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Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, is an autonomous nonprofit, research and educational organization working for the up-liftment of farmer's livelihood of Chhattisgarh. Education, Research and Extension are the major activities coordinated through agriculture, veterinary, dairy and agricultural engineering faculties and Directorates of instruction, research and extension. Grant in aid is received from ICAR, State Government and international agencies.
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, has a long historical background. IGKV was established on 20 th January 1987 after bifurcating from Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur . From that time to this date, the University has been expanded several fold. In the British regime one Agricultural Research Station was established in 1903 known as “Labhandi Farm” at Raipur . This Labhandi Farm had grown slowly and today it has become the campus of Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur . In Between, Rice Research Station (RRS) was established in mid sixties. Later in 1974 Madhya Pradesh Rice Research Institute (MPRRI) was established under the able leadership of great rice scientist Dr. R.H. Richharia. The College of Agriculture was established in 1961 under the government of Madhya Pradesh and it was shifted to the present campus in 1964. After the establishment of Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur in 1964 as a State Agricultural University (SAU) under the land-grant pattern of USA , the College of Agriculture became a constituent college of Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya , Jabalpur , Madhya Pradesh. In 1979 National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) came into existence with the financial support of World Bank. The jurisdiction area of IGKV is the entire Chhattisgarh State situated in Eastern India consisting of 18 districts having 3 different Agro climatic Zones. The state is larger than Punjab , Haryana and Kerala states when put together. Rice is the main crop grown during the monsoon season (June-September). In fact, the role and responsibility of IGKV is vital, because it has to cater the needs of socio-economically resource poor, relatively illiterate and tribal farmers with tradition bound agriculture.
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ThesisItem Open Access DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF STAND ALONE SOLAR POWERED SEMI AUTOMATIC VERTICAL GARDENING SYSTEM FOR HORTICULTURAL CROPS(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh), 2020) Lakra, Anupama; Agrawal, Narendra; Tripathi, M.P.; Naik, R.K.; Panigrahi, Hemant; Agrawal, RajeshA vertical garden is a technique used in growing plants in upward direction by using vertical frame and other supporting systems. It is a method of growing plants by use of minimum spacing. The aim of vertical farming systems is to save space and also to provide a more inexpensive way to produce food for the increasing population and to decrease the cost and effect of delivering that food to the place where human beings actually live. Vertical kitchen garden contributes to the flow of natural air in the environment, which works as a natural air cleaner and creates better breathing atmosphere and healthier environment. Present study was carried out for Design and development of stand alone solar powered semi automatic vertical gardening system for horticultural crops at the Department of Soil and Water Engineering, SVCAET&RS, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) during the year 2019-20. The experiment was to design and develop the vertical garden system with locally available materials, which reduced cost of construction substantially. Mild steel flat was used to develop this structure. The seeds of horticultures crops were sown in plastic plug trays and raised inside the naturally ventilated poly-house to get healthy seedlings. Sixty four grow bags have been used on vertical garden system. Each grow bag was filled with soil and Farm Yard Manure (FYM) in standard proportion. Grow bag size 16x16x30 cm used for growing plants. Solar power energy was used for irrigating plants with the help of drip irrigation system. This action is normally done with a DC submerged pump that is connected to lateral pipe. This drip irrigation is capable of saving water and nutrients by allowing water to slowly drip through the plant's roots. Different concentration of NPK nutrients solution was used for different plant growth stages which were mixed in water at right balance. Performance of vertical garden system was evaluated by transplanting different horticultural crops. The result obtained that growth parameter, yield and yield attributed parameters variation on plants height, number of leaves, number of fruits per plant, primary number of branches, average fruits weight and crop yield of different horticulture crops. The experiment results revealed that drip irrigation performed the best for parameters viz. Water applied of broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and tomato has been quantified 21.48 mm, 21.97 mm, 21.84 mm and 21.39 mm, respectively in grow bags. Total yield of Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and