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ThesisItem Open Access PREDICTING FARMERS’ UPTAKE OF NEW LIVELIHOOD TECHNOLOGIES THROUGH ADOPT MODEL(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Verma, Hem Prakash; Suryawanshi, D.K.; Mooventhan, P.; Pandey, P.K.; Koshta, A.K.; Lakhera, M.L.The present study entitled “Predicting Farmers’ Uptake of New Livelihood Technologies through ADOPT Model” was carried out in four district namely Balodabazar, Raipur, Dhamtari and Kanker of Chhattisgarh state because FLD (Front Line Demonstration) of particular technology was conducted in these districts. In this present study, kadaknath poultry farming and oyster mushroom production were selected purposively because these were livelihood improvement technologies which have been introduced and sustained by ICAR-NIBSM (National Institute of Biotic Stress Management), Baronda and KVKs of IGKV, Raipur Chhattisgarh. The stakeholders (who were directly involved in FLD) like 8 researchers, 27 progressive farmers, 15 business personnel and 10 self-help group of kadaknath poultry farming. Similarly, 15 researchers, 20 progressive growers, 15 business personnel and 10 self-help group of oyster mushroom production were selected, inthis way the total 120 stakeholders (60 stakeholders from each technology) were selected for the study. The ADOPT (Adoption Diffusion Outcome Prediction Tool) was used to evaluate and predict the likely level of adoption in percentage as well as time take to reach that the pick level of adoption in the years. It was found that majority of the stakeholders from both technologies were belongs to young age group (up to 35 years). In case of education level, majority of the stakeholders from both the livelihood technologies had graduation and above level education. For specific farm experience majority of the stakeholders had experience between 1-3 years (53.33%) and under 6 and above years category (40.00%) for kadaknath poultry farming and oyster mushroom production, respectively. In case of specific business experience, majority of the stakeholders for both technologies had experience between 1-3 years for kadaknath poultry farming (65.00%) and for oyster mushroom production (46.67%).Majority (36.67%)of kadaknath poultry farming stakeholders had 11-20 years farming experience and about half of the stakeholders of oyster mushroom production had farming experience between 1-10 years. It was found that, in case of kadaknath poultry farming technique, the major farming practices that were did not adopted by farmers were hatching of eggs (69.23%), secondly vaccination and health management (61.54%). In this production technique marketing was one of the major practice and it adopted by majority of farmers (82.69%). In case of oyster mushroom production technique, all growers (100%) agreed with substrate preparation and majority of the growers (82.22%) sterilize their substrate for mushroom production. Three fourth (73.33%) of oyster mushroom growers did not prepared spawn. The ADOPT model predicted the peak adoption level of kadaknath poultry farming among progressive farmers to be 14 per cent. This means that only 14 per cent of the farmers in our defined population will adopt the kadaknath poultry farming in 17 years. Further in 5 years from the starting of an adoption programme, 3 per cent of the farmers’ population will adopt the kadaknath poultry farming, rising up to 10 per cent over period of 10 years. On the other hand, the ADOPT model predicted the peak adoption level of oyster mushroom production among progressive growers to be 58 per cent. This means that 58 per cent of the growers in our defined population will adopt the oyster mushroom production in 12 years. Further in 5 years from the start of an adoption programme, 27 per cent of the growers’ population will adopt the oyster mushroom production, rising up to 55 per cent over period of 10 years. The variables with most influence on predicted peak adoption of kadaknath poultry farming were “profit benefit in the years that the innovation is used”, “environmental costs and benefits” “future profit benefit”, “risk exposure of the innovation”, and “ease and convenience of the innovation”. For time to peak adoption, the most influential variables were “relative existing skills and knowledge”, “innovation complexity”, “ease of trialing”, “relative upfront cost of the innovation” and “short-term constraints”. On the other hand, the variables with most influence on peak adoption of oyster mushroom production were “environmental costs and benefits”, “profit benefit in the years that the innovation is used”, “future benefits in future”, “risk exposure of the innovation”, “ease and convenience of the innovation” and “enterprise scale”. For time to peak adoption, the most influential variables were “relative existing skills and knowledge”, “innovation complexity”, “ease of trialing”, “short-term constraints” and “group involvement”.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON ICT INITIATIVE IN AGRICULTURE THROUGH KISAN MOBILE ADVISORY SERVICES BY KVK IN BILASPUR DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Yadav, Prakash Kumar; Awasthi, H.K.; Sengar, R.S.; Dwivedi, S.K.; Shukla, S.The study was conducted in Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh State of India. 