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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF MODIFIED ADVANCED LOCKING PLATE SYSTEM AND POLYAXIAL LOCKING PLATE SYSTEM WITH PLATE-ROD AND PLATING TECHNIQUES FOR FEMUR FRACTURE REPAIR IN DOGS(2024) SWAROOP G L; Dr. Dilip Kumar D.The femoral fracture incidence from March 2021-22 and March 2022-23 was 47.73% and 52.27% respectively. Twenty-four clinical cases divided into four groups. The femoral fractures in dogs of group I were repaired using mALPS plating, group II were repaired by PAX plating, group III were repaired using mALPS plate-rod construct and group IV were repaired with PAX plate-rod construct. The healing of the fractures was studied at intervals of 0th, 15th, 30th, 60th and 90th post-operative days based on clinical, biochemical ad radiological analysis. Radiographic evaluation revealed that, fracture healing was slightly better in PAX plate, when compared to mALPS and the comparison between the mALPS - PRC and the PAX - PRC revealed that PAX – PRC has slightly more rigid fixation when compared to mALPS – PRC. Dog’s performance in fracture healing techniques PAX plating, PRC – PAX, PRC – mALPS and mALPS plating groups showed better weight-bearing on the fractured limb while standing, immediately after the surgical repair. Functional limb usage was considered satisfactory in dogs of all the groups with the exception of four dogs which incurred post-operative complication. Lameness grading in all the groups showed that PAX had a statistically superior healing time in both PRC and plating techniques when compared with mALPS. The biochemical parameters namely viz., serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium were significantly increased during the post-operative period whereas, serum phosphorous remained normal physiological limits.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETES IN RATS AND ITS AMELIORATION BY POMEGRANATE JUICE AND PEEL EXTRACT(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585401, 2022) YASHAS R KUMAR; H. D. NARAYANASWAMYThe present study was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of pomegranate juice and peel extract individually and in combination with metformin in STZ induced diabetes in rats for a period of 45 days. The study included seven treatment groups comprising of ten albino wistar rats each, randomized with minimal variation in initial body weights. The various groups in this study included normal control (Group I (NC)), diabetic control (Group II (DC)), diabetic rats treated with metformin at the rate of 500 mg/kg bw (Group III (MF)), diabetic rats treated with pomegranate fresh juice at (1ml/day) Group IV(PJ)), diabetic rats treated with pomegranate peel extracts (at 100mg) (Group V (PPE)), diabetic rats treated with pomegranate fresh juice (1mL) + pomegranate peel extracts (100mg) at 50 per-cent dosage and metformin (half dose) Group-VI (PJ+PPE+MF 50%), diabetic rats treated with pomegranate fresh juice (0.5mL) + pomegranate peel extract (50mg) at 50 per-cent dosage and metformin (half dose) Group-VII (PJ+PPE @ 50% +MF 50%). The results showed that there was a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the mean glucose values in diabetic rats when compared to normal control rats. Similarly, the mean (± SE) serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, ALT, AST level were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher and in RBC, Hb and platelets values were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lesser in diabetic control animals compared to the normal control animals. All the antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD and GPx) were markedly reduced in diabetic control (Group II). The treatment groups treated with metformin, pomegranate juice and pomegranate peel extract (Group III to VII) individually or in combination showed a significant improvement in all the parameters compared to diabetic control by the end of 45th day. However, it could be inferred that metformin substantially alleviated the effects of STZ in diabetic rats compared to all the treatment groups. Pomegrenate peel extract was observed to have marginally better antidiabetic effects compared to pomegranate juice and among the combination treatment groups (VI and VII) there was no dose dependent and synergistic effect observed. Keywords: Pomegrenate peel extract (PPE), Pomegrenate juice (PJ), Metformin, Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx)ThesisItem Open Access CERTAIN STUDIES ON FELINE HAEMOTROPIC MYCOPLASMOSIS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SUSHMA, R. E.; P. T. RAMESHThe present study “Certain studies on Feline Haemotropic Mycoplasmosis” was designed to investigate epidemiological aspects, clinical and haemato-biochemical profile associated with feline haemotropic mycoplasmosis and its molecular diagnosis. Among the cats presented to Veterinary College Hospital, Bengaluru during the period from July 2020 to June 2021, 78 anaemic