tomato in one hectare area has been quantified 323.28 qha-1, 635.01 qha-1, 891.91 qha-1 and 1134.37 qha-1, respectively. Water use efficiency for broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and tomato has been quantified 15.05 qha-1 mm-1, 28.90 qha-1 mm-1, 40.84 qha-1 mm-1, and 53.03 qha-1 mm-1 respectively. Total fertilizer applied in one hectare area has been quantified 668.022 kg ha-1 for Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and 1010.92 kg ha-1 for tomato. Fertilizer use efficiency for broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and tomato has been quantified 0.484 q kg-1, 0.950 q kg-1, 1.335 q kg-1 and 1.122 q kg-1, respectively. It has recently become very trendy in the world because of space saving, providing green cover and clean environment. The present study is very helpful to accept solar powered stand alone semi automatic vertical garden system to safe space, water, and healthy vegetation and environments benefits.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON RICE STRAW MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES UNDER COMBINE HARVESTED RICE FIELD IN CHHATTISGARH(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh), 2021) Dhruwe, Navneet Kumar; Victor, V.M.; Naik, R.K.; Lakpale, R.; Saxena, R.R.Rice is the major crop of Chhattisgarh state. The increasing constraints of labour and time have led to the adoption of mechanized farming in a highly intensive rice system. In Chhattisgarh, mostly the paddy and wheat crops are harvested by combines. After harvesting, paddy straw collected by the farmers is considered as poor feed to animals due to high silica content. The main reason for burning of paddy crop residues in the field includes lack of labour, high cost in removing the crop residues and lack of time for sowing of next rabi crops. The total crop residue generated in India and Chhattisgarh state was 501.73 and 11.25 million tonnes respectively (MNRE, 2019). One tonne of rice straw contains approximately 5-6 kg nitrogen, 0.8-0.9 kg phosphorus and 15-20 kg potash. The study was conducted on different paddy straw management practices to manage paddy crop residue and to reduce its burning, which included various machines being used like happy seeder, rotavator, disc harrow and mulcher. It was found that there was a significant increase in yield of wheat after either sowing directly in the paddy stubble field or sowing after incorporating paddy straw in the field. This study was conducted to know the best combination of machinery for crop residue management and sowing wheat. Even to investigate the effects of a different combinations of machinery on soil properties (physical and chemical) and crop yield in vertisol soil of IGKV Raipur under rice-wheat cropping system. For this study five different combination of machinery have been selected i.e. T1 (Happy seeder), T2 (Rotavator + zero till drill), T3 (Disc harrow + zero till drill), T4 (Trichoderma + disc harrow + zero till drill) and T5 (Mulcher + zero till drill), at three forward speed (S1-2.5, S2-3.0 and S3-3.5 km h-1). Split plot design was used for the analysis of the study. In this experiment machine parameters, soil parameters, residue parameters, plant parameters, energy analysis and cost analysis were studied. Result obtained from the investigation revealed that the highest draft (5.57 kN) was observed in treatment T1 (happy seeder) at the forward speed of 3.5 km h-1 caused by tillage and mulching both operations in one pass. In case of fuel consumption, it was found highest or maximum in treatment (T2) rotavator as compared to other treatments. Similarly, the effective field capacity of happy seeder was recorded highest as 0.59 ha/h at the speed of 3.5 km h-1. Happy seeder cut the higher length of straw as compared to the mulcher. The reduction percentage of length of paddy straw and height of paddy stubble after operation was 90.52% in mulcher at 3.5 km h-1 forward speed. The chopped straw size was obtained superior on the basis of minimum size (2 to 2-4 cm) with happy seeder at forward speed of 3.0 km h-1 followed by mulcher and rotavator. The tensile strength of straw reduced from 6.77 kgf to 2.17 kgf after 120 days of sowing with percentage reduction of 67.9% to the original value. The pH, electrical conductivity, potassium, sulphur, manganese and zinc content of the soil were reduced in all treatments. The pH of the soil reduced more in treatment T1 about 7.1%. Highly reduction of electrical conductivity of the soil was measured in T3 (10.71%). Highest organic carbon content (23.19%) was measured in T2S3. Lowest reduction of nitrogen (5.33) was found in T2 treatment. Phosphorus and iron of the soil increased in all the treatments but it was reduced 4.60 % and 36.45% respectively in T3 treatment. Copper content of the soil increased in T1S3 (25%) and T1S2 (22.91%) treatments but reduced in T4S3 (20%) and T5S1 (20.1%) treatments. No significant difference in crop parameters was found due to different methods of straw management techniques. The maximum plant population/m2 was found in treatment T1S1 because mulching of crop residue provides favorable conditions for wheat crop to grow. The highest number of tillers/m2 was observed as 367.3 in treatment T1S3. At the time of harvesting (130 