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ThesisItem Open Access CERTAIN STUDIES ON FELINE HAEMOTROPIC MYCOPLASMOSIS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SUSHMA, R. E.; P. T. RAMESHThe present study “Certain studies on Feline Haemotropic Mycoplasmosis” was designed to investigate epidemiological aspects, clinical and haemato-biochemical profile associated with feline haemotropic mycoplasmosis and its molecular diagnosis. Among the cats presented to Veterinary College Hospital, Bengaluru during the period from July 2020 to June 2021, 78 anaemic cats were suspected for Haemotropic Mycoplasmosis and were included for detailed study. Peripheral blood smear stained with Giemsa stain were examined for primary identification of organisms. Among 78 cats screened, 12 were positive for haemoplasma by blood smear examination. Most frequent clinical signs noticed in affected cats were pale mucous membranes, anorexia, lethargy, pyrexia, weight loss and splenomegaly. Haematological studies revealed reduction in RBC, haemoglobin and haematocrit values. Biochemical alterations were Hyperglobulinaemia and elevated total protein level. Higher occurrence was observed in summer season and among adult cats, male, non-descript cats with semi-outdoor access. The blood samples were subjected to PCR for amplification of 16S rRNA gene of haemoplasma. The occurrence of Mycoplasma haemofelis and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum was five and thirteen per cent, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of Mycoplasma haemofelis derived from the hemoplasma infected cats showed high sequence identity to M. haemocanis sequences in Genbank and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum showed 98 – 99 per cent sequence identity to Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum isolates of domestic cats from USA, Trinidad, Hungry, Italy, Yamaguchi, Brazil and Thaiwan. Statistically significant reduction in plasma reduced glutathione concentration was seen and no statistically significant difference in IgG quantity was observed between healthy and infected groups of cats. Key Words: Feline Haemotropic Mycoplasmosis, Blood smear, Polylerase Chain Reaction. AnnexuresThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON BOVINE THEILERIOSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS PREVALENCE, DIAGNOSIS AND COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF THERAPEUTIC REGIMEN IN AND AROUND HASSAN DISTRICT(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SHIVAKUMAR, V; VIVEK R KASARALIKARThe present research was undertaken to study the prevalence, clinico pathology, diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of Bovine theileriosis in and around Hassan District. Bovine theileriosis is highly prevalent in Hassan District with 17.69 per cent in prospective study. In the present study Bovine theileriosis is more prevalent in female animal compared to male animals and is more prevalent in crossbred animals than Non- Descript cattle. The disease was more prevalent in cattle aged in the range of 2-6 years followed by age group more than 6 years and cattle less than 2 years. The disease was more prevalent in post monsoon followed by summer, monsoon and least in winter season. Cattle in post parturient period suffered more followed by animals which were pregnant compared to lactating non pregnant animals. Major clinical signs seen in Bovine theileriosis are anorexia, decreased production, pale CMM, enlarged LN, tick infestation with increased temperature, HR and RR. Hematological studies revealed decreased Hb, TEC, PCV suggestive of anaemia and analysis of erythrocytic indices indicated macrocytic normocytic anemia. Biochemical studies revealed decreased blood glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol level and increase in BUN, ALT, AST, total bilirubin, direct and indirect bilirubin. Molecular diagnosis was found to be highly specific and sensitive diagnostic test and can be considered as gold standard test to detect Bovine theileriosis. Sensitivity and specificity of blood smear was found to be 84 and 100 per cent respectively. T. orientalis infection was more in and around Hassan District followed by mixed infection with both T. orientalis and T. annulata and T. annulata infection alone. Therapeutic studies revealed that Buparvoquone was found to be more effective drug compared with Imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Bovine theileriosis. Herbal extract of C. procera was found to be more effective, better than Imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Bovine theileriosis, however was found to be comparatively less effective than Buparvoquone in the treatment of Bovine theileriosis. Considering high cost of Buparvoquone for treating Bovine theileriosis, herbal extract of C. procera may be used as an alternative therapy or for best