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ThesisItem Open Access SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION ANALYSIS BASED ON HIGH RESOLUTION AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Thakur, Sakshi; Khalkho, Dhiraj; Tripathi, M.P.; Naik, R.K.; Tandon, Ambika; Verulkar, S.B.Soil moisture content is the amount of water which is present In soil and required for the growth of any plant. Soil moisture is an important variable in land surface hydrology. It has very important implications for agriculture, wildlife, and public health. To calculate the moisture content of soil we used drone images instead of satellite images because of its high resolution and ability to work in cloudy conditions.There are many methods for measurement of soil moisture either directly or indirectly some of them are gravimetric method, electrical conductivity method, measurement by using tensiometers, neutron scattering method however these methods are laborious and time taking also inaccurate when using on large scale analysis. For large scale & accurate measurement remote sensing techniques can be used due to its potential for covering large area with real time information. These techniques include aerial or satellite platform, in which UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) is most popular these days. The UAV is a small aircraft (Quadcopter) that can fly for an hour at a speed of 30 miles per hour at an altitude of 100-150 feet. Mainly fixed wing and multirotor UAV are widely used in agriculture. Using the UAV higher spatial and temporal data resolution can be achieved.It is a versatile device and cost effective method in collecting high resolution imagery. This technology had been used commonly in agricultural field globally. The study field is situated in the farm of Indira Gandhi Agriculture University, Raipur in front of IGKV Museum, with the Latitude of 21º14’08.09” N and Longitude of 81º42’32.69” E. The field having area of 60*40 meters which was divided into 6 blocks of 20*20 meters. The paddy crop was shown in the field in which 3 variety of paddy crop was there with 2 replications. The field was totally in rainfed condition and no supplementary irrigation was provided there. For soil moisture analysis the soil samples were collected from the field two times a week and gravimetric method was used to obtain the actual moisture content of soil. The aerial images were captured with the help of drone and the analysed using the ArcGIS and Erdas IMAGINE software. The images first georeferenced using the ArcGIS software and then the images were splitted into the visual bands (Red, Green, Blue) with the help of Erdas IMAGINE software for the analysis of the NDBRSMI index. The soil moisture index were generated using the Raster Calculator in ArcGIS software. The generated index values and the obtained soil moisture data were compared with the help of statistical parameters to establish the best suitable relation between the observed and simulated moisture content of the study.The soil moisture content was different for each block as the water absorption capacity was varied as per the variety of crop.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MODIFIED SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR BASED AUTOMATED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM AT IGKV RAIPUR(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Singh, Sandeep Kumar; Khalkho, Dhiraj; Verma, A.K.; Sharma, G.L.; Agrawal, NarendraIndia is an agriculture dominant country, in which 70% of it rural households depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture is a sector that consumes approx. 70-80% of potable water for irrigation of its field and moreover farmers irrigate their land by traditional irrigation methods like surface irrigation method in which majority amount of water gets wasted. So, as the water is getting scarce day by day it’s important to conserve water. Therefore to overcome this problem drip along with soil moisture sensor can be used which delivers water as per the plants requirement, thereby it can prevent from having over and under irrigation due to which it not only saves water but also increases the production of the crop. This research work entitled “Performance evaluation of modified soil moisture sensor based automated drip irrigation system at IGKV Raipur” was carried out at the experimental field of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dept. of Soil and Water Engineering, Swami Vivekanand College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IGKV, Raipur, C.G. The major objective of the experiment was to modify and set up the developed soil moisture sensor system for real-time monitoring of moisture content of the soil, to calibrate the modified soil moisture sensor system in drip irrigation, and to perform the performance evaluation of modified soil moisture sensor under drip irrigation method at IGKV Raipur. The soil sample of experimental field was taken for doing soil test was done and the laboratory test results shows that the texture of the soil sample is sandy clay having 31% field capacity and 1.32 g cc-1 bulk density. To calibrate the soil moisture sensor and to measure the soil moisture content, the gravimetric method and Soil Moisture Meter were used. The soil moisture sensor was calibrated in terms of volumetric moisture content (VMC) by using gravimetric method between 90-70% of the field