DAS) the maximum plant height was obtained in T2S2. The highest spike length of 85.0 mm is observed in case of treatment T2S3. The treatment T2S2 gave highest grain count (33.3 grains/spike). The grain yield (42.27 q/ha) was obtained higher in (T1S2) happy seeder at the forward speed 3.0 km h-1 of all five treatments significantly lower average yield of (40.07 q/ha) was recorded among all other treatments by T5S2 (mulcher + zero till drill). The highest straw yield of 62.43 q/ha is observed in case of treatment T5S2 (mulcher + zero till drill). The maximum harvest index was observed in T1S2 (42.96%). The highest straw-grain ratio 1.5. Maximum weight of 1000 grain (41.90 g) was measured in T5 treatment. Highest energy (20024.5 MJ/ha) consumption in treatment T4S3 (Trichoderma app + disc harrow + zero till drill). The higher specific energy requirement 5.04 MJ kg-1 was determined in treatment T3 (disc harrow + zero till drill) and among different combination of machinery highest energy ratio 7.63 and benefit to cost ratio 3.52 were found in happy seeder. The lowest input cost was found in T1 (Rs.18194.27) at forward speed 3.5 km/h. The highest gross return was obtained in happy seeder (T1) as Rs.82853.0/ha at forward speed 3.0 km/h. The highest net return obtained in happy seeder (Rs. 64523.2/ha) at a forward speed of 2.5 km/h.ThesisItem Open Access SCREENING OF BACILLUS SPECIES FOR THEIR ANTAGONISTIC POTENTIAL AGAINST FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SP.CICERIS AND FIELD EVALUATION OF TWO BACILLUS SPP. FOR PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION AND FUSARIUM WILT MANAGEMENT IN CHICKPEA(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh), 2021) Puneshwar Kumar; Singh, Anup Kumar; Sharma, Sushil K.; Soni, Ravindra; Porte, S.S.; Saxena, R.R.; Chowdhury, TapasThe proposed investigation was carried out in Department of Agricultural Microbiology. Laboratory experiment was conducted at ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Baronda, Raipur and field experiment was conducted in instructional cum research farm, Collage of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh during 2020-21 Rabi season. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eighteen treatments and three replications. Fusarium wilt of chickpea is a widely distributed and the most destructive disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. The main objective of this study was to identify the effective Bacillus isolates against Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. ciceri under in vitro condition. Around 100 putative Bacillus isolates were isolated from 9 soil samples collected from Raipur, Bemetara and Kawardha districts of Chhattisgarh. All the isolates showed different colony morphology, cells were rod in shape and showed Gram positive reaction and two Bacillus isolates (CRS-6 and CRS-9) were collected from, ICAR-NIBSM, Baronda, Raipur. More than seventy isolates of Bacillus isolates were subjected for screening against virulent isolate of. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cicris and 24 were found superior in reducing the mycelial growth over control except KS-4 and RS-4. Among all isolates, the IS-10 and GS-05 isolates were found most potent against F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Thirty Bacillus isolates showed anatagonism against Sclerotium rolfsii and among them namely KS-8 and BATS-08 were found most potent. Maximum mycelial growth and minimum inhibition was recorded in isolate KS-3 (71 mm and 21.11 %) followed by BKS-1 (70.5 mm and 21.66 %). Mycelial growth in control was 87.33 mm. Among the treatments, maximum germination percent 87.7% was observed in T14 (Vishal X Bacillus bingmayongensis)and minimum germination per cent 63.67 % was observed in T16 (JG-16 X Control). After, 30 DAS, we observed maximum plant height 22.8 cm in T3 (Vaibhav X Bacillus glycinifermentans ) and after 60 DAS, maximum plant height 40.13 cm in T17 (JG-16 X Bacillus bingmayongensis), After that we found maximum dry weight of plant 35.2 g in T8 (Jaki X Bacillus bingmayongensis ), At the time of maturity, dry weight was significantly higher 13.7 g, in T3 (Vaibhav X Bacillus glycinifermentans). After 30 DAS, maximum disease percent 4.9% was recorded in T1 (Vaibhav X Control) and after 60 DAS, maximum disease severity of 37.6% was recorded in T10 (RG-2009-16 X Control). After 90 DAS, maximum disease severity 80.0% was recorded in T7 (Jaki X Control). Treatment T6 (JG-226 X Bacillus glycinifermentans) yielded maximum grain 1085.83 kg ha' as compared to rest of the treatments. Primary nutrient (NPK) content was significantly affected by different treatments considered for experiment. Nitrogen uptake in grain (2.92 %) and straw (1.93 %) was found highest zin T6 (JG-226 X Bacillus glycinifermentans). Treatment T15 (Vishal X Bacillus glycinifermentans) gave significantly higher values of phosphorus content in grain (0.45 %) and straw (0.39 %) as compared to rest of the treatments. Treatment T15 (Vishal X Bacillus glycinifermentans) gave significantly higher values of potassium content in grain (0.67 %) and straw (0.96%). Inoculation of Bacillus sp improved crop growth and yield as determined by different plant growth parameters like plant height, root length, dry matter