cats were suspected for Haemotropic Mycoplasmosis and were included for detailed study. Peripheral blood smear stained with Giemsa stain were examined for primary identification of organisms. Among 78 cats screened, 12 were positive for haemoplasma by blood smear examination. Most frequent clinical signs noticed in affected cats were pale mucous membranes, anorexia, lethargy, pyrexia, weight loss and splenomegaly. Haematological studies revealed reduction in RBC, haemoglobin and haematocrit values. Biochemical alterations were Hyperglobulinaemia and elevated total protein level. Higher occurrence was observed in summer season and among adult cats, male, non-descript cats with semi-outdoor access. The blood samples were subjected to PCR for amplification of 16S rRNA gene of haemoplasma. The occurrence of Mycoplasma haemofelis and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum was five and thirteen per cent, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of Mycoplasma haemofelis derived from the hemoplasma infected cats showed high sequence identity to M. haemocanis sequences in Genbank and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum showed 98 – 99 per cent sequence identity to Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum isolates of domestic cats from USA, Trinidad, Hungry, Italy, Yamaguchi, Brazil and Thaiwan. Statistically significant reduction in plasma reduced glutathione concentration was seen and no statistically significant difference in IgG quantity was observed between healthy and infected groups of cats. Key Words: Feline Haemotropic Mycoplasmosis, Blood smear, Polylerase Chain Reaction. AnnexuresThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN BASED DIAGNOSTICS FOR BOVINE LEPTOSPIROSIS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SONALI MENAMVAR; B. M. VEEREGOWDA)The present study was aimed to study seroepidemiology of leptospirosis and to express the leptospiral surface adhesion (rLsa 44) protein of pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona in E. coli and its evaluation as a potential diagnostic antigen. The observed seroprevalence of bovine leptospirosis at animal level and farm level in Telangana state was 41.36 per cent and 77.61 per cent respectively. The highest seropositivity (80.95%) was observed in Wanaparthy and Rangareddy and the lowest seropositivity (20%) was observed in Mancheriala district. The prevalent leptospiral antibodies were predominantly against the serogroups Icterohemorrahgiae (32.4%), Pomona (22.16%), Javanica (19.07%), Australis (17.01%), Bataviae (15.46%), Bankinang (12.89%), Hebdomadis (12.89%). Further, the breed of the animal (p=0.03) and the health status of the animal (p=0.03) are the significant risk factors associated with the prevalence of leptospirosis. Furthermore, multivariate statistical analysis of farm factors revealed that the size of the farm (p=0.05), presence of the dog in and around the farm (p=0.039), presence of rodents in the farm (p=0.011), farms using fodder from wet soils (p=0.043) and farms closer to the water bodies (p=0.041) were significantly associated with the prevalence of bovine leptospirosis. Leptospiral surface adhesion (Lsa 44) gene was amplified employing designed primers by polymerase chain reaction and the purified amplicon was initially cloned in pGEM-T Easy vector in a pET vector expression in E. coli. The expressed recombinant protein after induction with IPTG was purified through Ni-NTA column and characterized by SDS-PAGE and western blot, which confirmed the expressed reactive protein is Leptospira specific with a molecular weight of ~44 kDa. The antigen was coated on latex beads and assessed for its suitability as diagnostic antigen in latex agglutination Test (LAT) for the development of new diagnostics. Further, the evaluation of rLsa 44 LAT beads revealed a relative diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity of 93.55 per cent and 90.62 per cent respectively with an accuracy of 92.06 per cent against MAT while testing known MAT positive and negative bovine sera samples (n=126) collected from cattle and buffaloes associated with the reproductive problems. This rLsa 44 LAT is an extremely simple and rapid test and can be used as a diagnostic tool at the field level. This study appears to be the first to assess the prevalence of bovine leptospirosis at the farm level in endemic conditions and to use rLsa 44 protein for the detection of anti-leptospiral antibodies in cattle and buffaloes as a preliminary screening test.