capacity of the soil. Automation of installed drip irrigation was done by equipping the drip with a low-cost soil moisture sensor system. The pre-developed sensor system was modified to use in this study. It was designed and developed to schedule the irrigation automatically in the experimental field and were tested for brinjal crop. In this system, 5 sensors were installed in the experimental field of sandy clay texture at a different soil depth of 0-15, 15-30, 30-40, 40-45, and 45-60 cm respectively from the soil surface. The placement of sensors at various depth depends upon the growth stage of the plants. The reading of the soil moisture was recorded from the experimental field on daily basis and these readings were also compared with gravimetric method. For optimum scheduling of irrigation, the sensor system was set at 70-90% of the VMC of the soil. The sensor based automated drip irrigation system automatically turned the pump “ON” whenever the moisture content in soil reduces below the pre-set moisture content that is 70% and it will irrigate the field till the moisture content reaches up to the pre-set upper moisture content limit that is 90% of the field capacity. When the moisture content of the soil reaches 90% of the field capacity the sensor system cut off the irrigation by turning “OFF” the pump automatically. In this way, only the required amount of water was applied whenever the plants needed it, which results in saving of water. The sensor continuously monitors the soil moisture content and displays the real time average moisture content with the help of the 3.5 inches TFT LCD display unit. The program for the microcontroller in the sensor system was done by the help of software which was done by the Automation Engineers. Irrigation of experimental field was done with the help of pump operated drip irrigation system having a 2000 l capacity of tank as a source of water. The experiment consisted of two type of treatments, i.e. Controlled irrigation treatment (Furrow irrigation) and Soil moisture sensor based treatment. In controlled irrigation treatment irrigation was applied according to the farmers practice and field conditions where as in sensor based treatment the irrigation water is applied according to the moisture content of the field as the soil moisture sensor continuously monitors the moisture content of the soil. There were total 8 rows of plants under controlled irrigation treatment whereas there were 20 rows of plants under sensor based drip irrigation method. The wetting patterns were measured at 1.0 kg/cm2 operating pressure. The measurement of wetted depth and width were recorded at 30, 60, 90, & 120 min. of application of water. The vertical wetting front advance were obtained maximum at 4.9, 9.6, 11.6, and 9.8 cm and the horizontal wetting front advance were found maximum at 13.1, 14.8, 19.2, and 23.8 cm, through the emitters having 1.31 lph discharge at 1.0 kg/cm2 operating pressure. The discharge from drip irrigation with inline emitters was calculated at various places in the experimental field at the interval of 10 min. at various operating pressure (i.e. at 0.5,0.7, 0.9 and 1.0 kg cm-2) for estimating installed drip irrigation system’s hydraulic performance, on the basis of uniformity coefficient, Irrigation Efficiencies, Emission Uniformity, and Emitter Flow Variation. According to the field observations and calculation the hydraulic performance of installed drip irrigation system were obtained maximum at 1.0 kg/cm2 operating pressure in which Application Efficiency was 93.24%, Distribution Efficiency was 95.47%, Emission Uniformity was 94.73%, and Uniformity Coefficient was 94.18% obtained. It also has been observed that, there was continues increment in growth characteristics which were also affected by different treatments of irrigation. For soil moisture sensor based automated treatment various growth characteristics was obtained such as, maximum height of plant recorded as 121.1 cm, average length of fruit was 14 cm, number of branch per plant was 21, yield per plant was 856 gm, no. of fruits per plant 15.42, average fruit weight was 52.15 gm, and water use efficiency 81.71 kg/ha-mm was recorded. For Controlled Irrigation Treatment, the avg. no. of branches per plant were 14, the average weight of fruit 52.15 gm, the avg. no. of fruits per plant 16.81, yield per plant was 754 gm, maximum height of plant obtained was 98.4 cm, Water Use Efficiency (WUE) was recorded as 66.2 kg/ha-mm and the average fruit length was 12 cm was obtained. Whereas. The maximum Water Use Efficiency (WUE) was recorded highest (81.71 kg/ha-mm) for soil moisture sensor based automated treatment. The total depth of applied water in case of controlled irrigation was 635 mm and for sensor based treatment it was 550 mm which clearly shows more water applied in controlled irrigation treatment. The sensor based treatment saves around 13.38% of water as compared to controlled irrigation method.ThesisItem Open Access LAND AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN OF KVK DURG (PAHANDA)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Sharma, Sonal; Katre, Prafull; Jain, Vijay; Sinha, Jitendra; Choudhary, Vijay; Anand, A.V.S.S.To feed every mouth with nutritious food can only be possible because of the agriculture which also plays an important role in the country’s economy and is mainly dependent upon soil/land and water. water is key natural resource not only