accumulation, nutrient content and control of Fusarium wilt diseases.ThesisItem Open Access DESIGN MODIFICATION IN PLANTING MECHANISM OF TWO ROW MANUAL RICE TRANSPLANTER FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh), 2021) Tirkey, Nitesh; Verma, A.K.; Mahapatra, D.; Naik, R.K.; Pisalkar, P.S.; Pradhan, M.K.Agriculture is the most important sector in India and is the primary source of livelihood for about 58 percent of population. With this increase population, it’s necessary to grow sufficient food to meet the demands of our people. In Chhattisgarh state, rice is usually grown either by broadcasting or direct seeding methods in the field with hands. Traditional methods, that are popular, are labour intensive, hazardous, and cost consuming. Due to these factors the farmers face low per acre production with high production cost. To mechanize the transplanting system several attempts have been made to design and fabricate transplanting machine. A small scale farmer cannot afford to buy a non-subsidized automated paddy transplanter due to the very expensive cost. Hence manually operated rice transplanters will serve to such population. A slight modification in the existing mechanism of transplanter has been proposed to improve the existing design. The overall mechanism of the manual rice transplanter consists of a simple four bar mechanism which is powered by ground wheel through chain and sprocket. A quick return mechanism is added to control the speed of the picking finger. Thus the developed manual paddy transplanter consists of seedling picking mechanism, quick return mechanism, and power transmission, seedling tray with frame, handle and float. The newly developed machine was evaluated in laboratory as well as in field conditions. The newly developed transplanter had a plant to plant spacing of 250 mm. The average height of the seedlings was 162.1 mm, 192.7 mm, 225.8 mm and 247.9 mm for 10, 15, 20, and 25 days, respectively. The average planting depth of transplanter was found to be 30 mm. The average number of seedlings per hill was 2 and the average number of missing hills was 3.33 per sq. m. The total number of hills per m2 area was found to be 15.7. The transplanter's operational average speed was measured at 1.10 km/hr. The percentages of missing hills, floating hills, buried hills, and damaged hills were found to be 5.71, 5.23, 6.19 and 3.80 percent respectively. The actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity were obtained as 0.0179 ha/h and 0.0268 ha/h, respectively. The transplanter's field efficiency was 66.80 percent. The cost of transplanting by the transplanter was Rs. 3743.5/ha weighting around 22 kg which can be easily pulled by a labour.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON LEVEL OF ADOPTION TOWARDS PIGEONPEA PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AMONG THE FARMERS OF RAIPUR DISTRICT (C.G)(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh), 2021) Yadav, Pooja; Pandey, P.K.; Khan, M.A.; Chandrakar, D.K.; Shukla, SindhuThe Present study was carried out during 2019-20 in the Raipur district of Chhattisgarh state. This study aims to understand the level of adoption of recommended pigeonpea production technology among the farmers. This study was conducted in purposively selected 12 Villages of Arang and Dharsiwa blocks with sample comprised of 120 respondents. The data were collected through personal interview of the respondents using properly structured interview schedule. The collected data were analysed with the means of suitable statistical procedure and tools. The findings of the study showed most of the respondents belonged to middle age group (36-50) years, had primary level of school education, belonged to Other Backward Class, residing with joint type of family with medium size family of 6 to 8 members, more than 20 years of farming experience. Many of the respondents had 2.01 to 4.00 ha land holding under semi-medium category, for livelihood mostly were dependent on agriculture, labour and animal husbandry with family annual income about 1 to 2.5 lakhs. Majority of the farmers followed rice+pigeonpea-fallow, rice- gram/lentil, pigeonpea-moong/urd cropping pattern. Mainly the land area falls under Matasi (Inceptisols) and Kanhar (Vertisols), had tube well as a source of irrigation, cultivation Under bund and followed by sole cropping and had medium level of cosmopoliteness. Major crops of the region were rice, pigeon pea, maize, soyabean and others. Main varieties grown under red gram coverage were Rajiv lochan, Asha, Laxmi, Pragati and local cultivar. On an average, the cost of cultivation of pigeon pea was reported of Rs.29,915 per ha with average yield about 9.12 q/ha with a net return of Rs.22,981 and BC ratio of 1.76. The overall results of knowledge reveal that among selected package of practices, maximum level of knowledge was found regarding improved variety followed by land preparation, seed rate of the pigeonpea, sowing method, seed treatment, nutrient management, postharvest management, weed, diseases and insect management. Maximum knowledge gap was reported regarding weed management, insect management and diseases management. In case of adoption level maximum level of adoption was shown towards improved variety followed by land preparation