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE (TiO2) NANOPARTICLES ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FOLLOWING SUBCHRONIC EXPOSURE AND STUDIES ON AMELIORATIVE POTENTIAL OF EXOGENOUS MELATONIN IN WISTAR RATS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585401, 2022) SHIVAPRASAD. G R; N. PRAKASH)Today titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are one among the several environmental contaminants, essentially due to its widespread applications in food, medicine, cosmetic, electronic and other industries. The systemic toxicity due to titanium (Ti) following exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) is least understood. The current experimental study was undertaken to determine the impact of sub-chronic exposure to TiO2 NPs on systemic toxicity with special reference to central nervous system (CNS). Further, the antioxidant role of exogenous source of melatonin to overcome potential deleterious effects of TiO2 NPs was also examined. In the first phase toxicokinetics and tissue distribution characteristics of TiO2 NPs was studied before undertaking sub-chronic toxicological investigations. The Tmax(obs.), Cmax (obs.), elimination half-life (t1/2k10), area under the curve (AUC[0-336]) and AUC(0-∞) of TiO2 following single intraperitoneal administration of TiO2 NPs in whole blood was 0.5 h, 0.26±0.03 μg.ml-l, 486.31±39.66 h, 48.81±0.54 μg/ml*h and 128.28±7.17 μg/ml*h, respectively. The Cmax(obs.) in various tissues was in the order of liver > spleen > lung > kidney > testis > brain. The elimination half-life (t1/2k10) was in the order of spleen > kidney > liver > lung. Sub-chronic exposure to TiO2 NPs (phase 2) significantly (p<0.05) decreased both voluntary and involuntary motor activities but showed elevation in anxiety levels on Day 60 or Day 90 of the experimental study period. However, exogenous melatonin administration significantly (p<0.05) decreased the anxiety and improved voluntary and involuntary motor activities in experimental rats. Further, melatonin supplementation significantly (p<0.05/p<0.01) ameliorated TiO2 NPs induced alterations in hematology as well as serum biochemical parameters on Day 60 or Day 90 of the experimental study. Sub-chronic exposure to TiO2 NPs not only showed increased levels of ‘Ti’ in brain tissue but also induced significant (p<0.05/p<0.01) increase in some of the elements (Fe, Cu, Ca, Na) at term. However, rats receiving melatonin showed significant (p<0.05) reduction in Fe, Cu, Ca and marked reduction in Na in brain tissue. Sub-chronic exposure to TiO2 NPs induced a significant (p<0.05/p<0.01) decrease in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) as well reduction in glutathione (GSH) levels in brain tissue (Group-II). On the contrary, rats receiving melatonin showed significant (p<0.05) restoration of these antioxidant defence mechanisms (Group-III) when examined on Day 60 or Day 90 of the experimental study. Further, melatonin administration significantly (p<0.05/p<0.01) reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO) measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) 300 called (MDA) at 60 days (Group-II: 36.79+1.76 vs Group-III: 26.99+1.08nmol.g-1) or 90 days (Group-II: 41.50+2.50 vs Group-III: 28.821+1.28 nmol.g-1) of the experimental study, and the levels of MDA was comparable to control (Group-I: Day 60: 25.40+1.97 and Day 90: 26.61+1.58 nmol.g-1). Sub-chronic exposure to TiO2 NPs showed significant (p<0.05) increase in nitrite content in the brain (Group-II) on Day 60 or Day 90 of experimental study, but melatonin administration (Group-III) effectively countered its overload. Similarly, the study revealed that melatonin can prevent TiO2 NPs induced inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in CNS. Sub-chronic exposure to TiO2 NPs induced significant (p<0.05/p<0.01) increase in the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and calcium binding protein-S100B in brain or serum on Day 60 or Day 90 of the study. Melatonin administration significantly (p<0.05/p<0.01) reduced the IL-6, GFAP and S100B levels in brain as well as serum of experimental rats receiving TiO2 NPs (Group-III). Histopathological examination of sections of brain revealed that sub-chronic exposure to TiO2 NPs induced loss of purkinje layer in cerebellum, and condensation and vacuolation of neuronal cells with disruption of pyramidal cells in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Further, swelling of endothelial cells and focal necrotic area with infiltration of glial cells was evident in sections of cerebral cortex. However, exogenous melatonin administration showed marked progressive restoration in loss of architecture induced by TiO2 NPs in experimental rats. The current experimental study explicitly demonstrates that sub-chronic exposure to TiO2 NPs can primarily cause significant alterations in redox homeostasis leading to functional and structural damage to central nervous system. Secondly, exogenous source of melatonin can play a pivotal role to overcome systemic toxicological effects including neurotoxicity. Thus, there exists a vast scope for undertaking long term studies with toxico-epidemiological relevant concentration, as well as to re-visit safety pharmacology governing TiO2 -nanoparticles exposure through various means including pharmaceuticals. Key words: Titanium dioxide (TiO2), nanoparticles, toxicokinetics, sub-chronic exposure, central nervous