result it can be combined with Buparvoquone as a complementary therapyThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION OF CANINE DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY AND ITS SECONDARY COMPLICATIONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PULMONARY HYPERTENSION(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021) BASAVA REDDY KYPE; SUGUNA RAOThe aim of the research was to study the occurrence of secondary pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to DCM and evaluation of certain drugs in the management of DCM and secondary PH. Among 165 dogs presented with clinical signs suggestive of cardiac disease 61 dogs (36.96%) were diagnosed as DCM and out of which ten (16.39%) had PH. The prominent clinical signs in DCM dogs were exercise intolerance, lethargy, dyspnea, abdominal distension, cardiac cachexia, cough, pedal oedema, orthopnea and syncope. Haematobiochemical changes in DCM dogs revealed stress leukogram, decreased hemoglobin and TEC, elevated BUN, creatinine and ALT. In dogs with DCM and secondary PH the levels of NT-proBNP showed significant elevation. The prominent ECG findings in DCM were sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, APC and atrial flutter. Thoracic radiography revealed interstitial pattern, cardiomegaly and dilated pulmonary artery in dogs with secondary PH due to DCM. In echocardiography, significant increase in LVIDs, LVIDd, EDV, ESV, EPSS, LA/Ao ratio and significant decrease in EF, FS, IVSd, IVSs, LVPWd and LVPWs were noticed in DCM dogs. The dogs with secondary PH had significantly increased TRPG, PAPd and MPa/Ao ratio and significantly decreased RPAD index and AT/ET ratio. A total of 30 dogs diagnosed as DCM were allocated to three different treatment groups comprising of ten dogs in each group viz., Group-I (pimobendan, digoxin, enalapril and furosemide), Group-II (carvedilol, digoxin, enalapril and furosemide) and Group-III (hawthorn extract, digoxin, enalapril and furosemide). FS and EF were significantly increased following treatment in all the three groups. Group I had longer survival time compared to other two groups. The dogs with secondary PH treated with pimobendan, enalapril and furosemide for a period of four weeks showed significant decrease in TRPG and significant increase in RPAD index values following treatmentThesisItem Open Access PREVALENCE, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON MASTITIS IN BUFFALOES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR- 585 401, 2023) VITTAL; VIVEK R. KASARALIKARThe study was carried out for the molecular diagnosis and effect of antioxidants in the treatment of clinical mastitis buffaloes. A total of 465 buffaloes milk samples were collected from different age groups, parity and stage of lactation from the all the taluka of Bidar district of Karnataka state. Overall prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis was 10.32 per cent and 39.13 per cent respectively. Prevalence of CM and SCM was higher in age group of 9-11 years age group. Parity wise prevalence of mastitis was higher in fifth parity buffaloes for CM and SCM. Prevalence of mastitis was higher in early lactation for CM and SCM. Prevalence of CM and SCM was higher in hindquarters. In the present study highest accuracy for CMT followed by BTB and EC. Highest sensitivity and specificity for CMT and least for EC. So for diagnosis of SCM a single diagnostic technique is not be useful. By PCR all 48 CM samples detect the causative organism. Staphylococcus aureus were the most prevalent organisms isolated contagious organism whereas E.coli predominant environmental organism from mastitic milk samples. Bacterial isolates were highly sensitive to Gentamicin and least sensitive to Ampicillin. Haematological parameters TLC, PCV, Neutrophils and Lymphocyte count improved on day ‘5’ in group VI animals, similarly biochemical parameters such as Glucose, calcium, AST and ALT levels comes to normal on day ‘5’ in group VI animals whereas in Group I animals on day ‘7’ also not came to heathy control animal. Antioxidants plays important role in reducing the infection and inflammation in all affected animals, LPO, SOD, catalase and GPx have significant difference in groups IV, V and VI animals compare to Groups I, II and III. Morbofloxacin with antioxidant good in treatment of clinical mastitis affected buffaloes.