practices, seed rate, sowing method, seed treatment, nutrient management, postharvest management, weed, diseases and insect management. As far as constraints of pigeonpea production was concerned, Maximum respondents perceived that unavailability of Agricultural inputs at proper time, lack of training of Scientific pigeonpea production technology, High cost of seeds, Fertilizers, insecticides and implements and technical advice of expertise is not available on time. The other important problems reported were related to High Labour charges, lack of money to purchase useful agriculture material, lack of knowledge about insects, diseases and their management practices with their doses, unavailability of required seeds and agro chemicals in cooperative society. Majority of the respondents suggested to minimize the cost of agricultural inputs, proper field visits by expertise, soil testing facilities and proper marketing channel should be promoted between producer and buyers of agriculture produce. Variables like education, occupation, cosmopoliteness and knowledge level was positively and significantly correlated with adoption level of recommended pigeon pea production technology at 1 percent level of significance. Moreover, with the increase in knowledge level, adoption of recommended technology by the respondents also increases. In case of multiple regression analysis, regression coefficient (b), standard error and (t) value which indicates that cosmopoliteness and knowledge level had significant contribution towards the variation in the dependent variable i.e., adoption level of pigeon pea production technology at 1 per cent level of significance. Education had significant contribution towards the variation in the dependent variable i.e., adoption level of pigeon pea production technology at 5 percent level of significance. The value of coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.749 which clearly reveals that 74.90% of the variations on adoption level are due to the selected variables whereas 25.10% of variation is due to environmental factors or non- selected variables.ThesisItem Open Access DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRACTOR OPERATED ONION DIGGER(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh), 2021) Gautam, Amita; Jogdand, S.V.; Naik, R.K.; Trivedi, Jitendra; Saxena, R.R.; Victor, V.M.Onion has an important place in Indian cuisine due to its taste improving property. Various Indian dishes include use of onion chopped in different sizes to increase taste of recipe. Onion is grown in two or three seasons in different parts of India. To fetch a higher market price, timely harvesting of onion crop is essential. If delayed, possibilities of losses increase due to rain and other factors. Harvesting of onion bulbs is carried out by the soil primarily as the bulbs develop underground. Generally onion harvesting of onions is performed manually by small and medium farmers of Chhattisgarh. This is a laborious and time consuming process therefore a tractor operated onion digger was designed, developed and tested at S.V.C.A.E.T & R. S. Raipur. Various parameters were considered for design of onion digger viz. engineering properties of onion bulb, agronomical characteristics of onion crop, soil parameters and various machine components. Based on agronomical parameters i.e. depth of onion bulb and row spacing the size of the digger was conceived. The working width of digging blade was kept 600 mm, designed to work up to 100 mm depth from ground surface. The required power to operate the onion digger was calculated as 14.04 kW. Based on soil draft working on the digging unit a 6 mm thick MS sheet (AISI 1018) was used to manufacture digging blade. Three different blade shape viz. V-shape blade, serrated and flat blade were fabricated to find out the best working blade for the onion digger, and finite element analysis was conducted with the help of computer software ANSYS-R1-2021 to test the material of blade. The size of the separator was decided based on working width and volume of dugout material handled by separator during onion digging, total length of separator was determined as 760 mm which was made up by attach square bars parallel in the link attachment chain. The speed of the separator and inclination angle was selected by laboratory testing, in which three separator velocities (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m s-1) and five inclination angle (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°) was analyzed statistically with the help of randomized block design. The rotary power from tractor PTO was used to drive the separator with the help of transmission unit, which consist PTO bush, universal joint, gear box unit and chain drive from PTO of tractor to separator unit. A windrowing unit was attached behind the digger just below the separator to reduce the impact of sudden fall of onion behind it and also discharge the onion in center of the machine. The overall dimension of the developed onion digger was 1500×850×800 mm, which was small in size to reduce the capital cost and make it affordable for small farmers. The prototype of onion digger was tested in the experimental field to evaluate its performance. Factorial randomized block design was used to analyze the effect