for the all forms of agriculture but also for human survival with economic importance. Any kind of agriculture without above elements is not sounding to be possible easily. The KVKs in India are designate for Technology assessment, refinement and demonstration of technology/ products, On-farm testing to identify the location specificity of agricultural technologies under various farming systems with frontline demonstrations to establish its production potentials on the farmers’ fields. One such attempt is therefore made in this study to focus on developing land and water resources in a holistic manner at one such KVK which can be demonstrated to the farmers of the area under the jurisdiction of that KVK. Considering the importance of KVKs the Krishi Vigyan Kendra Durg (Pahanda) Chhattisgarh has been selected as study area. Chhattisgarh, is one of best agriculture-based state of the Indian Union came into existence on November 1, 2000 and known as “Dhan ka Katora”. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra Durg-II (Pahanda) is situated at village Pahanda, Block Patan in Dist. Durg, Chhattisgarh and is located between 21°11´20´´N - 21°11´36´´N and 81°32´27´´E - 81°31´54´´E and covers 52.25 acre of land available for agriculture. Existing land slope map , DEM map, contour map, Drainage map have been collected with various software i.e. Google Earth pro, GPS, and QGIS (Version 3.14.0). Using latitude, longitude and altitude values points under study area has been recognized after precised survey. The rainfall, Temperature, wind velocity, humidity, sunshine hours and ET has been collected form CHRMS and Climate .Durg.org. The average value of all above as per the current cropping pattern has also been computed with the help of Cropwat model with support of climwat. As per all the above researchers, it is essential to work on suitable land configuration for proper growth and development of crops especially pulses and cereals in C.G.. So here in study area where the soil is silty clay or clay loam for a suitable land combination of furrow with tied ridges has been selected for sowing by dibbling of pure organic seeds in strictly pure organic cultural practices. In the present study area, rainfall data and number of rainy days of past 30 years (1999 - 2019) has been collected and analyzed. The results shows that the study area receives an average annual rainfall of around 1300 mm and the contribution of monsoon rainfall is 110 mm which is received during the period from June to October with rainfall intensity 3.03 mm-hr-1 . The lowest average temperatures in the year occur in December i.e. 27.24 °C in day with highest in may maximum in 41.55°C in day . The average bulk density of the soil of KVK is 1.50 mg-m-3 and particle density of the soil of KVK is around 2.50 mg-m-3 Similarly soil has good porosity which is 45.31 % on average. The Percentage of sand, silt and clay has been around 32, 28,48 respectively and the ave soil texture was found silty clay loam and The result shows that average pH of the soil 7.32 and EC of the soil of KVK is around 0.24. Similarly soil has good Potassium level which is 346.73 on average and very low value of Phosphorous 6.54 on average. As per the topography of study area the slope is of class III i.e.1.54 %. The average runoff of study area is found to be 1001.7 mm against 1319.20 mm of average rainfall. The highest runoff found in month of July followed by August i.e. 334.50 mm and 277.04 mm respectively. The lowest runoff is 0.11mm in January and peak discharge rate found is 0.85 m3-hr-1. Average pre-monsoon and post- monsoon Ground water level in study area as observed through 4 borewells of the study area were measured as 8.21 m and 5.18 m respectively with the discharge of 4.0 to 6.64 lps. The average pre and post monsoon water level of all active bore well is around 5 m. Estimated Ground water draft For Kharif season Irrigation draft is 0.829 Mm3 and For Rabi 0.622 Mm3 with total Draft 0.615 Mm3 . The Recharge of Ground Water through Rainfall Infiltration, from tank or ponds, irrigation and due to unlined drain found 0.202 m3, 4004 m3 , 25.6 m3and 1.230 Mm3 respectively. On the basis of current cropping pattern paddy consider as main crop because of higher percentage occupied i.e. 38% followed by pulses and vegetable i.e. 4 % and 3 % respectively. According to the existing cropping patterns the current irrigation requirement is 983.7 m3 day-1 . After the study the following points were consider as major problem occurring in KVK which restrict the sustainable and judicious use of land and water resources under KVK. The KVK is growing various crop but in maximum area paddy is going to be cultivated by broadcasting and transplanting method, which requires higher amount of irrigation.The current establishment pattern for pulses is direct seeding. Apart from that the KVK has two existing ponds Pond 01 and Pond 02, in both the ponds the inlet of pond is higher in elevation then the out let i.e. 285.805 and 285.050 for Pond 01 and 283.945 280.835 for Pond 02. The seepage losses is comparatively higher due to unlined pond surface apart from that there is also absence of adequate sealing of soil surface and trench cutting which reduces the slippage of dike. As a result minimum water is available in pond ass stored water for the Rabi seasons. As per the received surface runoff i.e. 1046.52 mm is more which is flowing from upland area of KVK i.e.Block 01 