system (CNS), Wistar ratsThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF NATIVE CHICKEN IN FOUR DISTRICTS (TUMAKURU, SHIVAMOGGA, DAVANAGERE AND CHITHRADURGA) OF BENGALURU DIVISION OF KARNATAKA STATE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585 226, 2022) SHIVAPPA NAYAKA, H.B.; JAYANAIKA study was carried out to characterize indigenous chicken from four Districts of Bengaluru Division of Karnataka State viz., Tumakuru, Chithradurga, Shivamogga and Davanagere and to evaluate production performance under farm conditions. Survey results revealed that the average flock size, marketing age, egg production per year, hatchability and fertility per cent were 19.77, 9.02 months, 53.76, 56.9 and 44.78, respectively. Morphological characteristics of indigenous chicken revealed that the highest per cent of plumage color and pattern was multicolor (38.34 %) and patchy pattern. The predominant skin and shank colour observed was yellow, eye colour was brown and majority of the birds had wattles under field and farm conditions in Bengaluru division. A significant (P˂0.05) difference could be observed in the body weight, feed consumption and FCR between districts with better FCR in birds from Chithradurga followed by Davanagere, Tumakuru and Shivamogga. Male birds had significantly (P˂0.05) higher morphometric measurements as compared to the female counterparts in all the districts studied. The dressing per cent in male and female indigenous birds were 67.15±1.25 and 64.07±0.76, respectively and per cent heart, liver and gizzard ranged from 0.48 to 0.64, 2.61 to 2.79 and 2.89 to 3.54, respectively. The average HHEP, average feed efficiency per dozen of eggs under farm condition at 52nd week was 47.54 ±0.23 and 4.05±0.03, respectively. The age at sexual maturity and body weight at sexual maturity was 171±0.49 days and 1045±0.45 g. The mean chick mortality per cent in all the four Districts was 7.41 per cent and birds vaccinated against NDV has better titre values. Based on various parameters assessed indigenous chicken germplasm from Chithradurga District of Bengaluru division was found to be superior compared to that of the other three districts studied.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANT Escherichia coli IN PORK PRODUCTION CHAIN IN AND AROUND BENGALURU(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SHIVAKUMARA, R.; SHRIKRISHNA ISLOORThe present investigation was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of AMR E. coli in pork production chain in and around Bengaluru. Initial survey indicated that majority of the pig farmers were small and marginal farmers (66%) and kitchen / hotel waste was the major source of feed. The major antibiotics used were tetracycline followed by enrofloxacin and sulphonamides (Co-trimazole) and antibiotics were administered by themselves (80%). A total of 230 samples (40 each from piglets, weaners and adults, 30 each of feed, water, hand swabs and 20 boot socks) from 10 pig farms were screened and 366 E. coli isolates were used for further characterization. The average E. coli count ranged from 5.811 to 6.282 log10 cfu / g. The highest per cent of AMR E. coli counts as proportion of total E. coli was observed in kitchen waste (66.16%) followed by water trough (55.55%), human hand swabs (52.94%), outside boot socks (50.87%) and piglet (45.37%) samples as compared to other samples in this study. The overall occurrence of E. coli, tetracycline, fluoroquinolone and ESBL resistant E. coli in the entire pork production chain was 75.65, 63.48, 46.52 and 20.87 per cent, respectively. Of the 366 isolates, 355 isolates (96.99%) carried either one or the other gene, whereas, 3.01 per cent of the isolates did not harbor any of the genes screened. Majority of the isolates carried tetA (97.54%), followed by qnrB (89.34%), sul1 (82.791%), blaCTX-M (42.08%), cmlA1 (13.11%) gene and none of the isolates carried colistin resistance gene (mcr1 to mcr5). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that majority of the isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (93.14-95.19%) followed by fluoroquinolones and complete sensitivity to carbapenem followed by aminoglycosides. It was observed that 84.91 per cent of E. coli isolates were MDR and PFGE analysis revealed a high genetic diversity at 80 per cent similarity indicating that dissemination of AMR genes within the farm premises.