Theses (Ph.D.)

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Open Access
A Critical Appraisal Of The Management Practices Of Deoni Cattle In Bidar District
(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2014) Patil Vivek Mahadev
The Livestock Sector Plays An Important Role In The Socio-Economic Development Of Rural Households In India
Open Access
A Study On Impact Of Dam On Bacterial Profile Of Coastal Waters
(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2005) Sunil R
That The Life On This Earth Basically Originated From Water Has Been Hypothesized And Postulated By Religions As Well As Scientists
Open Access
A Study On Optimum Requirements Of Energy And Protein For Swarnadhara Female Parent Stock
(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2008) Suma, N
Poultry Production Is The Fastest Growing Sector Of Indian Agriculture Having Long History Of Backyard Farming
Open Access
A Study On The Effect Of Fibrolytic Enzymes On The In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility And Lactation Performance In Crossbred Dairy Cattle
(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2016) Anup Kumar, P.K
Cereal And Millet Crop Residues Are The Major Feed Sources For Dairy Cattle In India As Well As In Most Of The Developing Countries.
Open Access
A STUDY ON THE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF MALNAD GIDDA CATTLE IN SHIVAMOGGA DISTRICT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021-02-01) LOHITH J.; Y. B. RAJESHWARI
The objectives of this study was to document the existing management practices of Malnad Gidda cattle in Shivamogga district, record the performance of Malnad Gidda cows under field conditions, evaluate the constraints faced by Malnad Gidda cattle farmers, and assess the effect of strategic nutritional interventions on the productive performance of Malnad Gidda cows. The existing management practices were recorded by means of personal interview using a structured schedule, with respondents selected using a multistage stratified sampling procedure. Most farmers rearing Malnad Gidda cattle reared negligible numbers of crossbred cattle, recognised buffalo breeds, sheep, goat or poultry; thus revealing the suitability of Malnad Gidda cattle to their production system that is low input and low output system. The most common management practices were loose housing, natural service with locally available bulls, grazing during the day time and some farmers used stall feeding at night, good care and feeding practices for calves, no concentrate purchase for cows, and adequate milking techniques. The mean lactation milk yield, peak yield, lactation length, milk fat, milk SNF, age at first calving, service period, dry period, gestation period and calving interval were found to 193.74 kg, 1.68 kg, 185 days, 4.02 per cent, 8.17 per cent, 38.70 months, 169.28 days, 168.29 days, 280.45 days and 558.01 days, respectively. The major constraint categories, analysed as per Garrett”s Ranking technique, in descending order of importance, were problems in breeding, feeding problems, general problems, marketing problems, breed characteristics and health care problems. The results of a feeding trial of 12 weeks on Malnad Gidda cows revealed that though treatment group fed with CFM, body weight gain, milk yield and milk SNF yield had significant differance than those not fed CFM group that is control group. It was concluded that Malnad Gidda cattle are highly suited as a multipurpose breed for Shivamogga district and there is vast potential for improvement in the performance of the breed by means of selective breeding techniques. Efforts must be made to educate farmers regarding improved management practices like construction of proper feed mangers, regular vaccination and deworming, adequate nutrition of heifers and milking cows, and scientific waste management.
Open Access
A SYSTEMATIC STUDY ON TICK INFESTATION IN BOVINES IN THREE DISTRICTS OF H-K REGION OF KARNATAKA
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019-06-01) KRISHNA MURTHY, C. M.; PLACID E. D’ SOUZA
A systematic study on tick infestation of bovines in three districts of Hyderabad- Karnataka region of Karnataka was carried out during February 2018 to January 2019. An overall prevalence of 45.10% tick infestation in bovines including Bidar (49.13%), Gulbarga (42.86%) and Yadgir (44.39%) was observed. The prevalence in cattle and buffaloes was 54.72% and 36.94% respectively. The tick infestation was highest in <1year age group. The females and crossbred animals had higher tick infestation and were highest in monsoon season. Five common species of ticks viz; Rhipicephalus microplus, R. annulatus, R. haemaphysaloides, Hyalomma a. anatolicum, and H. marginatum isaaci were recorded with Rhipicephalus microplus as most prevalent species. AIT-DD showed highest mean % resistance for cypermethrin and deltamethrin in Bidar (28.0% & 34.0%), Gulbarga (36.19% & 40.0%) and Yadgir (24.44% & 30.0%) districts. The LPT revealed the highest mean % resistance for cypermethrin and deltamethrin in Bidar (30.53% & 36.80%), Gulbarga (35.76% & 41.14%) and Yadgir (31.33% & 38.78%) districts. The PCR revealed no mutations either in sodium channel genes or carboxyl esterase genes of field isolates of ticks. Sapota leaf extracts was evaluated for acaricidal efficacy. The AIT showed 100% mortality at 10.0% and 20% concentrations in aqueous extract and 5.0%, 10.0% and 20% concentrations in methanol extracts. An in-vivo study of two species of EPN (Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema carpocapsae) against R. (B.) microplus was conducted. Out of 10 cattle sheds studied, ticks were found dead only in 2 cattle sheds and in remaining 8 farms no mortality of adult ticks was observed. The non-effectiveness of EPN in cattle sheds could be attributed due to the climatic conditions of the H-K region.