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS IN CALVES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY (KVAFSU), BIDAR, 2022) SATEESH ASHOK GOLASANGI; (N. A. PATILThe present study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence, epidemiological factors, diagnosis and therapeutic management of cryptosporidiosis in organized and unorganized dairy calves. The overall prevalence of cryptosporidiosis was found to be 14.63 per cent in 205 diarrhoeic calves. Calves aged less than one month were highly prevalent for cryptosporidiosis infection. The occurrence of cryptosporidiosis was highest in rainy season and in organized dairy sector. The mZN staining method was economical and sensitive tool for diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis compared to other microscopic examinations. The positive samples were subjected to nPCR analysis and confirmed the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in the 30 suspected samples at 834bp on agarose gel electrophoresis. The nPCR products were sequenced and revealed the presence of C.parvum in the two samples. The phylogenetic tree of sequenced samples suggested that the present samples were in close relation with isolates of Punjab (India), Bangladesh and China. Clinically the affected calves were exhibiting hypothermia, watery diarrhoea, congested and pale conjuctival mucous membrane, tachycardia and dehydration. Haemogram indicated that the calves were marginally anaemic and dehydrated along with corresponding alterations in erythrocyte indices. There was significant increase in the total leukocyte count in the present investigation. Hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were observed with corresponding decrease in the A:G ratio although the alterations were marginal. Histologically, there was desquamation of epithelial cells on intestinal mucosa and atrophy of villus crypts thus reducing the crypt to villi ratio. Nitazoxanide and azithromycin were equally effective in eliminating the infection with proper supportive therapy, however treatment with azithromycin was cost effective.ThesisItem Open Access AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON PORCINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEXWITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VIRAL DISEASES OF PIGS IN HASSAN DISTRICT(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021-02-01) SATHEESHA, S. P.; Narayana Bhat, M.A study was taken up on Porcine Respiratory Diseases Complex in Hassan district, Karnataka state during the period from April 2019 to March 2020. A total of 225 blood and nasal swabs were collected in 27 pig farms for studying the antigenic (PCR) and seroprevalence (ELISA) of viral respiratory pathogens of pigs viz., Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Porcine Circovirus Type 2, Porcine Parvovirus, Swine Influenza Virus and Classical Swine Fever Virus. A total of 21 PRDC cases (9.33%) were detected using PCR with six different combinations of co-positivity of viral pathogens including two-pathogen, threepathogen and five- pathogen. A total of 70 cases (31.11%) of PRDC were detected using ELISA with seven different combinations of viral pathogens including two, three and four pathogen co-seropositivity. A total of nine farms (33.33%) out of 27 farms showed the antigenic prevalence of PRDC and 18 (66.66%) showed the seroprevalence of PRDC. The overall percentage antigenic prevalence of PRRSV, PCV2, PPV, CSF and SIV was found to be 0.44, 6.67, 9.78, 4.0 and 35.10, respectively. Similarly, the percentage seroprevalence of PRRSV, PCV2, PPV and CSFV were found to be 6.67, 49.33, 40.00 and 5.33, respectively. PPV, PCV2 and SIV were the dominant viral pathogens in this district. There was no significant influence of age, breed and gender for the occurrence PRDC. The season, movement of pigs between the pens, visitors entry etc., were the risk factors significantly influencing the occurrence of PRDC. The analysis of spatial pattern of PRDC in Hassan district revealed no clustering of infection.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIOMYOPATHY IN DOGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GENETIC STUDIES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021-03-01) SAGAR, R.S.; Narayana Bhat, M.)The present study “Diagnosis of Cardiomyopathy in Dogs with Special Reference to Genetic Studies” was carried out in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, Bengaluru. The objectives of the research were, to study the occurrence, clinico-biochemical, electrocardiographic, radiographic, echocardiographic changes and genes associated with cardiomyopathies in dogs. Cardiac disorders diagnosed were dilated cardiomyopathy followed by mitral valve disease. Highest occurrence of cardiomyopathy was noticed in the age group of 6 to 9 years, Labrador Retriever breeds and male gender. Haematology and biochemical results were within normal range except for a few outliers like stress leukogram, azotaemia and increase in the creatinine kinase-MB. In electrocardiogram, sinus tachycardia, atrial and ventricular premature complexes were observed. Thoracic radiographs showed pulmonary congestion and generalised cardiomegaly with increase in the VHS. In echocardiography, significant increase in LVIDs, LVIDd, EDV, ESV, EPSS, E wave and E/A ratio and significant decrease in the EF, FS, IVSd, IVSs, LVPWd, LVPWs, TAPSE and A wave were noticed. The PCR-SSCP analysis of 193bp β-MYH7 gene fragment in group A (healthy dogs) and group B (cardiomyopathy dogs) revealed two patterns (A1 and A2) representing two genotypes indicating polymorphism. Genotypic frequencies of A1 and A2 patterns in group A were 84 and 16 percent, respectively and in group B were 46 and 54 percent, respectively. The sequence alignment of A1 and A2 pattern revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism (A→G transition) at position 175bp in A2 pattern. The PCR-SSCP analysis of 244bp MYBPC3 gene fragment in group A and group B revealed only one pattern indicating monomorphism.