contributes higher runoff and due to that water logging occurs in the area and damages the crop and ultimately reduces the production of crop. Due to the above runoff around 0.60 m of water get ponded over the pond 01. It can be used as surplus for the Rabi season. In the current situation the water storage in the pond is only around 20% of its actual which is very less due to the improper elevation of inlet and outlet, seepage losses and absence of head control structure. Considering the above facts in mind the provision of Modified Monk as head control structure with water lifting device the extra low head high discharge pump with cutoff trenches and poly lining of pond with proper sealant is proposed for existing structure has been proposed for the KVK. Performance of Kharif pigeon pea with organic inputs in selected land configuration tied ridge and furrow was tested successfully. The yield advantage of 28.57% over direct seeded pigeon pea and 95.65% over broadcasted pigeon pea. A short duration variety TGT- 501, has been cultivated in 0.35ha with seed rate for pigeon pea is 15 kg/ha with dibbling. 18 Rows were formed with the spacing of 60cm between each and seeds were planted in 15 cm distance.The total production in 0.35 ha is about 4.49 qt and projected Total production in 01 ha is about 12.82qt/ha.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF APP FOR DESIGNING OF LOCATION SPECIFIC DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Netam, Priyanka; Agrawal, Narendra; Khalkho, Dhiraj; Victor, V.M.; Tamrakar, Samir Kumar; Tripathi, M.P.Drip irrigation is a system in which the water and plant nutrients applied by drippers at low pressure and frequent intervals into the plant root zone in a very precise and regulated manner. This system is also known as trickle irrigation. This is the latest technology of irrigation in which the water application rate is very low and limited pressure i.e. drop by drop. Drip irrigation is an eco-friendly irrigation system which not only saves precious irrigation water but also increases productivity to the tune of 30-40 per cent over traditional methods of irrigation. This system is very popular in areas where, water scarcity and salt related problems. The drip irrigation system mainly consists of filtration unit, fertigation unit, main line, sub-main line, laterals and drippers. Main lines are made of either high density polyethylene (HDPE) or rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with 20 to 100 mm in diameters. These lines are used to carry the water from water source to the sub-main. Main line is attached to sub-main line through different PVC fittings. Sub-main is also made of PVC and supplies water to the laterals on one or both sides of it. Ball valves are provided in sub-mains to maintain the required pressure and flow in the pipe line. Flush valves are provided at the tail end of main and sub-main lines for cleaning and removing the dirt. The main line delivers water to sub-main line and sub-main line to laterals. Laterals are either line source tubing or drip laterals and are made up of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), which is quite flexible and strong. These laterals are used to carry the water from sub-main lines to root zone of the plants through drippers. They are available in plain laterals and dripper inbuilt laterals with different spacing and sizing of 12mm to 20mm. Proper size of laterals are laid in open field and their spacing is based on the row to row distance of the crop. Proper sizes of drippers are inbuilt into the laterals and the water from laterals spread into the plant root zone through the drippers. Soil, crop type and most importantly water requirement of crops are the major factors for deciding the spacing of drippers on the lateral pipe. Drippers are either pressure compensating or non pressure compensating depending upon topography of the field. These are well designed to provide precise amount of water to the plant as per their requirement. It consists of different parts to dissipate the pressure in the different pipes by means of a long flow path and to allow only a few litters of water per hour discharge with decreased water pressure. After that this water is spread into the soil profile by its normal movement. In terms of water use and labour, the drip irrigation system is the most effective method. For efficient use of water and labour, drip irrigation systems should be designed, installed, and maintained properly. The design of drip irrigation system is very tedious job for any farmer or extension worker. Now a days various distributors and dealers of drip irrigation companies are available in the market and large number of farmers and they need to design and install many systems within a different places of their jurisdiction. But, in the design of drip irrigation system it is very difficult to calculate crop water requirement, size and length of different pipes, pressure losses in the various pipes, discharge variation along the laterals, size, discharge and number of drippers, horse power and discharge requirement of the pump set etc., manually. Also there are numerous software’s available to deal with the design related issues but the drawback is the hardware requirement for the same. Presently with the advancement in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and awareness among the users, android platform based mobile is being readily used and