Open Access
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE QUANTIFICATION OF RABIES VIRUS IN SALIVA AND BRAIN FROM DOGS
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-11) SUJITH, S. NATH; B. M. VEEREGOWDA
Present study was undertaken to diagnose and quantify rabies virus in both ante mortem and post-mortem in dogs. A total of 32 brain and saliva samples were collected from rabies suspected dogs. Of these, 13 were paralytic and remaining 19 were of furious forms. By LFA, 14 of 32 samples were found positive among these, one from paralytic form and 13 were of furious form. By real time PCR, four saliva samples from paralytic form were positive with a viral load within the range of 10-5.39/ 0.1 ml - 10 -8.39 / 0.1 ml TCID50, Midbrain and brainstem were tested by DFA, 27 cases were found positive and graded as +4 and +1 for brainstem whereas it was +2 and +1 for midbrain. Additional three cases were found positive by real time PCR which were otherwise negative by DFA. Viral load of brainstem of paralytic form was in the range of 10-4.39 -10-8.39/ 0.1 ml TCID50, whereas most of midbrain’s viral load was in the range of 10-7.39 -10-8.39/ 0.1 ml TCID50. Rabies viral loads from brainstem and midbrain of furious and paralytic forms were compared with, furious form had relatively more viral load than that of paralytic form. Present study found real time SYBR green PCR to be most sensitive making it suitable for the diagnosis of rabies from both ante mortem as well as post mortem.
Open Access
AN ASSESSMENT OF ICHTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY OF CHANDRAGIRI ESTUARY WITH EMPHASIS ON ECONOMIC VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR – 585 401, 2022) KALAVATHI N. R.,; H.N.ANJANAYAPPA
Estuarine ecosystems are unique in nature with respect to the biodiversity and their environmental services. Chandragiri estuary of Kasaragodu district, Kerala state was selected for the study. This estuary supports 158 species distributed under 114 genera, 73 families and 32 orders. The order with the largest species diversity was recorded in the order Perciformes in finfish and Decapoda in shellfish. Biodiversity indices such as Shannon- wiener diversity, species richness, evenness, taxonomic diversity, average taxonomic distinctness, variation in taxonomic distinctness and total phylogenetic diversity were in the range of 5.562 to 6.536, 11.95 to 20.59, 0.886 to 0.956, 70.44 to 84.4, 73.48 to 84.37, 195 to 391.8 and 2750 to 5700 respectively. K dominance also showed a higher number of species during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon compared to monsoon season. Seasonal mean fish catch was highest during the post-monsoon (35.60%) and lowest during the monsoon (28.97%). Socio-economic study revealed that majority of the respondents was at the age group 41-45 years. Most of respondents have nuclear families. About 20% of them were illiterate and 82% of the respondents live in their own homes with good electricity facilities. The majority of them had their well water as a drinking source, good sanitation facilities with a septic tank. The majority of the respondents have their own crafts and gears. Depending on the season, an average of 3-10kg of fish is caught per day. The monthly average income of fishermen was around Rs.10,000-25,000. They spent a majority of their money on food. Fishermen preferred to borrow money from Self-Help Groups. The magnitude of direct and indirect benefits was Rs. 0.6884, Rs. 0.0097, Rs. 44.368, Rs. 0,638 and Rs.0.0704 crore per annum from fisheries, wood collection, sand mining, recreation and carbon sequestration respectively. The option value of the estuary was Rs.0.76 crore per annum, reinforces that need for its conservation. The total economic value of the estuary amounted to Rs. 46.53 crore per annum.
Open Access
AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON PORCINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEXWITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VIRAL DISEASES OF PIGS IN HASSAN DISTRICT
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021-02-01) SATHEESHA, S. P.; Narayana Bhat, M.