4 blocks namely Bilha, Masturi ,Takhatpur and Pendra were selected purposively out of total 7 blocks in the Bilaspur district, Total 120 respondents were selected randomly for the study from the list of beneficiaries of respective block available at KVK headquarters. Data was collected with the help of a semi structured interview schedule. Major findings of the research were as follow: higher percentage of respondents belonged to middle age i.e. 36 to 50 years old, with most of them having education up to higher secondary, and mostly engaged in agriculture as their main occupation, also agriculture was the subsidiary occupation of most of the sampled respondents. The source of income for most of the respondents was agriculture only and slightly less percentage than the farmers were having land holding of size 1.1 to 2 hectare. The cropping pattern for most of the respondents was rice-fallow-fallow cropping pattern practicing in an area of 117.05 ha. Pertaining to the annual income, the results revealed that higher percentage of respondents were earning income in between Rs.50001-100000. With regards to contact with extension agent, rural agriculture extension officer was mostly contacted by the respondents on regular term, on the other hand per cent respondents have contacted cooperative agent sometime and large section of the respondents never approached the assistant fisheries officer. The results on overall contact with extension agent revealed that three- fourth of the sample respondents were having medium contact with extension agent. Mass media utilization pattern of the respondents showed that respondents were regularly using mobile, whereas overall utilization of mass media showed that maximum percentage of the respondents were lying in the medium category. The result on economic motivation revealed that the higher percentage of the respondents was belonging to medium economic motivation category. The analysis on innovative proneness in the study area revealed that maximum respondents were falling under the medium innovative proneness category. The analysis on overall cosmopoliteness showed that more than two-third of the sampled respondents was medium cosmopolite in nature. The analysis on timeliness and understanding of the message revealed that majority of the respondents accepted that messages never reached after the time and more than three- fourth of the respondents agreed that it never happened that they don’t understand messages. Majority of the respondents agreed that the subject area value addition to be not useful. Majority of the respondents have medium overall usefulness. The result pertaining to need of KMAS revealed that majority of the sampled respondents found information on insect management most needful i.e. higher number of respondents considered the insect management as most needful area. Most of the messages were send for the discipline of agronomy (crop production). Correlation analysis showed that, contact with extension agent, Mass Media utilization, Timing of message and Understanding of message have positively and highly significant with Usefulness of KMAS while Education, Annual income, cosmopolitness and Innovative proneness have positive and significant with Usefulness of KMAS. The constraint analysis in the study area showed that more than half number of respondents was facing the problem of understanding the technical words. The analysis on suggestions recommended by the farmers showed that maximum number of respondents desired the message to be served in local language.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOUR OF CUSTARD APPLE SELF HELP GROUPS MEMBERS IN KANKER DISTRICT OF CHHATTISAGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Kunjbihari; Netam, P.K.; Khan, M.A.; Markam, P.S.; Lakhera, M.L.The present study entitled “A STUDY ON ENTREPRENEURIAL BHEAVIOUR OF CUSTARD APPLE SELF HELP GROUPS MEMBERS IN KANKER DISTRICT OF CHHATTISAGARH” had been carried out in Kanker district of Chhattisgarh in the year 2019-20. There are 28 districts in Chhattisgarh in which Kanker district was selected purposively because of the district is one of the leading producers of custard apple. Kanker district having 7 blocks in which 2 blocks namely Charama and Narharpur were selected purposively because these blocks are having maximum number of custard apple SHGs. From each selected block 10 representative villages were selected thus total 20 villages were selected randomly. From each selected village 1 group was selected randomly (1*20=20 groups), from each selected group 50% SHG members were selected randomly, total respondent of our study was 113. Appropriate variables were used and data was collected with the help of pre-tested interview and data obtained was analysed using appropriate statistical methods. The findings of this study revealed 66.37 percent members were under age category of 34 to 47, Data regarding to education of SHG members that majority of SHG members (44.25%) were comes under category of up to primary school. Most of the (34.51%) SHG members reported under other type of occupation such as non-timber forest product collection (mahua/tori/lacs/chirounji/tendu patta), poultry and piggery. 71.68 percent of SHG members belonged to medium income (12000 to 22000 Rs) group. A considerable, percentage of members had social participation (66.37%), medium contact with extension agencies (79.65%) and medium mass media participation (57.52%). Contact for Marketing & Processing related information, maximum contact of members were contact with ATM/BTM, R.A.E.O. and R.H.E.O. contact for Availability & Collection of custard apple related information, were mostly contact with Friends and Neighbors. In the study area custard apple SHG members sell their produces through Collectors-Wholesaler-Processor-Consumer and Collectors- consumer channel. Majority of the SHG members (81.42%) had experience of 3 to 5 years experience in collection of custard apple and availability of custard apple were found between months of September to November. Regarding to general participation of SHG members in custard apple collection and processing reveal that the collection procedure of custard apple had highest (93.81%) participation. Awareness of picking and processing of custard apple were found that majority (60.18%) of the SHG members had medium level of awareness. The collective conclusion by the study of various characteristics of socio-economic status of SHG members that majority of the (41.59%) of SHG members comes under middle class category. Regarding to overall entrepreneurial behaviour observed that majority of the (64.60 %) custard apple SHG members belonged to medium entrepreneurial behaviour category. Majority of the