of independent variables viz. blade shape (V-shape, serrated and flat blade), rake angle (15, 20 and 25°), separator velocity ( 0.7 and 1.0 m s-1) and forward speed (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 km h-1) on damage per cent, separation Index and digging efficiency with their three replications. After test best result was found in V-shape blade with rake angle 20°, at separator velocity 0.7 m s-1 when the forward speed was 2.0 km h-1, at this setting damage per cent of onion bulb was minimum and digging efficiency was maximum i.e. 0.82 per cent and 99.02 per cent respectively. The fabrication cost of developed onion digger was calculated ₹ 28,120/-. Cost of operation of developed onion digger and with manual method were found ₹ 3,346.72/- per hectare, and ₹ 17,121.74/- per hectare, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Diversity Analysis and Integrated Disease Management of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causing Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh), 2021) Sahu, Neelu Ram; Tiwari, P.K.; Dantre, R.K.; Khare, C.P.; Chandrakar, G.; Bhandarkar, SandeepThe present experiment entitled ‘‘Diversity Analysis and Integrated Disease Management of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causing Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)’’ was conducted in the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) during 2020-21.“Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and is one of the most devastating”diseases. There is no reliable source of resistance against this disease. Moreover, Xoo have a vast diversity in their population. BLB samples were collected and isolated from different geographical areas of Chhattisgarh, i.e., Raipur, Mahasamund, Dhamtari and Ambikapur. The pathogen producedglighthyellow,ushiny, viscous,ksmooth, and circularmcolonies on potato sucrose agar (PSA) medium. Tested the pathogenicity on TN1 variety of rice were found the typical symptom of bacterial blight was observed as yellow lesions on both leaf margins, leaving a green area in the centre. Bacterial ooze was “seen on the margins or veins of the freshly infected leaf under moist conditions”in the morning hours, and it is a source of secondary inoculums. In the present investigation variation in the virulence spectrum was observed and was speculated due to the presence or absence of avr gene in the pathogen. The presentoinvestigation wasrthereforedcarriedsoutaby speculatinggthexavr genesmin thevpathogenzbased onbthecphenotypichresponsesuof NILs”carrying gene and gene combinations. Host specific / incompatible interactions of the isolates on the near isogenic lines (NIL’s) indicated highly resistance / hypersensitive responseskaremclearly thehresult of the molecularjcross talklbetween avirulenceygene producty(s)land correspondingfRngenekproduct (s) therefore basedpon information of avr gene mapping one can get an idea about the gene or gene combination effective in an area. Such information is essentially required for conventional breeding, marker assisted breeding or gene (s) deployment strategies. Thirty NILs and pyramids (IRBB lines) along with susceptible check, TN1 were evaluated for monitoring the diversity and field virulence response of four Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) isolates, only four NILs i.e. IRBB-56, IRBB-57, IRBB-60 and IRBB-66 effective at all 4 locations. Different ages of Xoo culture were observed, the culture of Xoo at 120 hours and 72 hours were found most effective in terms of disease severity and produced highly susceptible reactions on TN1. Screened thirty nine rice entries out of thirty nine rice entries, twenty eight entries, expressed highly resistant reactions against all Xoo isolates i.e. Raipur, Mahasamund, Dhamatari and Ambikapur. Evaluation of nano silver particles (Borogold) forftheomanagementpoftbacterial leaf blight disease in rice. Among all the seven treatments, the maximum reduction in disease severity (15%) and percent disease reduction over control treatment (69.90%) were recorded in T2.ThesisItem Open Access DETECTION OF SEED BORNE MYCOFLORA ASSOCIATED WITH ONION (Allium cepa L.) SEEDS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh), 2021) Banjare, Vipin Kumar; Lakpale, N.; Khare, N.; Sharma, Praveen; Chandrakar, G.; Khare, C.P.The present investigation was carried out in the Dept. of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) during 2020-21. Seed health evaluation was attempted for seed lots of different onion varieties viz. Bhima super, Bhima Shubhra, Bhima dark red, Nashik red and one local variety collected from randomly selected village. In dry seed examination, seed lots of different onion varieties showed distinct variation in healthy seeds, damaged, discoloured, small/under sized, shrunken seeds, weed seeds and other inert materials. Washing test was also performed. Maximum spore load of associated seed borne mycoflora was observed in seed lot of local variety. Ten seed borne mycoflora viz., A. niger, A. flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Helminthosporium sp., Curvularia lunata, Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Alternaria porri, and Mycelia sterilia were detected and identified from the seeds of five onion varieties by using standard