A study was taken up on Porcine Respiratory Diseases Complex in Hassan district, Karnataka state during the period from April 2019 to March 2020. A total of 225 blood and nasal swabs were collected in 27 pig farms for studying the antigenic (PCR) and seroprevalence (ELISA) of viral respiratory pathogens of pigs viz., Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Porcine Circovirus Type 2, Porcine Parvovirus, Swine Influenza Virus and Classical Swine Fever Virus. A total of 21 PRDC cases (9.33%) were detected using PCR with six different combinations of co-positivity of viral pathogens including two-pathogen, threepathogen and five- pathogen. A total of 70 cases (31.11%) of PRDC were detected using ELISA with seven different combinations of viral pathogens including two, three and four pathogen co-seropositivity. A total of nine farms (33.33%) out of 27 farms showed the antigenic prevalence of PRDC and 18 (66.66%) showed the seroprevalence of PRDC. The overall percentage antigenic prevalence of PRRSV, PCV2, PPV, CSF and SIV was found to be 0.44, 6.67, 9.78, 4.0 and 35.10, respectively. Similarly, the percentage seroprevalence of PRRSV, PCV2, PPV and CSFV were found to be 6.67, 49.33, 40.00 and 5.33, respectively. PPV, PCV2 and SIV were the dominant viral pathogens in this district. There was no significant influence of age, breed and gender for the occurrence PRDC. The season, movement of pigs between the pens, visitors entry etc., were the risk factors significantly influencing the occurrence of PRDC. The analysis of spatial pattern of PRDC in Hassan district revealed no clustering of infection.
Open Access
ANALYSIS OF HORMONAL AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS IN THE SERUM OF HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN CROSS BRED COWS WITH LOW SOLIDS-NOT-FAT (SNF) SYNDROME
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021) HANAMANTA NYAMAGONDA; M. NARAYANA SWAMY)
The present study was undertaken to estimate the levels of certain milk components, serum biochemical, hormonal and minerals profiles in Holstein Friesian crossbred cows with low solids-not-fat (SNF) syndrome compared to normal solids-notfat cows during 4th and 8th weeks of 3rd and 5th lactations. Based on the SNF content and lactation number, 24 animals selected for the study were divided into four groups, viz., Group I (˃ 8.5 % SNF milk in 3rd lactation), Group II (< 8.5 % SNF milk in 3rd lactation), Group III (˃ 8.5 % SNF milk in 5th lactation) and Group IV (< 8.5 % SNF milk in 5th lactation) with six animals in each group. Milk samples collected from each quarters of all the selected animals at 4th and 8th weeks of lactation were immediately analyzed for milk components like milk fat, protein, solids-not-fat and lactose by using the automatic milk tester. The blood samples collected at 4th and 8th weeks of lactation from all the selected animals were processed for serum and obtained serum samples were stored at - 20 ˚C until further processing. A drop of the collected blood was immediately utilized for determination of blood glucose. Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), cortisol and insulin levels were determined from serum samples by ELISA method using standard ELISA Kits. Serum samples were also utilized for determination of serum total protein (TP), albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) with the help of autoanalyzer and reagent kits. The milk proteins, blood glucose, serum TP, P, Na, T3 and insulin levels were significantly (P<0.05) lower in low SNF syndrome cows compared to normal SNF cows at 4th and 8th weeks of 3rd and 5th lactations. It is concluded that the significant reduction in hormonal, biochemical and mineral components in low SNF syndrome cows at certain stage of early lactation could be the reason for low SNF content in their milk and it is opined that the indiscriminate inbreeding in Holstein Friesian cattle should be reduced to overcome the problem of low SNF syndrome. Key Words: Low SNF syndrome, Holstein Friesian, Milk components, Serum Biochemical components, Insulin, Cortisol, Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine.
Open Access
Anti-Diabetic And Toxicological Studies Of Mur Ray A Koenigii
(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2007) Prasad, S.
Diabetes Mellitus Is One Of The Most Common Endocrine Diseases In All Populations And All Age Groups. It Is A Syndrome Of Disturbed Intermediary Metabolism Caused By Inadequate Insulin Secretion Or Impaired Insulin Action, Or Both. Diabetes Mellitus Co
Open Access
Anti-Diabetic And Toxicological Studies Of Murraya Koenigii
(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2007) Prasad, S
Diabetes Mellitus Is One Of The Most Common Endocrine Diseases In Allpopulations And All Age Groups. It Is A Syndrome Of Disturbed Intermediary Metabolism Caused By Inadequate Insulin Secretion Or Impaired Insulin Action, Or Both
Open Access
Anti-Diabetic and Toxicological Studies of Murraya Koenigii
(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2007-04-21) Prasad, S.; Jayakumar, K.; Honnegowda; Narayana, K.; Vijayasarathi, S.K.; Krishnappa, G.