SHG members were found in the medium category for all dimension of entrepreneurial behaviour such as management orientation, decision making, leadership abilities, risk taking ability, knowledge off enterprise, achievement motivation, innovativeness and self confidence. The correlation between the socio- economic profile with entrepreneurial behaviour shows that among the 14 independent variable 7 of them had a highly positive correlation, 3 variables had slightly positive correlation, 1 variable age had a highly negative correlation and 3 independent variable had not any significant correlation with dependent variable. Data regarding to constraints faced by SHG members towards their entrepreneurial development shows that lack of awareness of marketing strategies was recognized as major personal constraints faced by SHG members along with lack of dedication among SHG members, lack of management skills. Institutional constraint faced by SHG members were don’t have supportive network was major constraint.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON CONSTRAINTS FACED BY THE RANGINI LAC (Kerria lacca) PRODUCERS IN KORBA DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH STATE(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Tanwar, Harishchandra; Pandey, P.K.; Khan, M.A.; Rana, Navneet; Shukla, SindhuThis research study was done in constraints faced by the Rangini lac producers in Korba district of Chhattisgarh state. 120 respondents from 2 blocks of this district were taken as sample. This study was done in the year 2018 -19. The interview schedule was prepared in Hindi language for collection of data. The study included respondents social, economic, communicational, psychological, types of host tree and frequency of inoculation (per year). It was noticed that, majority of the respondents were middle school level education (75.84%) , had no social participation in any organization (86.66%), gender participation in Rangini lac production male (100.00%), had medium 11 to 20 years of experience in Rangini lac production (40.00%), having Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 1,00000 annual income from all sources category (64.16%), had small land holding 1.1 to 2 ha. (57.50%), had MFP+ Agriculture (100.00%), having credit facility was available to the respondents (77.50%), having annual income from Rangini lac production (92.50%), cost of production/hold Rs. 277.42 and per tree Rs. production per house hold (18.28 kg.), had medium level of scientific orientation (19-22 score) (38.33%), had low level of cosmopolieness (once in a month) (62.50%), utilization of information sources respondents contact to forest department (64.17%), types of host tree use for lac production palas (Butea monosperma) (100.00%), had 21 to 30 owned host tree (51.66%), rented host tree- not any respondents who had rented the host tree for the inoculation of Rangini lac, frequency of inoculation (onece time in a year) (61.67%). Correlation analysis reveals that the variables viz. production per house hold (per year) and constraints were found positively and highly significant related with adoption at 0.01 percent level of significance, whereas education, income from Rangini lac production (per year) and utilization of information sources had positively and significantly related with adoption at 0.05 percent level of significance. The positive significant relationship shows that when the level of the above variables viz. annual income and adoption increases, then the constraints of recommended Rangini lac production technology practices by the respondents will also increase. Multiple regression analysis reveals that out of sixteen variables under study only one variables namely land holding showed highly significant and positive contribution towards adoption at 0.01 percent level of significance. While only one variable i.e. occupation had positive and significant contribution towards adoption at 0.05 percent level of significance and only one variable i.e. annual income and annual income from Rangini lac production had negative and significant at 0.05 percent level of significance and remaining twelve variables viz. education, social participation, gender participation in Rangini lac production, experience in Rangini lac production, credit acquisition, cost of production (per year), production per house hold (per year), scientific orientation, knowledge level, cosmopoliteness, utilization of information sources, frequency of inoculation had no significant contribution towards adoption of recommended Rangini lac production technology. Multiple regression analysis of selected independent variables constraints faced about practices was carried out and the findings are arranged. The findings reveal that adoption had negative and significant contribution at 0.01 level of probability and its ‘b’ value was 0.198. It means that if other variables keep constant then a unit change in adoption will increases the value of dependent variable (constraints) by 0.380 unit. Similarly, annual income from Rangini lac production and negative significant contribution at 0.05 level of probability. The R2 value was 0.650. It shows that, all the independent variables that were selected for this analysis jointly contribute to 65 percent variation in Rangini lac production about practices. The remaining 35 percent variation in the dependent variable was contributed by the other variables that were not included in this study. The suggestions like; suggested that the extension agency should organize training and skill demonstration about different aspects of lac production technology at village level & insurance of the lac crop.