blotter, agar plate, rolled paper towel, washing test and deep freeze method. Many seed borne micro-organisms were capable of causing discolouration, shrivelling, distortions, spotting and stromatisation of seeds which were visible to the naked eye and this was the concern to the growers. In all incubation methods frequency of detected mycoflora differ. A. niger, A. flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Curvularia lunata and Chaetomium globosum detected in all incubation methods whereas Fusarium sp. detected only in deep freeze method and Mycelia sterilia detected in two methods deep freeze and agar plate. Highest frequency of mycoflora recorded of A. niger, A. flavus and Chaetomium globosum in all methods. In roll paper towel method, abnormal deformed seedlings, dead/mouldy seeds, hard seeds percentage were less recorded in local variety and intact seedlings percentage recorded high in local variety. Seedling vigour was markedly reduced by all of the seed borne mycoflora when evaluated by seed inoculation method. Efficacy of seed treatment by aqueous plant extracts revealed that, some are increasing and some are decreasing seedling vigour index of onion. Total fifteen plant extracts were taken for study and among them seedling vigour index was most favoured by Aristolochia (162.13%) followed by Doob grass (131.95%) and Jamun (-40%) retards the seedling vigour most among the plant extracts. Fungicidal seed treatment result revealed that propineb 70% was found best in all varieties. Trichoderma viride is a bio agent was given good result in increasing seedling vigour index as compared to that of control. Comparative account of seed borne mycoflora detected revealed that, higher frequency of mycoflora detected in deep freeze method (54.40%) followed by standard blotter method (38.40%), rolled paper towel method (37.40%) and less in agar plate method (16.80%). Frequency of mycoflora observed high in Bhima super variety (44.25%) and less in Bhima dark red variety (28.00%).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE ENERGY BALANCE AND IMPACT OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURE AND CO2 UNDER RICE-COWPEA CROPPING SYSTEM(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh), 2022) Beck, Manoj Kumar; Puranik, H.V.; Kar, G.; Das, G.K.; Sinha, Jitendra; Lakhera, M.L.Present investigation on “Studies on the surface energy balance and impact of elevated temperature and CO2 under rice-cowpea cropping system” was conducted at Research Farm, ICAR-IIWM, Deras, Mendhasal, Khurdha District of Odisha during kharif & rabi seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20. For the study of weather characterization, weather data were collected from Agromet observatory situated at farm research field. Intercepted Photosynthetically Active Radiation (IPAR) and soil moisture were measured through standard micrometeorological instruments at regular intervals. Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) and energy balance components were studied through Eddy Covariance tower over rice and cowpea crop. Elevated temperature and CO2 concentrations was evaluated with the help of DSSAT model. Marksim software was used for future temperature scenario data projection. Results revealed that highest rainfall of 1540.9 mm in kharif and 42.5 mm in rabi season was recorded in 2nd season as compared to 1st season. During the rice and cowpea growing periods, the 1st season had the highest weekly mean maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, and bright sunlight hours as compared to the 2nd season. When irrigation and rainfall occurred during both crop growth seasons, the soil moisture content behaved in a zig-zag function during both seasons. Due to more rainfall in 2019-20 than in 2018-19, the soil moisture content was higher in 2019-20 than in 2018-19. In both years of the study, the highest soil moisture content was reported in the first week of February (5 SMW) and the lowest in the fourth weeks of January (4 SMW) for the cowpea crop. The transplanted rice and cowpea crop showed highest accumulated AGDD (2334 0C & 1097 0C) and APTU (26138 0C & 13167 0C) respectively during 2nd season as compared to 1st season. While the highest AHTU i.e. 18152 0C day & 8089 0C day was observed in 1st growing season under rice and cowpea crops. Higher radiation and heat use efficiency were observed 1.46 g/MJ & 0.58 g/m2/0C day for rice crop plant and for cowpea crop 0.28 g/MJ & 0.14 g/m2/0C day in 2nd season as compared to 1st season, respectively. Diurnal variation of IPAR,increased from morning till noon time (12:00 to 13:00 hrs) and then decreased consistently till evening. Crop reproductive stages recorded highest IPAR value over both the cropping seasons. Among seasons, maximum IPAR value of 720 MJm-2 was observed at 90 DAT while 663 MJm-2 was recorded in 2018 at 75 DAT, respectively. In cowpea crop, maximum IPAR value of 423 MJm-2 was recorded at 60 DAS in 2019-20 while, 2018-19 showed 401 MJm-2 at 60 DAS. Diurnal pattern of f IPAR exhibited a very interesting pattern on rice and cowpea crop. It increased a little soon after sunrise and it continued till 7:00-8:00 hrs. Then it gradually decreased from a low point at 12:00 hrs after that it increased till 16:00-17:00 hrs and then its decrease continued up