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON BOVINE THEILERIOSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS PREVALENCE, DIAGNOSIS AND COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF THERAPEUTIC REGIMEN IN AND AROUND HASSAN DISTRICT(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SHIVAKUMAR, V; VIVEK R KASARALIKARThe present research was undertaken to study the prevalence, clinico pathology, diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of Bovine theileriosis in and around Hassan District. Bovine theileriosis is highly prevalent in Hassan District with 17.69 per cent in prospective study. In the present study Bovine theileriosis is more prevalent in female animal compared to male animals and is more prevalent in crossbred animals than Non- Descript cattle. The disease was more prevalent in cattle aged in the range of 2-6 years followed by age group more than 6 years and cattle less than 2 years. The disease was more prevalent in post monsoon followed by summer, monsoon and least in winter season. Cattle in post parturient period suffered more followed by animals which were pregnant compared to lactating non pregnant animals. Major clinical signs seen in Bovine theileriosis are anorexia, decreased production, pale CMM, enlarged LN, tick infestation with increased temperature, HR and RR. Hematological studies revealed decreased Hb, TEC, PCV suggestive of anaemia and analysis of erythrocytic indices indicated macrocytic normocytic anemia. Biochemical studies revealed decreased blood glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol level and increase in BUN, ALT, AST, total bilirubin, direct and indirect bilirubin. Molecular diagnosis was found to be highly specific and sensitive diagnostic test and can be considered as gold standard test to detect Bovine theileriosis. Sensitivity and specificity of blood smear was found to be 84 and 100 per cent respectively. T. orientalis infection was more in and around Hassan District followed by mixed infection with both T. orientalis and T. annulata and T. annulata infection alone. Therapeutic studies revealed that Buparvoquone was found to be more effective drug compared with Imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Bovine theileriosis. Herbal extract of C. procera was found to be more effective, better than Imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Bovine theileriosis, however was found to be comparatively less effective than Buparvoquone in the treatment of Bovine theileriosis. Considering high cost of Buparvoquone for treating Bovine theileriosis, herbal extract of C. procera may be used as an alternative therapy or for best result it can be combined with Buparvoquone as a complementary therapyThesisItem Open Access DETERMINATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ASSOCIATED GENES IN SALMONELLA AND Escherichia coli IN POULTRY AND ITS ENVIRONMENT(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) M. NASIM; RATHNAMMA)A study was conducted to monitor the presence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotype and genotype of Salmonella and E. coli in the entire commercial broiler supply by collecting 232 samples from Broiler breeder farms (BBF), hatcheries, commercial broiler farms (CBF) and retail meat shops (RMS). It was evident that enrichment in TTB followed by colony PCR was rapid and specific; however, BGA and XLT4 were more specific media for isolation of Salmonella. The overall presence of Salmonella and E. coli in complete poultry supply chain was 20 and 72 per cent, respectively. A significant higher (P<0.05) presence of Salmonella was observed in RMS (46%) followed by CBF (19%), and hatcheries (10%). The presence of E. coli in BBF, hatcheries, CBF and RMS were 48, 83, 70 and 91 per cent, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance based on disc diffusion assay and MIC revealed that all the E. coli and Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics and 75 & 76 per cent of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) respectively. In complete poultry supply chain E. coli and Salmonella showed highest resistance to doxycycline (97 & 94%), followed by fluoroquinolone, gentamicin, β lactam, sulphonamides and colistin and lesser resistance to phenicols and neomycin. All E. coli and Salmonella isolates were screened for the presence of 35 antimicrobial resistant (AMR) genes belonging to seven groups of antibiotics by PCR and it was observed that the overall presence of AMR genes among the E. coli and Salmonella isolates was 69 and 60 per cent respectively. Among the AMR genes, highest presence was recorded for tetA (69%), followed by blaTEM, mcr2-5, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, qnrS, qnrD, cmlA1, sul1, catA2, qnrB, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, mcr-1, catA1, blaOXA and OqxAB in Salmonella and qnrB, qnrS, blaTEM, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, blaCTX-M, mcr1-5 (19.59%), qepA, mcr-4, cmlA1, sul1, catA1, blaSHV, catA2, qnrD, blaOXA and sul2, blaCTXM group2, gropu9, &gropu8/25 in E. coli. There was fair to significant correlation between AMR phenotype and genotype. AMR E. coli and Salmonella and genes encoding AMR were present throughout the poultry supply chain, however CBF and RMS were the major focal points of AMR. No significant difference in presence of AMR E. coli could be observed during the crop cycles in CBF, as presence was observed at all the intervals indicating the need for efficient monitoring and control strategies for effective prevention of AMR in complete poultry supply chain.