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON GENDER PERSPECTIVE ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCY OF THE RESEARCH SCHOLARS OF INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, RAIPUR, CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Sundaram, T. Shashi; Khan, M.A.; Awasthi, H.K.; Kostha, A.K.; Shukla, SindhuStudents of agriculture can play a crucial role in changing the scenario of traditional agriculture into a commercial enterprise for which theyneed to have a penchant to spot business opportunities, creativity and innovation in developing a product and effective salesmanship. ‘Entrepreneurial competency’ offers a realistic way to address this issue. Competence is a combination of a body of knowledge, skills and a collection of appropriate qualities that an individual holds to efficiently and effectively perform a given task. This study is focused to distinguish the level of entrepreneurial competency of agricultural research scholarsof Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur with a gender perspective to examine if there is a significant association between male and female research scholarsin relation to their level of competency. A proportional stratified random sample of total 118 research scholars, studying in any year of Ph.D. in different departments were interviewed with the help of questionnaire developed by Entrepreneurship Development Institute, Ahmadabad. The major findings of the study are that most of the both categories of respondents belonged to 26 to 29 years of age group with the age of male research scholars being significantly higher than that of female research scholars.More than two-third of the male research scholars were in second class academic achievement group, whereasalmost two-third of the female research scholars were in first class academic achievement group in graduation with the academic achievement of female research scholars was found to be significantly higher than that of male ones. In post-graduation, nearly two-third of both the categories of research scholars belonged to first class academic achievement group. Majority of the both categories of research scholars had knowledge of three languages. Further, the findings indicated that male research scholars had significantly higher knowledge of languages than female research scholars. Around two-fifth of the male and half of the female research scholars had medium size of family. Less than one third of the male and exactly half of the female research scholars had their fathers up to graduation level of education where the fathers of female research scholars was reported to had significantly high level of education than those of male respondents. In case of their mothers, the majority of male research scholars’ mothers had up to primary school education level whereas the majority of female research scholars had their mother completed senior secondary school education level. Most the male research scholars belonged to rural family background whereas most of the female research scholars belonged to urban family background. Agriculture was practiced by around seventy per cent of male research scholars’ family as an occupation while more than seventy per cent of female research scholars had their family occupation as public\private service. Majority of the bothcategories of research scholars had more than rupees 5 lakhs of annual family income.First three career choices of male research scholars were Agricultural scientist, University professor and Agriculture related government jobs whereas for that of female research scholars were to become University Professor, Agricultural scientist and Subject Matter Specialist.Majority of both themale and female research scholars had medium level of basic knowledge of communication, medium knowledge of government policies related to agri-business and medium level of agri-business anxiety. Further, it was found that male research scholars had significantly higher knowledge of government policies related to agri-business than female research scholars. Most of the maleresearch scholars were having high level of risk orientationwhereas most of the female research scholars were having medium level of risk orientation. The findings further indicated that male research scholars were having significantly high level of risk orientation and agri-business anxiety than female research scholars. Majority of the both the categories of research scholars were having average perception about the entrepreneurial and academic climate and good perception about the competitive climate of the campus. Most of the male research scholars had poor perception whereas most of the female research scholars had average perception about the cultural climate of the campus. More than half of the both categories of research scholars had “most favourable” attitude towards agriculture entrepreneurship. The study further indicated that greater part of the both categories of respondents had high level of initiativeness, activism, persistence, information seeking behaviour, commitment to work contract, planning orientation, tackleness, self-confidence, assertiveness, persuasion and ability of using influence strategies. The overall entrepreneurial competency of greater part of the respondents was also found to be high. The analysis showed that in case of male research scholars, their academic performance (in U.G.) was highly positive- correlated; knowledge of government policies related to agribusiness and attitude towards agricultural entrepreneurship were found to be positively correlated with their overall entrepreneurial competency, respectively. Further, it was found that father’s education and basic knowledge of communication technology were found to be negatively correlated with their overallentrepreneurial competency. In case of female research scholars it was found that family occupation to be highly positive-correlatedand family income and attitude towards agricultural entrepreneurship to be positively correlated with their overall entrepreneurial competency, respectively. Also, agri-business anxiety was found to be highly negative-correlated with their overall entrepreneurial competency among both the categories of respondents. The major suggestions offered by research scholars of IGKV to enhance the entrepreneurial competency was to simplify the lengthy