiency was recorded under T11(100% RDF + RB @ 5t/ha) in rice , while T7 (50% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha) was recorded in wheat. Similarly, the highest mean of potassium use efficiency was recorded under T13 (100% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha) during both the years of rice-wheat cropping system. However, considering the intrinsic potential of pigeon pea, maize and rice biochar with inorganic fertilizer application in improving the soil nutrient status, crop yield and microbiological activity and store the large amounts of carbon in soil. The study clearly recommended that application of 75%RDF with different types of biochar application due to saving of 25% fertilizer rather than the combination of 100% RDF.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSICO-MORPHO-BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF RESISTANCE IN ELITE LINES OF CHICKPEA AND PIGEONPEA AGAINST PULSE-BEETLE Callosobruchus chinensis(L.) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH QUALITY PARAMETERS(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Sathish, Kota; Katlam, B.P.; Jagdish, Jaba; Shaw, S.S.; Chandel, Girish; Saxena, R.R.The present studies on “Physico-morpho-biochemical basis of resistance in elite lines of chickpea and pigeonpea against pulse-beetle Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) and its relationship with quality parameters” were conducted at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru, Telangana, during the years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 under laboratory conditions. Preliminary screening of 30 accessions (15 chickpea and 15 pigeonpea) for resistance to C. chinensis was based on percentage seed damage by C. chinensis on chickpea and pigeonpea genotypes. The results of the preliminary screening were confirmed by single-choice and multi-choice conditions. Observation were recorded on F1 adult emergence. The results revealed that PI 599066 was the only chickpea genotype that was highly resistant to the C. chinensis as neither seed damage, nor holes were observed during the study both under single choice and multi choice conditions. IG 72953 recorded minimum per cent seed damage compared to the susceptible check. ICCV 2, KAK 2 and VIHAR exhibited high per cent seed damage both under single choice and multi choice conditions. Maximum and minimum mean developmental periods were recorded on IG 72953 (34.26 days) and ICCV 2 (28.04 days) respectively. The highest phenol (0.82 mg/g) and flavonoid (1.74mg/g) contents were recorded in PI 599066. Whereas the maximum protein content and total soluble sugars 18.10% and 54.51 mg/g respectively, were recorded in ICCV 2. PI 599066 (69.61%) exhibited highest cysteine protease inhibitor activity followed by IG 72933 (63.27%) and IG 72953 (59.70%), while the lowest cysteine protease inhibitor activity was recorded in ICCV 2 (30.89%). The genotypes with higher phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and protease and chitinase inhibitors exhibited minimum per cent seed damage. Data on fecundity of C. chinensis revealed that IG 72953 (78.07) was least preferred for egg laying as compared to ICCV 2 (194.83). PI 599066 was the only genotype that exhibited resistance to C. chinensis in the test for oviposition preference. The percent adult emergence was highest in ICCV 2 (31.14), KAK 2 (30.63) and lowest in IG 72953 and IG 72933 (15.60 and 15.37 respectively). The weight loss per cent was minimum in IG 72953 (1.51%) and maximum in ICCV 2 (23.40%). In terms of biology of C. chinensis on chickpea IG 72953 genotype was less preferred by C. chinensis. The incubation period of the eggs, growth and development periods of grubs, pupae were prolonged, adult emergence and longevity were lower on IG 72953 than on ICCV 2. Preliminary evaluation of pigeonpea genotypes for resistance to C. chinensis revealed that lowest per cent seed damage was recorded in ICPW 68 (18.90 and 4.33), while highest was recorded in ICPL 161 (74.40 and 59.78) under single choice and multi choice conditions respectively. Secondary metabolites and anti-nutritional compounds in resistant genotypes played a significant role in management of C. chinensis, where such effects were not expressed in the susceptible genotypes. Proteins and total soluble sugars were associated with susceptibility against C. chinensis. Higher seed damage percentage (74.40 and 71.10), fecundity (171.38 and 168.14) and weight loss percent (24.39 and 22.07) were observed on ICPL 161 and ICPL 332 respectively. While anti-nutritional compounds such as tannins, phenols, flavonoids, trypsin inhibitors, cysteine inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, and chitinase inhibitors (10.25 mg/g, 1.38 mg/g, 1.28 mg/g, 54.66%, 60.54%, 52.80% and 52.68 respectively) were associated with resistance to C. chinensis in ICPW 68. ICPW 68 (21.33 and 49.37) was not preferred for oviposition by C. chinensis, while high oviposition preference was recorded on ICPL 161 (68.00 and 171.38) multi-choice and single choice conditions respectively. ICPL 161 exhibited highest per cent adult emergence (31.44), mean adult emergence (14.10), number of holes (12.33) and weight loss per cent (24.39). While, lowest per cent adult emergence (6.25), mean adult emergence (2.40), number of holes (3.00) and weight loss per cent (2.01) was recorded on ICPW 68. The incubation period of the eggs, growth and development periods of grubs, pupae were prolonged, adult emergence and longevity were lower on ICPW 68 than on ICPL 161. The per cent mortality, oviposition inhibition, adult emergence, percent weight loss, and adult inhibition percent were 86.67%, 25.00, 4.33, 2.10 % and 92.40% respectively when the ABC plant and clay dust acetone extracts were used against C. chinensis as compared to untreated check. These extracts helped in reducing the pest attack in stored pulses.