This study was conducted to evaluate the antidiabetic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic and safety of different solvent extracts of Murraya koenigii leaf. There are some research reports on pharmacological properties of Murraya koenigii. Most of the past experiments were done either using whole leaf powder of Murraya koenigii or in combination with other medicinal plants. Considering the need for systematic elucidation of pharmacological properties of Murraya koenigii, this study was conducted to evaluate the antidiabetic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic activity and safety of aqueous, chloroform, petroleum ether and freeze dried aqueous extracts of Murraya koenigii leaf in Wistar rats.
Open Access
Antibiotic Resistance Associated with Gram Negative Bacteria from the Environment and its Impact
(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2014-10-10) Santhosh, K.S.; Venugopal, M.N.; Indrani Karunasagar; Girish, S.K.; Maragal, M.M.; Krishna Bhatt, C.H.
Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms and have been used since their discovery in the treatment of a wide range of bacterial infections. Their irrational and improper use has led to the rapid evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance that becomes a curse in the pursuit of treatment of bacterial infectious agents. The selective pressure employed by antimicrobial agents was the driving force that induced resistance against particular agents. Several mechanisms have contributed to the development of resistance such as mutation, active efflux, decreased outer membrane permeability or the acquisition of resistance determinants by means of resistance gene transfer through mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and gene cassettes in integrons. In the present study, 519 Gram negative bacteria from 250 samples from different sources were isolated, identified, antibiogram performed, resistance gene determinants targeted and the rate of resistance determined. Further the antibiotic resistance genes were characterized and agents of transfer such as plasmids and class1 integrons responsible for resistance studied. In addition, novel point mutations in the gyrA gene were observed in quinolone resistant isolates. Antibiotic resistance is naturally transmissible between bacteria through genes by different modes involving genetic recombination mechanisms such as transformation, transduction or conjugation. Horizantal transmission of antibiotic resistance gene between bacteria was performed experimentally. In this study, plasmid of E. coli isolate EC10 possessing tet(B) gene was transferred to E. coli K12 cells at the rate of 1.92×104 cfu/μg of plasmid. E. coli isolates EC157, EC159 carrying tet(A) gene were selected and conjugation with E. coli K12 cells resulted in transfer of resistance gene. The gene blaCTX was used to experimentally demonstrate the transduction mode of genetic recombination of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Open Access
Antibiotic Resistance Associated With Gramnegative Bacteria From The Environment And Its Impact
(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2014) Santhosh K.S
The Word Antibiotic In Greek Means Anti- "Against"; Biotikos- "Concerning Life" And Is A Chemical Substance Produced As A Metabolite By Microorganisms
Open Access
Application of Continuous Microwave Processing and Modified Atmosphere Packaging for Enhancement of Shelf Life of Shrikhand
(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2014-07-21) Venkatesha, M.; Ramachandra Rao, H.G.
Enriched shrikhand was prepared by blending WPC at 3, 4, 5 and 6 per cent levels and Maximum overall acceptability score of 8.20 was awarded to the sample prepared by using WPC at 5 per cent level and the sample was subjected to microwave treatment. There was a significant decrease in the per cent of moisture content of T3 sample (38.73%) compared to control (41.53%). The higher per cent of protein was recorded in WPC incorporated sample T3 (9.98) compared to control (7.12). The control sample had significantly higher levels of FFA (0.342 μ equl/g) compared to T3 (0.281 μ equl/g). The control sample had yeast and mould counts of 1.20 (log10 cfu/g) and increased to 1.95 (log10 cfu/g) during storage. microwave treatment that would have restricted the growth of microorganisms. The sample T3 was secured significantly (P<0.05) highest body and texture score of 27.42 than the control 26.10 due to added WPC and microwave treatment further improves the texture of the product. Therefore control sample was not accepted by the judges on 42nd day.The cost of production for control sample was Rs.46.97 per kg and microwave treated sample was Rs. 47.88. Whereas, MAP does not lead to any significant changes in the moisture, fat and sensory characteristics. The lower FFA and acidity in samples could be due to the antimicrobial properties of CO2 gas. Sample (Microwave treated and gas packed) awarded no significance difference in overall acceptability scores up to 84th day. The MAP and Microwave treated samples showed no significant difference in physic-chemical, sensory, microbial and rheological characteristics of treated spreads up to 84 days of storage
Open Access
Application of Continuous Microwave Processing and Modified Atmosphere Packaging for Enhancement of Shelf Life of Paneer
(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2005-08-15) Karthikeyan, S.; Venkateshaiah. B.V.