procedures for getting a bank loan , making efforts in government policies to reach the farmers at remote level, introducing policies to encourage female household workers for business, making government policies motivating enough for farmers to start their own business, focus on practical approach and experiential learning, inclusion of skilful activities related to entrepreneurship in the curriculum, active student involvement in experiential learning.ThesisItem Open Access TO STUDY THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AGENCY (ATMA) ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN SELF HELP GROUP MEMBERS ASSOCIATED WITH VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN DURG DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Ramani, Pallavi; Sangode, P.K.; Khan, M.A.; Chandrakar, M.R.; Lakhera, M.L.The study was carried out in Durg district of Chhattisgarh during the year 2019-2020. For the study, all three blocks were selected, i.e., Durg, Patan and Dhamdha. 2 ATMA benefited vegetable producing SHGs and 2 non-benefited SHGs were randomly selected from each block, and 10 respondents were randomly selected from each SHG, making a total of 20 beneficiaries and 20 non-beneficiaries from each block to constitute a sample size of 120.With the help of a well-developed semi-structured interview schedule, the response was taken. We analyzed the data using descriptive statistics like ranking, frequency, mean, t-test, Pearson’s correlation of coefficient. The result of the study showed that majority of the ATMA beneficiaries belonged to 31-50 years of age category and most of the non- beneficiaries also belonged to 31-50 years of age category, with most of the ATMA beneficiaries having education up to middle school level and maximum of the non-beneficiaries were educated upto primary school level, majority of both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries belonged to Other Backward Class. Most of the respondents (both the groups) possessed nuclear family, had 5-8 family members, having a vegetable farming experience of 11-20 years and social participation in any one organization. Maximum of the beneficiaries were associated with ATMA from last more than three years. Most of the respondents were practicing Horticulture + agriculture as main occupation. The annual income of most of the beneficiaries was above Rs. 2,00,000 with an average annual income of Rs. 214283 and in case of non-beneficiaries annual income was in range of Rs.100001 to 2,00,000 with an average annual income of Rs. 143600. Maximum of the beneficiaries were having a small land holding of (1 to 2 ha) while most of the non-beneficiaries were having a marginal land holding of (up to 1 hectare). Maximum of the beneficiaries were doing horticulture in an area of 1-2 hectares with an average area under vegetable cultivation as 1.06 ha, while maximum of the non-beneficiaries were doing horticulture in an area of (up to 1ha) with an average area under vegetable cultivation as 0.60 ha. In case of beneficiaries total cropped area during kharif season was 59.17 ha. during rabi and zayad season was recorded to be 61.27 and 57.27 ha respectively. However, in case of non-beneficiaries total cropped area during kharif season was 35.58ha. during rabi and zayad season was recorded to be 39.84 and 35.59 ha respectively. It was further observed that for both the respondents during kharif season, tomato occupied the largest area.In rabi season, largest area was occupied by cauliflower followed by cabbage, brinjal. In zayad season largest area was occupied by bottle gourd. Majority of the respondents acquired credit. Most of the beneficiaries had pucca house type and the non-beneficiaries had mixed house type. Higher percentage of beneficiaries had medium farm power and non-beneficiaries had low farm power. Most of the respondents (both the groups) were utilizing tubewell as the major source of irrigation, beneficiaries had cropping intensity of more than 200 per cent and majority of the non-beneficiaries had cropping intensity in between 101 to 200 per cent, both respondents were following Tomato/Brinjal/Bhindi- Cabbage/ Cauliflower/ Knolkhol- Cucurbits/ Leafy vegetables/ Cowpea crop rotation. Majority of the respondents follow producer to wholesaler marketing channel. Maximum beneficiaries were utilizing 6 to 11 information sources and non-beneficiaries were utilizing 4 to 9 information sources, both the respondents had a medium level of contact with extension personnel. Under technical assistance provided by ATMA all the beneficiary SHGs received training followed by exposure visit and demonstration. In case of financial assistance all the beneficiary SHGs received revolving fund followed by group mobilization, seed money and reward. Majority of both the groups had medium level of risk orientation and medium decision making ability. The overall knowledge index of beneficiaries in tomato cultivation was (84.35%), Brinjal (83.30%), Cabbage (83.26%), Cauliflower (85.51%). Similarly, the overall knowledge index of non-beneficiaries in tomato cultivation was (55.51%), Brinjal (55.38%), Cabbage (55.89%), Cauliflower (56.73%). The difference in overall knowledge between beneficiaries and the controlled group was found highlyysignificanttat00.01lleveloofpprobability which means beneficiaries had more knowledge as compared to non-beneficiaries. After implementation of the ATMA programme there was increase in beneficiaries knowledge regarding vegetable production technology because of the technical guidance which were provided to the beneficiaries under ATMA programme. The overall knowledge level showed that majority of the beneficiaries were having medium knowledge, followed by high level of knowledge and the majority of non-beneficiaries were having medium knowledge, followed by low level of knowledge. The extent of change in knowledge was maximum in Fertilizer management, followed by improved varieties, disease management and insect pest management. Most of the respondents showed