adopted by the farmers, extension workers, students and researchers. The present study was conducted with the objective to develop an Android Based App for design of drip irrigation system. This App was developed with the help of android studio software and java programming language. This App will provide proper platform that can help farmers, industrialist, marketing executive, extension specialist and researchers who design drip irrigation system. It can be extensively used by farmers or extension worker to overcome the issues of faculty design. It will also assist in the design of a system for various locations and crops. This App tackles the issue of accessibility of information and will customize the design based on the data input. The App would be a robust design tool for both small and large farmers and it has limited storage space and operates without internet access. The App has been tested with past researcher’s design. The results obtained using developed App was compared with the results of researcher’s design and the results were found satisfactory.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF APP FOR DESIGNING OF LOCATION SPECIFIC DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Netam, Priyanka; Agrawal, Narendra; Khalkho, Dhiraj; Victor, V.M.Drip irrigation is a system in which the water and plant nutrients applied by drippers at low pressure and frequent intervals into the plant root zone in a very precise and regulated manner. This system is also known as trickle irrigation. This is the latest technology of irrigation in which the water application rate is very low and limited pressure i.e. drop by drop. Drip irrigation is an eco-friendly irrigation system which not only saves precious irrigation water but also increases productivity to the tune of 30-40 per cent over traditional methods of irrigation. This system is very popular in areas where, water scarcity and salt related problems. The drip irrigation system mainly consists of filtration unit, fertigation unit, main line, sub-main line, laterals and drippers. Main lines are made of either high density polyethylene (HDPE) or rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with 20 to 100 mm in diameters. These lines are used to carry the water from water source to the sub-main. Main line is attached to sub-main line through different PVC fittings. Sub-main is also made of PVC and supplies water to the laterals on one or both sides of it. Ball valves are provided in sub-mains to maintain the required pressure and flow in the pipe line. Flush valves are provided at the tail end of main and sub-main lines for cleaning and removing the dirt. The main line delivers water to sub-main line and sub-main line to laterals. Laterals are either line source tubing or drip laterals and are made up of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), which is quite flexible and strong. These laterals are used to carry the water from sub-main lines to root zone of the plants through drippers. They are available in plain laterals and dripper inbuilt laterals with different spacing and sizing of 12mm to 20mm. Proper size of laterals are laid in open field and their spacing is based on the row to row distance of the crop. Proper sizes of drippers are inbuilt into the laterals and the water from laterals spread into the plant root zone through the drippers. Soil, crop type and most importantly water requirement of crops are the major factors for deciding the spacing of drippers on the lateral pipe. Drippers are either pressure compensating or non pressure compensating depending upon topography of the field. These are well designed to provide precise amount of water to the plant as per their requirement. It consists of different parts to dissipate the pressure in the different pipes by means of a long flow path and to allow only a few litters of water per hour discharge with decreased water pressure. After that this water is spread into the soil profile by its normal movement. In terms of water use and labour, the drip irrigation system is the most effective method. For efficient use of water and labour, drip irrigation systems should be designed, installed, and maintained properly. The design of drip irrigation system is very tedious job for any farmer or extension worker. Now a days various distributors and dealers of drip irrigation companies are available in the market and large number of farmers and they need to design and install many systems within a different places of their jurisdiction. But, in the design of drip irrigation system it is very difficult to calculate crop water requirement, size and length of different pipes, pressure losses in the various pipes, discharge variation along the laterals, size, discharge and number of drippers, horse power and discharge requirement of the pump set etc., manually. Also there are numerous software’s available to deal with the design related issues but the drawback is the hardware requirement for the same. Presently with the advancement in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and awareness among the users, android platform based mobile is being readily used and adopted by the farmers, extension workers, students and researchers. The present study was conducted with the objective to develop an Android Based App for design of drip irrigation system. This App was developed with the help of android studio software and java programming language. This App will provide proper platform that can help farmers, industrialist, marketing executive, extension specialist and researchers who design drip irrigation system. It can be extensively used by farmers or extension worker to overcome the issues of faculty design. It will also assist in the design of a system for various locations and crops. This App tackles the issue of accessibility of information and will customize the design based on the data input. The App would be a robust design tool for both small and large farmers and it has limited storage space and operates without internet access. The App has been tested with past researcher’s design. The results obtained using developed App was compared with the results of researcher’s design and the results were found satisfactory.