to sunset. In seasonal profile maximum value 0.62 of f IPAR was found in 75 DAT in season 2018 while in 2019, higher value of 0.70 was observed in 90 DAT under rice crop. In cowpea crop, maximum f IPAR value of 0.46 was found at 60 DAS in 2nd season. Diurnal pattern of extinction coefficient (K) increased,from morning till noon hrs (12:00 to 1:00 hrs) and then decreased consistently. Crop reproductive stages recorded lowest K value over both the cropping seasons. Highest K value (0.58 & 0.64) was found in 30 DAT in both seasons while lowest (0.40) was observed in 75 DAT during 1st season and 0.46 in 90 DAT during 2nd season under rice crop. Whereas, cowpea crop highest K value (1.14 & 1.31) was found in maturity and lowest (0.86 & 0.89) was observed in 60 DAS in both the seasons. Season 2019-20 showed higher value as compared to season 2018-19 under rice and cowpea growing seasons. Surface energy balance components varied with crop growth stages. A considerable amount of net radiation is consumed in the form of latent heat flux, which is then followed by sensible heat flux and soil heat flux were observed at 8:00 hrs to 17:00 hrs in both the cropping field under two growing seasons. The highest average Rn value was recorded 344.58 Wm-2, LE was found 151.64 Wm-2, H 38.95 Wm-2 and G was found -0.84 Wm-2, respectively in 2nd rice growing season. Highest LE/Rn ratio was recorded at Panicle initiation stage (0.51) and lowest was observed at maturity stage (0.33) on both growing season of rice crop. Highest H/Rn ratio (0.47) was observed at physiological maturity. In cowpea crop, the average Rn was recorded (351.63 Wm-2), LE (130.87 Wm-2), H (71.53 Wm-2) and G (0.06 Wm-2) during 2019-20 as compared to 2018-19 growing season. The LE/Rn ratio was recorded highest (0.74) in full flowering stage of cowpea during 1st growing season but full maturity stage was found highest ratio (0.52) in 2nd growing season. H/Rn ratio was recorded highest (0.53) at crop emergence stage of cowpea in 1st growing season but highest ratio (0.28) was found at full flowering stage in 2nd growing season. G/Rn ratio was found mostly positive values and diurnally morning hours was found negative values of different growth stages. The CO2 fluxes quantified by the EC technique were used to study the NEE of CO2 and partitioning NEE (Net Ecosystem Exchange) into two components viz., gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE). Plant photosynthesis during the day time led to the uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere whereas respiration at night contributed to an efflux of CO2 to the atmosphere in the absence of photosynthesis. Diurnal maximum NEE and GPP by rice and cowpea crop was found between 11.00 and 01.00 h. Whereas, maximum RE was found between 12.00 and 15.00 h over the cropping season. The highest NEE was recorded at the panicle to flowering stage (-13.72 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1) and GPP value was observed highest at flowering to dough stage (-17.33 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1) in 2nd season as compared to 1st season. Cumulative value of GPP (-695 μmol m–2 s–1), NEE (-311 μmol m–2 s–1) was recorded highest in 2019-20 but highest RE (347 μmol m–2 s–1) was observed in 1st season (2018-19). Similarly, for cowpea crop highest NEE (-12.83 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1), GPP (-16.17 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1) was found during branching to flowering stage whereas highest RE (2.07 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1) was observed during flowering to pod development stage in 2nd season. The sensitivity analysis was studied through DSSAT model for elevated CO2 concentration (450, 500 and 550 ppm) under prevailing weather condition. Results revealed that the grain yield of rice crop was increased by 11.19%, 12.02% and 12.95 % at elevated CO2 concentration of 450 ppm, 500ppm and 550ppm, respectively and for cowpea crop, grain yield increased by 34.07%, 40.17% and 41.83% under elevated CO2 concentration levels of 450 ppm, 500ppm and 550ppm, respectively. Greater tillering and more grain bearing panicles were attributed to the higher growth response with increased CO2 concentration. With increasing CO2 concentrations, net absorption rate and net photosynthesis both increased. Under elevated CO2 and future temperature scenario (2030, 2050 & 2070) grain yield and biomass of rice crop showed highest reduction -10.56% and -9.54%, respectively in 2070 at 550 ppm level. For the cowpea crop, highest reduction in yield and biomass was observed -13.20% and -9.9% in 2070 at 550 ppm level as compared to prevailing weather condition. 2nd season of rice and cowpea crop was found good due to better crop environment and favourable meteorological conditions during crop growth and development. Better radiation interception and energy balance components was found in 2nd season due to higher leaf area and growth of plants. In rice crop the Net Exchange Ecosystem (NEE) is a net CO2 sink practically the whole crop season, with the exception of a few days around maturity when it becomes a net CO2 emitter. Both crops revealed that higher CO2 concentrations had more favourable than negative effects of temperature on yield and yield components.