their participation in vegetable harvesting, hoeing, weeding and weedicide application followed by sowing of seeds. “Majority of the beneficiaries were having upper middle class and upper class socio-economic status and non-beneficiaries were having middle class and lower middle class socio-economic status. The overall socio-economic status of beneficiaries was 74.06 per cent and of non-beneficiaries was 56.39 per cent. The results of t- test showed that Socio-economic status of beneficiaries was higher than non-beneficiaries as t-value was found to be highly significant at 0.01 level of probability.The programme is somewhat successful in increasing their income and employment opportunities. It may be concluded that developmental activities of ATMA could help the beneficiary respondents to increase their socio-economic status. Asstatisticallyssignificantrresult doessnottnecessarilyymeannthatttherresult is practically significant. The “effect size” usually gives an indication of whether something is practically significant. The ‘d’ value was found to be 1.3 standard deviation which indicated that the impact of ATMA on the Socio-economic status of beneficiaries was found to had a ‘Large’ effect size that means there was a positive impact of ATMA programme on the socio-economic status of beneficiaries.” “The correlation of socio-economic status with all the independent variables showed that out of Nineteen selected independent variables, only five variables, viz., Annual income, Land Holding, Area under vegetable cultivation, Contact with extension personnel and Risk orientation contributed positively and highly significantly at 0.01 level of probability and two variables Education and Decision making contributed positively and significantly at 0.05 level of probability towards Socio-economic status. For non-beneficiaries, out of nineteen selected independent variables, only four variables, viz., Annual income, Land holding, Area under vegetable cultivation, Knowledge about cabbage production technology contributed positively and highly significantly at 0.01 level of probability and one variables Education contributed positively and significantly at 0.05 level of probability towards Socio-economic status.” The analysis on constraints showed that majority of the respondents faced difficulty in protecting the vegetables from adverse weather conditions. The analysis on suggestions showed that majority of the respondents suggested information of proper weather forecast through SMS should be provided.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF INTEGRATED “SOIL TO SILK” TASAR PROJECT ON PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF KOSA RAW SILK AMONG THE BENEFICIARIES IN JANJGIR-CHAMPA DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH STATE(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Panda, Saneeta; Sengar, R.S.; Chaturvedi, M.K.; Chandrakar, M.R.; Shukla, SindhuThis research study was done in Integrated "Soil to Silk" Tasar project in janjgir-champa district of Chhattisgarh state. 150 respondents from 3 blocks of this district were taken as samples. This study was done in the year 2018-19. The interview schedule was prepared in Hindi language for collection of data. The study included respondents' social, economic, communicational, psychological, marketing channels, technical support and other features. It was noticed that, majority of the respondents were middle school level education (29.33 per cent), had up to 5 years of experience in sericulture (89.4 per cent), had medium knowledge level (78.6 per cent), had sericulture + agriculture occupation (100.00 per cent), had small land holding 1 to 5 ha. (88.00 per cent), having Rs. 70, 001 to Rs. 1,00,000 annual income category (54.67 per cent), having credit facility was available to the respondents (76.67 per cent), sources of information used to receive regular information from the sericulture department officer (56.00 per cent), utilization of information sources respondents used to mobile regularly (82.00 per cent), had low level of cosmopoliteness (once in a month) (64.00 per xii cent), had middle level of aspiration (72.66 per cent), had medium level of economic motivation (86.00 per cent), marketing channels used to be (41.33 per cent) as the producer to cocoon bank to wholesaler to customer, technical support were fully utilized by the sericulture department (70.00 per cent), respondents were disinfected silkworm eggs available from the sericulture department (76.00 per cent), reeling machine was available (52.00 per cent), in area under Tasar plantation and its maintenance, respondents were in the marginal category (less than 1 ha.) (56.00 per cent) and storage facilities of cocoons had available (85.34 per cent). The difference between the before project and after project of productivity was found that overall 35.00 per cent impacts the productivity of sericulturists, the difference between the before project and after project of production was found that overall 30.33 per cent impacts the production of sericulturists and the difference between the before project and after project of annual income was found that overall 29.33 per cent impacts the annual income of sericulturists. Independent variables like education, experience in sericulture, land holding, annual income, availability of credit facilities, utilization of information source, marketing channels, technical support, and availability of disinfected silkworm eggs were positive and highly significant correlation with total production, productivity and annual income of sericulturists. Source of information, cosmopoliteness and level of aspiration had negative correlation with total production, productivity and annual income of sericulturists, however participation in training programme, knowledge about silk production, occupation, economic motivation, availability of reeling machine, area under Tasar plantation and its maintenance and storage facilities of cocoons positive correlation with total production, productivity