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF RUNOFF POTENTIAL OF JHAL WATERSHED IN BEMETARA DISTRICT FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE SITES FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING STRUCTURES(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Ganjir, Divyanshu; Tripathi, M.P.; Tiwary, Pramod; Sinha, Jitendra; Dave, A.K.; Bajpai, R.K.Appropriate planning and management of natural resources like land and water on watershed basis is of outmost necessity for sustainable agricultural development. Knowledge of hydrological response for planning and effective utilization of water resources is important. Based on above fact a research study has been carried out on estimation of runoff volume and point out suitable sites for water conservation measures in a watershed. The present investigation dealt with the use of geo-spatial techniques assessment of runoff potential based on SCS-CN model and identification of site suitable for rain water harvesting structures in the Jhal watershed of Bemetara district of Chhattisgarh state. The total area of watershed is 3250 ha and receives average annual rainfall of 1200-1500 mm. Various maps like watershed boundary, DEM, aspect, contour, slope, HSG, CN, drainage and land use/ cove were generated. The majority of the watershed area has very gently sloping (0-3%) lands. Morphometric parameters indicate that watershed has less distortion in drainage pattern. The circulation ratio and elongation ratio was found to be 0.52 and 0.66, respectively indicating that the watershed is elongated with low relief and has gentle slope. More than 80% area of the watershed is under agricultural land (2698 ha) and paddy is cultivated as a major kharif crop. More than 75% area of the watershed (2510 ha) has very deep clayey soils occurring on the very gentle to gentle sloping land (< 5% slope) with low permeability or infiltration rate with C and D (2510 ha) type of Hydrological Soil Groups. Results revealed that for the period of 2014-2018, the year 2018 had the highest annual rainfall of 1398.8 mm with coefficient of variance of 112.2 % for the monthly rainfall. The runoff potential of the watershed was estimated by using SCS-CN method and geospatial techniques of RS and GIS for the period of 2014-2018. The year of 2018 was a rainfall excess (15%) year whereas the year of 2015 was a deficit year as it received rainfall less than 75% of normal rainfall. The year of 2018 contributed the highest runoff volume of 28.27 Mm3 and the year of 2015 contributed the lowest runoff volume of 15.39 Mm3. Five thematic layers, viz., land use/cover, slope, HSG, soil texture and soil depth were considered for identification of appropriate places for conservation measures. Weights were also considered which has been determined by using AHP and Satty’s criteria along with weighted linear combination 0.41, 0.25, 0.16, 0.13 and 0.05 were assigned to each layers, such as land use/cover, slope, HSG, soil texture and soil depth respectively. The assignment of relative ranking was found to be consistent as CR is 6%, which is less than 10%. The entire area of the Jhal watershed was delineated into four suitability classes for rainwater harvesting structures. It was observed that the maximum area of watershed belongs to highly suitable class (8.0 – 9.0) for rainwater harvesting with an area about 2311 ha. Based on the IMSD guidelines, two types of rainwater harvesting structures namely check dam and farm ponds has been proposed other than existing structure 6 sites for check dam and 30 sites for farm ponds were identified for the Jhal watershed. On the basis of this study, it can be concluded that the excess runoff from a watershed can be utilized more effectively by providing water harvesting structures.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND TESTINGOF A SPIRAL TUBE WATER WHEEL PUMPING SYSTEM(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Kamalkant; Sinha, Jitendra; Agrawal, Narendra; Victor, V.M.; Roy, Goutam; Tripathi, M.P.An experiment was conducted on “Development and Testing of a Spiral Tube Water Wheel Pumping System” at Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Swami Vivekanand College of Agricultural Engineering Technology and Research Station, FAE, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.). The aim of the study is to develop a spiral tube water wheel pumping system, performance evaluation of developed pumping system for lifting and carrying water and economical evaluation of developed pumping system. Traditionally these are the Tera and Rahat system are operate manually for lifting water from the source of surface water and