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC AND MANAGEMENTAL ASPECTS OF CERTAIN GERIATRIC DISEASES IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2020-10-01) D SRIKALA; C. ANSAR KAMRANStudy was undertaken with the goal of maintaining quality of life for geriatric patient and owner. The study revealed higher occurrence of geriatric diseases in Spitz breed with male predominance of above 7 years. Major clinical signs in geriatric sick dogs were anorexia, dull and depression, vomiting, ascites, weight loss, polyuria and polydipsia, icteric mucosa, pale mucuos membrane, melena, haematuria, exercise intolerance, dyspnoea, peripheral edema, cough, syncope, lameness, joint pain, crepitus, arthritic stiffness and urinary incontinence. Hematological examination revealed anemia with neutrophic leukocytosis. In serum biochemical profile, elevated ALT, ALP, AST, GGT, BUN, creatinine, LDH and reduced seum total protein, albumin was observed when compared to apparently healthy adult dogs. Urinalysis revealed isosthenuria with increased urine protein and UPC ratio. ECG changes observed were tall R waves, short R waves, deep Q wave, electrical alternans, atrial premature complexes, ST segment sagging, increased amplitude of P wave and increased or prolonged QRS duration. Radiographic changes observed were cardiomegaly, pleural effusion, pulmonary neoplasia, ossification of the costochondral junctions, spondylosis, arthritis, osteophyte formation, reduced joint space on hip. Ultrasonographic changes revealed ascites, hepatomegaly, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, cirrhosis, cystoliths, un-clear cortico medullary junction, cystitis, hyperechoic cortex and reduced renal size. Echocardiography revealed mitral valvular disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion and tricuspid valve disease. Hepatic disorders were managed with phosphatidyl choline, silybin, vitamin E and ursodeoxycholic acid; renal disorders with rhubarb extract; cardiac disorders with enalapril, pimobendane and frusemide and degenerative joint disease with glucosamine, chondroitin sulphate and meloxicam. Present study revealed routine and periodical screening of geriatric dogs is highly desirable and is widely recommended as it helps in early diagnosis of age-related diseases and medical interventions to improve quality of life.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 0202-01-01) CHETAN KUMAR, G. K.; C. Ansar KamranStudy was undertaken to determine the efficacy of pentoxifylline, rubrum extract and renal diet in the management CKD in dogs. The study revealed higher occurrence of CKD in Labrador retriever breeds with male predominance and in age group of more than 10 years. Major clinical signs observed in CKD cases were anorexia, dull, depression, vomiting, melena, emaciation, halitosis, stomatitis, pale mucous membrane, dehydration, polyuria and polydipsia. Hematological examination revealed normocytic normochromic anemia with neutrophilic leukocytosis. In serum biochemical examination, elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus and reduced serum potassium, calcium levels were observed compared to healthy animals. Urinalysis showed isosthenuria with elevated urine protein and creatinine ratio (UP/C ratio). The ultrasonographic changes observed were altered corticomedullary junction, hyperechoic cortex, reduced renal size, irregularly shaped kidneys and decreased K/Ao ratio. On post mortem examination, kidneys were shrunken, misshaped, color varied from pale to grey, hard to peel capsule and hemorrhagic patches were seen in cortical area and at the cortico-medullary junction. On histopathological examination lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in the interstitium, tubular atrophy, decreased glomerular cellularity, dystrophic calcification and interstitial fibrosis were observed, indicative of chronic nephritis. Present study revealed that renal diet and Rhubarb supplementation is very effective in minimizing uremic crisis in CKD. Pentoxifylline should be used cautiously in animals with CKD as it can produce unexpected death. CysC can be used in monitoring of CKD in dogs along with creatinine and there is need for individual patient-based diagnostic kits/methodologies