and annual income of sericulturists. In multiple regression analysis of sericulturists, also clearly observed that coefficient associated with variables like education, experience in sericulture, availability of credit facilities, cosmopoliteness, level of aspiration and marketing channels had positive and significance contribution with production, productivity and annual income of sericulturists. The major problems faced by the respondents were problems related to insect and disease. Majority of the respondents suggested that, there should be adequate mechanical and technical knowledge.ThesisItem Open Access SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SOYBEAN GROWERS WITH REFERNCE TO COST OF CULTIVATION AND INCOME IN RAJNANDGAON DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Ashwani Kumar; Sangode, P.K.; Khan, M.A.; Chandrakar, M.R.This study, “Socio-economic Analysis of Soybean Growers with Reference to Cost of Cultivation and Income in Chhattisgarh District of Rajnandgaon” was conducted during 2017-18. Out of the nine blocks of Rajnandgaon Districts, four blocks namely Rajnandgaon, Dongargarh, Khairagarh, Chhuikhadan were specifically selected for the study. Three villages were similarly selected from each selected district. In this way a total of 12 villages were selected (Khapri, Singpur, Bannara, paragaon, Dundera, Dhara, Rahud, Badhaitola, Pawantara, Chhuikhadan, Gopalpur, Mainhar).Ten soybean growers were randomly selected from each village they selected A total of 120 soybean growers were selected as respondents for the present study. The data were collected individually via pre-tested schedule of interviews, and the data collected were tabulated and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools and methods. In this study it was concluded that most of the respondents belonged to the 46-60-year-old group, belonged to the Other Backward Class and had a primary education level. Most of the respondents had in their household up to 6 to 8 members and participating in more than two organizations. In soybean cultivation, the majority of respondents had up to 11 to 20 years of farming experience. All respondents were engaged in agriculture as their main occupation and medium-sized land holdings (2.1 to 4.0 ha). About 40.83 per cent of respondents had their income in the range of Rs. 50000 to 100000. Cent per cent respondents used mobile phone and cycle/motorcycle and used bullock as a farm power. About (88.14%) of the respondents had acquired credit for agriculture purpose from cooperative bank through KCC. Most of the respondents were found to have a medium level of risk orientation and majority of the respondents (81.67%) were obtained information about recommended practices of soybean production technology from progressive farmers. about half of the respondents were utilizing 4 to 5 sources of information. The findings regarding cropping intensity indicate that majority (66.67%) of the respondents had (101-200%) cropping intensity and average cropping intensity of the respondents was found to be 189.73 per cent. Maximum cultivated varieties were JS-9305 and JS-9560 in soybean. Majority of the respondents were by using seed drill tractor and bullock for sowing method and maximum respondents had availability for irrigation and most respondents using canal to irrigate their fields. On an average cost of cultivation per hectare of soybean were calculated Rs. 26938.26 and net income 20461.74 ha-1, benefit cost ratio of soybean crop came to 1:1.76 on the sample farms. The findings reveal that 53.33 per cent of respondents in the higher percentage fall under the middle class. Approximately (40.00%) of respondents belonged to the upper middle class, followed by (3.33%) in the upper class, only (3.33%) belonged to the lower middle class, it clearly indicates that the socio-economic status of most of respondents are towards upper side. The data also show that out of all eighteen characteristics, education, size of family, annual family income, farm power, material possession, occupation, land holding was found to be a positive and highly significantly correlated with the socio-economic status at a probability level of 0.01 per cent. Although, caste and social participation were positive and significantly correlated with socio-economic status at a probability level of 0.05 per cent. The other variables are different. Age, variety of soybean, establishment method of soybean, credit acquisition, experience of soybean cultivation, cropping intensity, source of information and risk orientation had no statistically significant correlation with socio-economic status of soybean growers In case of B:C ratio, five variables viz. land holding, establishment method of soybean, farm power, credit acquisition and risk orientation were found to be positive and significantly correlated with cost benefit ratio of soybean crop. In multiple regression analysis, out of 18 independent variables, 9 variables viz. education, caste, size of family, land holding, occupation, farm power, material possession and social participation had positive and significant contributed to the socio-economic status of soybean growers. In case of multiple regression analysis, out of eighteen independent variables, four variables viz. land holding, establishment method of soybean, credit acquisition and source of information had positive and significant contributed towards benefit cost ratio of soybean crop. As regards to problems faced by the respondents, majority reported about, non-availability of agricultural input (seed, fertilizers etc.) in proper time, lack of marketing facilities, storage facilities, lack of information during sowing, bacterial leaf spot disease, girdle beetles insect was the major problem for soybean crops, shortage of labors and high wage rates during sowing and harvesting time, high input cost (seed, fertilizers etc.), lack of training about package of practices of soybean cultivation, lack of availability of good seed and lack of knowledge