well, some of which are choicest way from others for various purpose. The pumping system is based on kinetic energy of flowing water. The basis of working of water powered pumping system is kinetic energy which is cheap and easily available. It can be used for water delivery at ponds, canals/nallah. The water wheel pumping system is easy to install and easy to work upon and because of this it can be very much useful in rural areas. Spiral Tube Water Wheel Pumping System has been developed. The main components of pumping system includes float, blade, spiral pipe, block bearing, inlet valve, housing, T-joint, union-valve. When the flowing of water is directly acting on the blade it causes water strike on the blade and the blade rotate continuously in the direction of flowing water. In this system two inlets have been provided which are placed in same line and the angle between them is 180 degree apart, both are connected in a single pipe line through housing pipe. The principle that allow the alternatively water in a coil and they have create a column of water in a coil, due to the delay of few second air and water also increase the delivery of water. The overall dimension of STWWPS is 188.9 cm in height, 213.3 cm in length and width is 124.9 cm. Testing and performance evaluation of water wheel pumping system was done at Bhari dam at K.V.K., I.G.K.V., Raipur (C.G.) and Bendri escape WRD, Mandhar Branch Canal Tulshi (C.G.) and other suitable place of canal command area in Chhattishgarh state. Observations were taken under head in flowing water, flow rate and velocity of flowing water, mass and K.E. of flowing water, revolution per minute of water wheel, discharge, total head/delivery head, lifting and carrying distance of water. Performance and testing of STWWPS was analysed. The testing of spiral tube water wheel was evaluated at different delivery head and different horizontal distance was affecting the discharge very much. The result show that the lifting and carrying with the kinetic energy of flowing water. STWWPS gave a discharge of 0.59 to 0.44 lps at delivery head is 4.14 to 4.83 m and horizontal distance of carrying water 3 to 10 m. The STWWPS can give a discharge of 55296 lpd at velocity 2 m/s, water depth of 1 m and lifting head of 4.28 m and carrying distance of 3 m. The cost of pumping 51200 litres of water at 3 m of operating head was found to be Rs 260.15, Rs 287.83, Rs 760.43 and Rs 1604.74 for water wheel pumping system, electrical power pumping system, Diesel power pumping system and human power pumping system, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN SEMI-CRITICAL BLOCKS OF CHHATTISGARH PLAINS(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Aekesh Kumar; Tripathi, M. P.; Agrawal, Narendra; Naik, R.K.; Chowdhary, Tapas; Khalkho, DhirajThe speed of rapid urbanization and industrialization needs requires effective planning and adequate monitoring of groundwater supplies in a wider regional context. Such a plan requires a comprehensive study to know the spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater quantity and quality, to enforce any approach for its sustainable approach in a region. Intensive cultivation, rapid industrialization, and urban development are the common cause of groundwater pollution. The leaching from industrial effluent and plant protection chemicals largely responsible for groundwater pollution in both urban and rural areas. The suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes should be determined, based on its quality. Therefore the present study was undertaken in the Department of Soil and Water Engineering, IGKV, Raipur for the assessment and indexing of groundwater quality in semi-critical blocks of Chhattisgarh plains for both domestic consumption and irrigation purposes. In this study two semi-critical blocks i.e. Kurud block of Dhamtari district and Patan block of Durg district were selected. Groundwater samples were collected from 10 different locations of each block during the post and pre-monsoon seasons of the year 2019. The physicochemical analysis of the collected groundwater samples was conducted in the Laboratory at Central Groundwater Board (CGWB), NCCR, Raipur, following the standard laboratory procedures. The parameters considered for the physicochemical analysis of the sample were pH, TDS, EC, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, NO3, K, CO3, HCO3, F, NO3, SO4, As, Mn and total hardness along with color, odor and taste for evaluating groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The spatial and temporal variability maps for both the blocks were prepared using the IDW interpolation technique in this study. Water Quality Index (WQI) was prepared with the help of selected parameters to know the overall quality of the study area. The Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS, 2012) was deemed to determine groundwater suitability for drinking purposes and WQI measurement. The resultant graphs and tables showed that the eastern part of the Kurud block and south-western part of Patan block has poor quality of groundwater for both seasons, whereas fluoride and nitrate concentration value tends to be higher than the desirable limit for drinking in few samples. Gibbs and Piper diagrams were plotted based on analytical data for lithological characteristics and hydrochemical evolution. Gibbs diagram showed that the samples were found to be rock dominated and regulating