The traditional dairy products account for over 90 % of all dairy products consumed in our country. The major strength of the traditional dairy product sector is the mass appeal it enjoys. Its marker far exceeds that of western dairy products. The increasing demand for traditional products presents a great opportunity for the organized dairy sector in India to strengthen its base and take a large share of expanding milk production, which is expected to cross 100 million tonnes level by 2006. Paneer is one of the common traditional dairy products prepared throughout the country. The nutritive value of the paneer is comparatively better than some of the western dairy products. However, it suffers low keeping quality of 1 day at room and 7 days at refrigeration temperatures due inadequate hygiene conditions that prevail during manufacturing, handling of paneer. Further, very little attention has been given to packaging and preservation of paneer. Several techniques like use of physical and chemical methods have been tried to improve the shelf-life of paneer all of which may not be acceptable now-a-days due to practice of food safety measures. Therefore, application of “Novel” techniques like use of microwave or modified atmosphere packaging have been investigated to improve the shelf-life of paneer. The application of continuous microwave processing or modified atmosphere packaging alone or combinatio was carried out to increase the shelf-life of paneer. Microwave treatment study revealed that the keeping quality of paneer could be extended 2 times (2 days) at 301o C and 3 times (21 days) at 71o C. Application of MAP extended the shelf-life of paneer by 2 times (2 days) and 4-8 times (28-56 days) at 301o C and 71o C, respectively depending on the type of gas and packaging materials. The shelf-life could be increased without adverse effect on chemical, rheological and sensory qualities with improved microbial stability. The microwave exposure followed by MAP increase the shelf-life of paneer twice at 301o C and 5 times at 71o C. There is a great scope for the organized dairy sector of India to exploit this novel technique to produce not only better quality long shelf-life paneer but also extend the same to other perishable traditional dairy products.
Open Access
APPLICATION OF CONTINUOUS MICROWAVE PROCESSING AND MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING FOR ENHANCEMENT OF SHELF LIFE OF PANEER
(Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2002-06-01) S. KARTHIKEYAN; B.V.VENKATESHAIAH); KARTHIKEYAN S
Paneer is an important traditional acid coagulated nutritionally superior milk product of mostly unorganized dairy sector which contributes for improving the economical and social status of Indian rural masses. This traditional dairy product has high water activity leading to rapid deterioration at ambient temperatures due to unhygienic practices followed during manufacturing. Since the demand for this product is steadily increasing, there is a great need to produce high quality long life products that requires hygienic modern processing, preservation and packaging technologies. The present study has been carried out to enhance the shelf life of paneer by application of continuous microwave processing and modified atmosphere technique. The results obtained have been discussed and summarized here under. 6.1 Paneer samples packaged in P1 and P2 packaging materials were passed through a continuous microwave processor. The conveyor speed of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 m/min with a corresponding exposure time of 60, 40 and 30 sec resulted a temperature rise of 84-86o C, 73-74o C and 52-54o C respectively in paneer samples. Paneer subjected for microwave exposure to 40 sec (1.5 m/min) with the temperature of 73-74o C yielded product of desirable sweet but slight nutty flavour, firm, close-knite and more compact body and texture with light yellow colour. The sensory qualities of paneer with respect to flavor, body and texture and colour and appearance were undesirable when the paneer was exposed to 52-54o C and 84-86o C for 30 and 60 sec, respectively to microwave treatment. Pronounced cooked flavor, with hard body and texture and localized yellow colour were observed when the paneer sample subjected to 84-86oC for 60 sec. 6.1.1. The flavour scores of paneer packed in P1 and P2 packaging materials exposed to microwaves (1.5m/min and exposure time of 40 sec, temperature of 73-74o C) were 8.1 and 8.3 respectively and were slightly inferior than control (8.7). The body and texture of microwave treated paneer in P1 and P2 was 8.7 and 8.8, respectively and was superior to control (8.1). The overall acceptability scores of microwave treated paneer in P1 and P2 was 8.7 and 8.6 respectively and was higher than control paneer (8.2). The conveyor speed of 1.5 m/min and an exposure time of 40 sec with the temperature of 73-74o C have been selected for further studies.

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