about application of pesticides and herbicides. As for the suggestions from the respondents to solve soybean cultivation problems, the majority of the respondents suggested that the minimum support price for soybean should be increased, extension officer should be given information in proper time about package of practices, storage and grading facilities should be made available for their produce, subsidies for fertilizer and improved seed should be increased, credit easily available should be National Banks and Cooperative bank to carry out the different farm operations on proper time, demonstration of soybean crops should be conducted at village level, farmers visit should be organized for soybean growers, training should be conducted during sowing time and farm machinery and implements should be easily available on rent basis were the key recommendations for improving soybean cultivation which has suggested by the respondents.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTIVENESS OF LEARNING STYLE–ORIENTED MULTIMEDIA INSTRUCTION ON FARMERS’ SKILLS IN USING BIO-CONTROL AGENTS: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Sahu, Rewendra Kumar; Sharma, M.L.; Mooventhan, P.; Khan, MA; Lakhera, M.L.; Koshta, A.K.The present study was carried out in Chhattisgarh plains region during the years 2017-18 and 2018-19. Chhattisgarh plains region comprise of fifteen districts. Out of that, 4 were considered randomly for the study namely Raipur, Durg, Dhamtari and Rajnandgaon. Two villages from each selected district were identified purposively. In this way a total eight villages (2 X 4 = 8) were selected and 25 farmers were selected purposively from each selected village, in this way a total of 200 farmers (Total 25 X 8 = 200) were selected for the investigation. This research employs one group before after experimental design where the respondents were randomly assigned to groups. Total thirteen independent variables (viz. age, education, occupation, type of family, annual income, land holding, farming experience, social participation, training orientation, mass media exposure, extension contact, innovativeness and scientific orientation) and two dependent variables (viz. knowledge gain and skill acquisition) were undertaken for the study. Study regarding profile characteristics of respondents showed that majority of them were males and aged between 36 to 50 years with high school (8th to 10th std.) of education standard. Most of respondents are living in a joint family (5 to 8 members). Majority (36.40%) of farmers were having agriculture as sole occupation with less than 15 years in farming experience and 89.50 per cent respondents were hereditary farming exposure. Most of them were marginal farmers (Below 1.0 ha) and their average annual income was ₹ 1, 23,370. The level of social participation showed that 38.00 per cent respondents had medium level category while the level of mass media exposure revealed that two-third (66.50%) of respondents were belongs to medium level category. Similarly in case of extension contact nearly two-third (65.00%) of respondents has medium level category. It is evident from the investigation that cent per cent respondents has contacted with RAEOs /RHEOs in which 82.50 per cent of the respondents regularly and remaining 17.50 per cent had occasionally contacted. Majority (62.00%) of participants were taken 3 to 5 training. The data depicted that three-fourth (75.00%) of respondent has medium level of innovativeness whereas nearly two-third (64.00%) of respondents has medium level of scientific orientation. The Barsch learning style inventory was used to access the learning style of farmers using bio-control agent and the data revealed that majority of the respondents (67.67%) preferred visual learning style. According to result of Barsch Learning Style Inventory we designed visual learning style oriented multimedia training module on selected bio-control agents. Mainly the contents of module are comprised of six common practices. The knowledge was assessed through in-build knowledge test on the specific aspects. Groups are pre-tested to assess their initial knowledge level and after fifteen days gap of intervention post-tested to assess knowledge gain. After the intervention of multimedia training module on bio-control agents, considerable number of respondents found in medium (34.00%) and high (36.50%) level category. It is apparent from the investigation that all the groups has shown effective knowledge gain by module and the highly significant 't' values statistically proved its significance at 1 per cent levels of probability (t= 23.91, p<0.01). The skills were assessed through expert judgment on the specific aspects. Groups are pre-tested to assess their initial skill level and after fifteen days gap of intervention, post-tested to assess skill acquisition. The investigation resulted that all the groups had shows effective skill acquisition by multimedia training module but the higher proportion (80.00%) of respondents had low level of skill acquisition. The results highlighted that 25.35 per cent change found during overall skill acquisition and t-test shows the positively and highly significant at 1 per cent level of probability (t=29.75), (p<0.01). Overall perception towards bio-control agents is highly satisfied and positive at learner’s level. The majority of the respondents (58.91%) highly satisfied with the multimedia training module and it is obvious from the related findings that the overall extent of satisfaction was 77.04 per cent. While using bio-control agents 54.50 per cent respondents faced that bio-control agents are not available at the local market at the right time followed by 41.50 per cent respondents said that they are less effective than the fungicides. 59.50 per cent farmers suggested that there should be training and demonstration to be conducted on bio-control agents followed by 47.00 per cent suggested that the government should maintain the supply of bio-control agents at right time.