groundwater mechanism for groundwater in both the blocks. According to the Piper diagram, the hydrochemical evolution of groundwater samples showed the predominance of Ca2+- Mg2+- HCO3 type. Furthermore, a study of the sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, sodium soluble percentage, permeability index, Wilcox and USSL diagram suggested the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. In the study blocks, groundwater was revealed to be suitable for use in drinking and irrigation with the exception of only several samples that exceeded the recommended limit result of anthropogenic interaction.ThesisItem Open Access WATER CONSERVATION PLAN BASED ON GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL OF MAND CATCHMENT IN MAHANADI BASIN(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Baghel, Shreeya; Tripathi, M. P.; Khalkho, Dhiraj; Victor, V.M.; Das, G.K.; Katre, Prafull KumarCurrently, due to the expansion of more residents, rapid urbanization and climate change along with irregularity in the frequency and intensity of rainfall there is inadequate groundwater management and difficulty in storage plans. Therefore, the assessment of groundwater resources is desperately needed because they play a primary role in the sustainability of livelihood and regional economies worldwide. This can be done by the introduction of a systematic approach to watershed management. The study area is Mand catchment of Mahanadi basin, part of Chhattisgarh having area of 5332.07 km2, ranging from 21°42'15.525"N to 23°4'19.746"N latitude and 82°50'54.503"E to 83°36'1.295"E longitude. The Mand river originates from the Mainpat plateau village Bargidih of Sarguja district which is in northern Chhattisgarh. Mand River is a Mahanadi tributary and gets merge at Chandrapur which is 28 km away from the Orissa border. It covers parts of the districts of Sarguja, Korba, Janjgir-Champa, Jashpur and Raigarh where Raigarh district is a major region. Rainfall is the primary source of groundwater recharge in the region and during the southwest monsoon season it receives maximum rainfall (85 percent). Normal annual rainfall is 1192.1 mm. Maximum temperature (42.5 ⁰C) is in the May month and minimum temperature (8.2 ⁰C) is in the January month. The research analyzes morphomeric parameters, thematic maps generation, groundwater potential areas demarcation, runoff measurement and to recommend structures for recharging groundwater efficiently and effectively using remote sensing and GIS. Using SRTM DEM, the hydrological module of the ArcGIS 10.5 was used to delineate and morphometrically analyze the catchment. In addition, various thematic maps including boundary map, district map, block map, sub-watershed map, drainage map, drainage density map, stream order map, soil texture map, contour map, aspect map, slope map, geology map, geomorphology map, lineament map, groundwater level maps (Pre and Post monsoon), groundwater fluctuation map, rainfall map and LULC map were developed in the ArcGIS 10.5. The land use/cover map was generated using supervised classification method with the latest available sentinel-2 satellite data. Groundwater potential zones were delineated using remote sensing, GIS and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) techniques with nine thematic layers. The selected nine parameters have been ranked on the basis of Satty's Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). Different influencing features for the delineation of potential groundwater areas are considered for AHP based weighted overlay analysis. Estimation of Rainfall-Runoff for thirteen sub-watersheds is done individually for the growing season (June-October) using SCS-CN method in ArcGIS 10.5. Therefore, a map showing different type of structures to be constructed at different locations has been prepared to boost groundwater conditions to fulfill the shortage of water resources in agriculture and the area's domestic use. The study shows that the Mand catchment is elongated with lower peak yet prolonged peak flow. It has a strong relief and a steep slope to the ground. The total number of streams in the catchment is 20203 with a total length of 11,651.15 kilometres. The highest recorded elevation in the catchment is 1147 m above MSL and the lowest point is 187 m above MSL. The stream order ranges from first to fourth order representing drainage of the dendritic type and it reflects the steeply dipping rock strata. Watershed covers atmost regions of agricultural land, fallow land and scrub land. Runoff layers are created individually for the growing season months (June-October) using rainfall layers and potential infiltration layers generated using curve number (CN) layers in the GIS platform. Potential zones of groundwater are classified into four zones i.e., low, low to medium, medium to high, and very high. The appropriate structures to be constructed for recharging and storage in the low and low to medium groundwater potential zones were considered to be percolation tanks, check dams, and farm ponds, their respective location numbers were found to be 36, 39 and 21 respectively. The calculated subsurface storage volume can accommodate the estimated runoff and thus it will enhance the groundwater level in the low and low to medium groundwater potential zones. GIS can provide a efficient and effective platform for convergent analysis of these diverse data sets for groundwater management and planning.
